Exam 2 Notes PDF

# The Conservative Turn (II), 1969-1988 ## The Rising Tide of Conservatism: Religion and Women - 1970: International troubles made everyone anxious. - 1975: Vietnam people hanging out of helicopters as the U.S. was leaving the war (they lost). - 1980: Anxiety emboldened conservatism. - **Economic C...

# The Conservative Turn (II), 1969-1988 ## The Rising Tide of Conservatism: Religion and Women - 1970: International troubles made everyone anxious. - 1975: Vietnam people hanging out of helicopters as the U.S. was leaving the war (they lost). - 1980: Anxiety emboldened conservatism. - **Economic Crisis** made conservatism want to: - Lower taxes. - Less government regulation (of the economy). - Social spending cuts. - Cutting welfare. - Safety net programs helping the poor. - Less aid to those in need. - Spur American business instead. - **Regulation** (Conservatism word) **IMPORTANT** - Regulation (behave and if not well come after you) the government will control if you cannot control. - Regulation is protection for the people who do the work. - Or, regulation is government controlling those who own businesses. - **Liberal states** were seeking to protect (and regulations): - Environment. - People of the United States. - Land. ## Civil Rights and the Sexual Revolution - Weaken the Democrats. - Christians seemed to be the most against the sexual revolution (moral threat to traditional families). - Democrats were just as much concerned as the conservatives! - **Conservatives demands** for local control government. - Conservatives **wanted to resist** the federal government. - **Suburbs** became the modern citizenship. ## Neo-Conservatives: - Turned against the federal government. - Turned against liberalism. - Spooked for authority. - Wanted to end welfare. - Wanted to decrease taxes and regulations. - Wanted to return to fighting the Cold War intensively. ## The Religious Right: The "Moral Majority" - Mainstream churches (more liberal) - Metafora Logical - Moved open-minded. - Fundamentalist Churches - Bible thumpers - Thought god has spoken literally. - Scriptures were the rule: they must get USA to confirm. - Felt alienated. - Demanded a reversal of scouts ## Fall Well - Decisions for Warren Court - Pray in schools. - Porn is free speech. - Abortion. - 1979: VA Minister (founder of Liberty, ONW), founded the Moral Majority: - Sought a certain life for Americans. - War against sin. - Elected pro-life people. - Labeled people who opposed his views as agents of Satan. - Who undermine God's plan for America. - Wanted to segregate church and state. - Hierarchy to empower Christians. ## The 60’s Turned Freedom into Moral Anarchy. - Singer Anita Bryan - Pass Anti-Gay bill under "Save our Children". - Attempted to make a better and more holy nation for God. - Said America is a chosen place. - Americans are chosen people. ## The Battle Over the Equal Rights Amendment - First proposed in the 1920s after women’s right to vote. - Resurrected by second wave form. - Equality of Rights under the law could not be abridged because Sex. - Religious right pushed back. - Protested because it would discredit wife / homemakers - ERA is amendment. ## Domestic Sphere - Religious oriented - Were Christians but not really. - Men’s roles were out of the business, but they were morally fit for the world of businesses. - Aggressive - Loud - Competitive. - Females were not fit for business - Nurturing - Petite - Household Material. - If wives were working outside of the home, it was a disgrace for her and the household. ## The Abortion Controversy - Battle of Controversy - Liberals in the office were spreading sexually (). - From 1973+, conservatives were hammering away with this issue. ABORTION IS MURDER! - Women’s right to control her own body. - Right to safe legal abortions. - Safe legal medical care - 1975: The anti-abortion was legal for poor women. - Poor women cannot use medical funds or any funds to have abortions. - Assassination of abortion doctors and bombing of abortion hospitals # Nixon the "Conservative"? (Well..."no.") - The great bulge of government activism from 1964-77 [Spending, taxation, regulation, etc. - growth of the "administrative state"] - Civil rights, social programs [Medicare - federal, Medicaid-state] expanded. - So did environmental and consumer protection [regulation]. - Even under Nixon [must rapid increase in such spending since FDR’s New Deal. Cf. With GWB’s federal govt]. - Expanded Social Security, instituted national food stamps. - [1970]: established EPA, OSHA, NTSC ["Protection, Safety, Health"]. - [1972]: "Consumer Product Safety Commission". - [1973]: "Mine Safety and Health Administration". - [1974]: "Employee Retirement Income Security Act". - The Democrats controlled Congress [both houses]. - True that Nixon challenged Democrats from the right on race, crime, and culture. - Nixon appealed to the "center" with economic populism and a willingness to use the government to manage or moderate markets. - Nixon, in a sense, was a “moderate” Republicanism. ## Policy and Organize Groups - "Electoral spectacle" might be just that - spectacle. - Look instead at public policy [what the government actually does, or what a candidate says it will do] and organize interest groups. - Politicians and government matter - those in positions of power matter [in the economy, distribution of income, life chances, to name just a few]. - But politicians and policy also influence the structure of the "private" market and determine the "winners" and "losers." - To take [politicians and] policy out of the equation is to turn political conflict into sports. But really, if it’s a sport, it is a "blood sport." - Policy, not electoral victory, is the “spoil” or “booty” that really counts. - The main competitors: organized groups. - But what about the "rugged American individual"? - American culture says: people rise or fall as a result of their own efforts, and therefore they get what they deserve. ["Calvinist Social Darwinism."] - And so we interpret [e.g., blame and praise] the world in highly individualistic terms. - Media-driven culture of celebrity reinforces this individualism. - American media fixation on elections, candidates, conventions on individuals. - Elections generate interest [entertainment?], policy discussions don’t. - One [elections] is simple, one [policy] is complex. - But the American cultural emphasis on specific personalities and individualism creates a kind of blindness to the organized groups who can pool their resources and extend their range of [social, political, economic] action, and, therefore, power. ## Business 1970s Response (1) - Accordingly, the 70s saw a veritable explosion of business organization to affect policy [“The government open for business”] - Business affairs offices in Washington went from 100 in 1968 to 500 in 1978. - 1300 corporate PACs in 1976 - 1,200 by 1980. - Corporate leaders advocated for narrow interests, broader interests of business generally. - Ironically, Great Society liberalism made this possible. - New forms of regulation necessitated group action. - Also provided bureaucratic “centers.” ## Business 1970s Response (2) - The 70s suffered some economic shocks. - Two major oil shocks pushed up inflation. - Dragged economic growth down. - Had more growth than the 80s. - Created panic among business and voters. - Organized response among “small” businesses. - National Chamber of Commerce doubled membership from 74-80 while its budget tripled. - National Federation of Independent Business [NFIB] doubled in membership from 70-79 - These were especially livid about the rise of government regulation [read, “Consumer Protection”] - “Big” business organized too - by 1972 the business Roundtable. 1977 113 of the Fortune 2005 CEDs [accounting for nearly half of the economy] ## Business 1970s Response (3) - Business influence policy. - From the top down [Lobbyists and elected officials]. - Bottom up [Mobilizing people and money - Chamber of Commerce]. - “Outside” strategies were married to “inside” ones. - Business also massively increased its political giving. - Politicians’ insatiable need for money made them [all] pay better attention [to the money]. - Late 70s to Late 80s corporate PACs increased spending in congressional races 500%, while labor increased 250%. - By Late 1980 labor union PACs accounted for less than 25% of all PAC contributions. - Business PACs began to increase spending on electing conservative replacements for incumbents and Democrats had to make concessions for them. - **Business 1970s Response (4)** - **Establishment of “idea factories” - conservative “think tanks,” foundations.** - American Enterprise Institute. - Heritage Foundation [cf. “Project 2029”]. - Competing with mildly “liberal” ones - Brookings Institute. - Their growth was impressive. - **Effect: 1978 Defeat of “Office of Consumer Representation”** - Chamber of Commerce 3 Business Roundtable were fundamental. - Moderates split from progressives - 3/5 of new Dems elected in '78 voted against it. - “Easy” win for consumer protection advocates became rout for business. # The Capitol of Capital – Washington ca. 1980 - Carter’s attempt to change the tax code [1978] - More progressivity. - Hiked in capital gains. - Eliminated high-end deductions. - Simplification. - Prop 13 in California. - Carlton Group - Cap gains cut in half.
 - Regan’s Economic Recovery 3 Tax Act (1981) - big cuts for business and the affluent were accelerated. - Increased business deductions—Depreciation. - Top income tax rates lowered (top income tax rate from 70 down to 28). - Also, raised "taxes" in '82 3 '84 to deal with revenue shortage (biggest tax hike of "peace time"). - Tighted up collections evasion. - Estate (Death) tax. ## Labor (Unions) Fall(s) on Hard Times - Labor lost its advantages in the face of the onslaught of “business.” - Precipitous decline in union membership - Labor's role in politics changed. ## Other aspects of America's Voluntarist Civic Culture Withered - American Legion - Social capital - web of civic connections and extensive bonds of trust and reciprocity. - “Average” Americans w/ out much to spend were involved. - The civic culture (1963) - Americans believed in politics and they could make a difference. # The Reagan Revolution - Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) - Born 1911, died 2004. - Suffered from Dementia. ## Regan Myths: - Simpleton (simple person) - A simple actor. - Secret genius. ## Non-Myths: - Detach from policy specific. - Unconcerned about details. - Deligator. - Didn’t pay attention to policies. ## Reagan Realities - Public figure since the 30s 3 40s w/showbiz. - Pursue his principles (ideology). - Cut deals and engage with participation. - Doing something than doing nothing. - Thinking all the time. - Imaginative. - Stealing will. - A warmly 3 ruthless man.
 - A better than average actor. - Good performer (movies, TV, spokesperson). - Emerge in time when Americans were obsessed with Western (Cultural types were important to his persona) - Benefited from this: when he was president, he was a “cowboy” - Politicians are actors. - Grew in high conservative Christian household - Believe in hard work. - Believe virtue. - Believe in upward mobility. - Enjoy upward mobility.
 - Emerged as a union member 3 anti-comm. ## Twin Forces Created A Policy Revolution - Influence of Hayek (from Univ of Chicago). - Hayek was an Austrian Ubertarian Classicac Liberal). - Individual freedom vs. Govt Collectivism. - Invited Hayek to Univ of Chicago. - Endowed chair. - The school pays for you to do research 3 writing books (not to teach). ## American’s Post-WWII Nouveau Riche, Hollywood, Corp. Execs (began w/ these people): - New money (very rich people). - Lots of success in Hollywood. - Well-known actors. - Came to see the world naked. - Like them, Regan also didn’t like taxes. - The Voice of GE: - Regan was the true voice of GE. - GE was run by Bolware. ## Bolware + GE Were Against FDR + Socialism - Bolware + many other companies in the 1960s-1970s, moved from North to South. - Make better profit. - No labor pay. - Bolware believed in free-market capitalism. - No unions. - No government bureaucracy. - 1962: GE fired Reagan as spokesperson. - Regan’ stunting speeches were becoming too political. - Bolware believed in business secrets. - 1964: Regan introduced Barry Goldwater. - Regan gave the same speech for Barry Goldwater. - Regan was a rising political star. - Became a politician. - 1966: Regan became governor. ## Principles of Reagan’s Economic Plan - **Policy Memo #1** - “Oil” not the cause of inflation, but government spending was. - Reagan believed it was the government as well. - Expansion of spending on government could not be easily paid for. - Inflation began before oil prices surged. - Employers raised wages. - Caused inflation. - “Bracket creep" - push for tax breaks. ## De-Regulation of Business - High oil prices 3 lower consumer confidence had bigger effects on corporate profits than clean air rules. - Carter more "conservative" than people think. - Emergence of Japan, Germany, S. Korea, Taiwan. - 1978: Carter administration deregulated the airplanes. - Pay less to be regulated. - Free-market policy seemed to work. - In the 1970s, inflation didn’t adjust tax brackets. - September 1980: Reagan called for a large tax break. - To conservative business executives, noticing being socially conscious now meant less regulation 3 lower taxes. ## Reagan’s Administrative State (Appointing the “right” people in the “right” places) ### Choosing Administrators 3 Judges: - Didn’t have to produce a lot of legislation to regulate the economy (w/o passing legislation). - People who would head the different departments. - Appoint judges (who also believed in free markets). - Cabinet People. - Created to have an administrative head (chosen by the president). ## Finding Such People: - Finding loyal people for the Regan’s administration. - Free market advocates. - Had to find outsiders. ## Reagan Revolution: Choosing the “right” administrators (Institutional Permanency) - **EPA, Colorado, Republican Bastion, Anne Gorsuch (“Party Crazies”)** - Joseph, Cours James Watt (Heritage foundation). - Centralizing power (Coors Beer Guy). - Reducing budgets, (protective) investigations (across governments). - Ostentatious 3 confrontational style. - **James Watt, Secretary of the Interior (Dept. of Interior)** - Bigness in the business does not necessarily signal badness: anti-trust changes. - Business mergers soared. ## Changed Washington Political Culture Drastically: The Reagan Revolution - **William F. Smith Chose not to take action against IBM for merger**.
 - Only when regulations could demonstrate that consumer prices would raise, would the government block the merger (or deal). - But they broke up AT&T. - New policy was friendlier to business, but less vague. - Merger activities soared in the 80s 3 90s (13%).
 - Competitive Market Forces could discipline better than regulations. - By the 80s, people from Univ of Chicago → Bork → new Dept. of Anti-Trust changed climate illustrates why political culture 3 power plays important roles in sharing economy. - When Anne Gorsuch refused to investigate EPA stuff, Regan eventually had to let her (refusal to speak to Congressional leaders). - Her son is supreme court justice Neil Gorsuch - He was mad about her being fired. ## Scouts (and Appellate Judges) - Choosing the "Right" Justices (“Institutional Premanency”) - **Judges 3 the free market** - Interested in deregulation because its “free market." ## Attempt at Permanency - Young, "free-market" (read, conservative) judges. - Stay in for a longtime. - 83 "Regan" appellate judges - Judges below the supreme court. - 12 different districts - 90 district judges. - 12 different justices were served. - 10 were appointed by Republicans. - (LBJ, JFK, Eisenhower (1, 1, 2), Nixon 3, Ford 1, J. Carter 0, Regan 4) - Regan appointed the first woman from AZ in 1961. ## Court Most Conservative Journalist - Leading voice on anti-trust policy. - Came up with a second theory (1970s) - SCOUTS should limited itself to narrow interpretation of the constitution - Should be whatever the meaning of the original writers of the constitution meant. - The constitution could only mean what the 55 writers meant. - Never stated anything about it. - Court was important to Regan. - 1987 was voted for the seat. - Not confirmed by the Senate ## Ledwin Mees Attorney General: - Scalia filled vacancy 3 was not leading vote. - 87: Court nominated for next vacancy (Lewis Powell’s seat (Nixon’s apt) wasn’t confirmed by senate -BIC, he talked about judicial views. - Bourt opposed Roe V. Wade 3 was against civil rights. ## Regans’ Failures (And "Successes") In Administrative 3 Judicial Appointments: ### Failures / Disappointments - Bork 3 Gorsuch. - Save Medicare? Save Social Security? - Shrink the “size of government?” - Raise taxes? ## Still A Revolution - Remember FDR’s remaking of American economy. - Reshion the American economy. - Raised taxes. - Regulated business. - Strengthened unions. - Government spending. - Did not reduce spending on social programs. - Made Conservatives ANGRY. - Taxes. - 70%-25% Dropped. - Lots of taxes fell. - The most wealth was benefited the most (the rich people). - Combativeness toward labor. - 60%-17% Labor fell. - De-regulation of the economy. - Banks greater flexibility - Changed rules on taxing stock holders (stock options). - Financial transaction. - Financial sector of economy went up 50%. ## (Some) Liberals Embrace Neoliberalism - Some Dems Move to the Right. - New intellectual climate. - Agree to some of Regan's Economic Changes. - Too much faith in government fundings, not enough in the market. - Conservative Dems. - Their understanding of running in the office to get the votes from the Conservatives to get voted. ## Neoliberalism – The New Consensus - European “Conservatives” (from 1930s) 3 appeal of Marxism. - Ownership 3 management of economy. - Planning.
 - Single-Party Rule (FDR as “Dictator”) - Was not a communist ("Dictator"). - Failure of laissez-faire. - Early 20th century. - "Euro" Liberals (“classical 19th-Century liberals") = US "Conservatives." ## Basic Contents of “neoliberalism” - Strong military - Protection of private property by Law. - Powerful Central Bank: - Interest Rates (increase or decrease) - To control money supply - Print Money (less value of money) - Price mechanisms. - Market adjustments. - Using the power of the government to shape the economy. - From “New-Left” - US too conformist (“freedom”). ## Pres, Bill Clinton – Neoliberal - Clinton, the “New Democrat” - Knew why folks felt alienated from the Democratic Party - Too liberal in the south. - Dem was capable of delivering gangs. - What is a “new dem"? - Talk more about opportunity than fairness. - Talk more about helping the middle working class. - Sound like a populists. ## Governed As A "Restrained" Neoliberal
 - He was an Eisenhower to Regan.
 - Governed differently than Regan.
 - Economic Legacy is neoliberal.
 - De-Regulation continued. - Deregulate the banks. - Deregulate the tele-industry. - Antitrust lessened further. - No help to unions. - International Neoliberalism (NAFTA, China). - Negotiated. - FMLA. - Let large companies ONLY 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family emergencies. ## Neoliberalism Has Become The General Accepted Norm In Our Economy. - Economic 3 political power. - Conservatives are neoliberalism. - 45 year process. - Everybody been devoted to neoliberalism. - Liberalism Conservatives. ## Regan Economy = Conversion to Neo-Liberalism. - Regan created a shift to the right. ## Weaknesses In A Full Accounting of Regan’s Economic Record ### Broadest Measures - *GDP/*Person. - How much does each person grow. - Grew more slowly under Regan than other Dem. Pres. - *Employment* - Rose under Dems. - Macroeconomic stats do not prove that laissez-faire proves better outcomes than progressivism. - *Income Inequality* - Expanded excessively under neoliberalism. - The bulk of the gains goes to the top 20%. - The sharpest of the increases went up. - Size of the pie v. how much of the pie. - Became larger. - Small share of the pie did go to the wealthy people. - Less for the the lower people. - Life expectancy of the U.S. is going down since the 1980’s. - Was the U.S. bound to experience this? - Post-war boom happened. - Income growth went up. - The economy was desiring to change for some Americans, but it hurt most of the Americans. - The U.S. has embraced neoliberalism than any other countries - Reagan didn’t halt decline of living standards of the 70s. - From 1945-1960, the bottom 80% 3 98% growth was higher than 1980+. - Income growth accelerated after 1960 for the wealthy. - The economy was redesigned to help the top 1%. ## Immigration 3 Neoliberalism - Progressives/liberals. Neoliberals 3 immigration. - Progressives favor more government politics. - Neoliberals are more anti-immigration. - Want fewer laws 3 greater difference to market forces. - Want freer movement for better goods. - Neoliberals see immigration as a kind of freedom. ### Remember: Immigration 1921-1965 (National Origins Quota System) - Before 1921, there was no restriction on this country, it was open borders. - Only the Chinese were excluded during 1921. - 1921-1965: US cut off immigration to this country. - The restrictions were very tight in this country. - 2/3 of immigration spots went to Brits, Germans, and Irish (white people). - No limits placed on immigration from the West, N. America, S. America for agriculture. - 1870-1914: 40 million immigration to the U.S.A. - 1918: Violence after war, immigrants demonstrating
. - 1921-1924: Americans had enough of immigrants (no more open borders). ### Remember: Hart Cellar Act Of 1965: - Provided energy to open up immigration. - Supporters of immigration wanted to make it prove the value of the immigrants that represent the U.S.A. - Elimination of national origins for immigration. - 1964: Supporters of Great Society moves were pushing these changes in the name of American principles. - Priority of job skills, benefit the economy "human capital".
 - Priority of wishing to reunite with family members in this country “reunification”. - 250,000 immigration quota was adopted (some exceptions for refugees) - Hart Cellar wasn’t partisan (bipartisan) - Had support from progressives both Dems. 3 Rep. ## Hart-Cellar & Notifications ### Neoliberal Economic Rationale: - More supply, lower prices (this is wages).
 - Labor ↑ Wages, labor wages ↑. - Employers keep wages low to attract workers.
 - Labor was more scarce.
 - Wages were high. ### Effect on Income Inequality: - Quota system reduced income inequality (narrowed it) - less labor. - Endemic in capitalistic economics. - 1965: CED’s make 20x avg. worker 2007, 400x. ### Benefits/Effects - Lower for low-wage workers (keep wages low). - Undermine labor unions of workers. - 1960s Labor Leaders 3 civil advocates were wary of changing the immigration system. - Would rob African Americans of rising wages. - Hurtful to low-wage workers. ## Traditional Concerns - Political Right Historically favored immigration. - Xenophobic 3 white supremacist concerns. - Free-market / V. Chicago/ Hayekian view—immigration is freedom. - They liked the idea of increased immigration - They believed that immigration was a kind of freedom - Open borders, no welfare state
. - No restriction on immigration. 
 - No welfare state in 1960s (FREEDOM to Milton state pro immigration). - Border public—Less racism. - 1960s, most Americans favored less of immigration system. ## Legacy 1: Have Immigrants Since 1965 Been Able to Achieve The American Dream? - Life remained tough. - Lived in poverty, in crowded homes (250,000 immigrants in 1 sq. mile). - Teens started working in the factories. - 1st generation was the worst but the following generations did better. ## Longitudinal Trajectory Studies - 1st Gen. Poverty, bigotry. - Eastern 3 Southern Euro. immigrants - people were bigots towards them. - Jane Adams began settlement house movement to teach immigrants how to live.
 - Weren’t considered white. - Native borns were old immigrants (Northern Euro) - Concerns of poverty, crime, 3 alcoholism against new immigrants. ## Assimilation: - Afraid because of socialism. - *Jacob Javits* - Key supporter of Hart Cellar. - *Walt Disney* - Son of immigrant (shaped the self-image of capitalism). - *Ray Kroc* - Founder of McDonald’s and son of immigrants. - *Antonin Scalia* - The son of Italian immigrants. - *RBG* - The daughter of immigrants (now seen as white). - These people are from Eastern 3 Southern extraction (essentially white now). - 1965: They were not the focus of concerns. - Only Asians 3 African Americans were the concerns then ## Did They Achieve The American Dream? - More recent immigrants are **MUCH** poorer. - After 1965, they arrive much poorer after Native Americans after 1965. - From the 1800s wealthy was closer to Native borns. - Many lacked education. - Many entered the country illegally.
 - Lack access to basic necessities 3 resources - No permanent underclass immigrants – they move in 3 out of it. ## Did They Achieve The American Dream? - It’s really their children (some of you) - Colombia, Ecuador, China, S. Korea. - After 1965: Pitbull, Chrissy Tiegan, Nikki Haley. - Just before 1965: Barack Obama, Kamala Harris, Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz. ## Well Why Have Immigrants Done So Well? ### “Selection Effect” - Uprooting for better opportunities, grit, ambition.
 - “Human Capital” - some come with quite marketable skills, even if not as relatively highly skilled as in their country of origin. - Not as “tied” to place. ## Houston As Example: - Black/white => Black/white/Latino/Asian. - More upward mobility relatively than country of origin. - Shrinking labor unions, rising impacts, growing corporate concentration - wages of immigrants have grown more slowly. - Most families made progress contrary to myths. ## Legacy 2: How Has Immigration Affected The Living Standards Of People Who Were Already In The US? - On the surface, it does not necessarily look that good. There are costs to some - Low immigration & rise of living standards. - Immigration changes an economy. - Change increases the income of native-born Americans. - Created jobs.
 - Increases demands of goods 3 services. - Create more jobs. ## Immigrants Hold Down Wages Which Makes Employers HAPPY - Immigration has not been the dominant cause of wage stagnation post-1970.
 - Regions which attracted the largest numbers of immigration of this nation were not the ones who was part of this stagnation.
 - New York, Boston, Chicago performed well economically (Magnets where immigrants goes). - Income growth is faster where immigrants goes, not the other way around. - **But Immigrants Has Played A Meaningful, IF Secondary, Role In Holding Down Wages** - Immigrants keep wages lower than what they normally would be. - Immigration does contribute to the level of wages (secondary, not primary) - Not #1 cause, but #2. ## Legacy 2: How Has Immigration Affected The Living Standards Of People Who Were Already In The US? - Foreign-trained nurses (early periods) - American born workers were less liking to be in nursing. - Immigrants are better prepared than the Americans. - Teenagers worked more in places with less immigrants. - Didn't want to compete with immigrants for jobs. - American mathematicians got less jobs after the collapse of the U.S.S.R. ## Employers Have The Upperhand When Immigration Surges - More immigrant workers = lower wages. - Less power than workers if less wages - Immigrants do the jobs that Americans wont. - The wages are low. - Immigrants are less powerful. - More workers (immigrants) = the lower the wages will be for immigrants workers. - Lower wages for native Americans who are also fighting for jobs with immigrants. - Americans are good producers with low costs. ## Conclusion: Of Course Immigration Has CONS ## Legacy Two: How Has Immigration Affected The Living Standards Of People Who Were Already In The US? The Plus Side: - An accelerant of economic growth. - More labor, goods 3 services, more consumption. - Benefits high-wage earners (policy makers 3 influencers). - Not for lower-earning workers. ## Several Other Factors Probably Contribute More: - Decline of unions - attack on unions. - *High wages.* - *Better lifestyles.* - *Income of inequality.* - *Taxes.* - *Tax the higher earners professional more.* - *Raise the tax in general* - *Tax codes increases income inequality.* - *High-earners pay little cost,* - The rich get to keep most of what they make. - The tax rate keeps dropping lower. ## How Has Immigration Affected The Politics - Not Just The Economics- Of The US? ### Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Jonathan Haight - recommended: “The Righteous Mind”) - Communal Standards 3 tradition. - Individual Notions of Freedom. - Is violating social norms moral/wrong?
 - Lower class people were more likely to judge violating social norms as wrong. - Upper class values individual notions of freedom. ## Chaos > Respect For Authority? Pride In Country? Loyalty To Family? Soliders Defying Orders? - Segregated into two categories of values. - Care for others, especially the vulnerable, 3 fairness (“universalism”). - Respect for authority, tradition, family, community (“communalism”). ## How Has Immigration Affected The Politics - Not Just The Economics - Of The US? - Each set of values has advantages (if different ones) - Universalism (Liberals) - Progressiveness/change (Civil Rights, Gay Marriage, etc) - Carrying about peoples rights social Justice - Lift Global living Standards - Communalism - Helps humans form groups for survival - Repells enemies (Defeated Facism) - Inspires people to serve 3 give - Social Justice ## “Immigration” is an almost perfect distillation of the tensions. - Prioritize their own citizens. ## Communication Has Not Necessarily Been Only “Conservative” - (Early) Progressivism - A. Philip Randolph, Booker T. Washington, Samuel Gompers.