Motor & Perception Development Guide PDF

**Motor Development** Depends on physical maturation and experience. Need: Pyramidal System: Precise and skilled movements of extremities (walking). Extrapyramidal System: Posture and coordination. Develop muscles. Adapt to change/growing body. Reaching: 4-5 months. Locomotion Deve...

**Motor Development** Depends on physical maturation and experience. Need: Pyramidal System: Precise and skilled movements of extremities (walking). Extrapyramidal System: Posture and coordination. Develop muscles. Adapt to change/growing body. Reaching: 4-5 months. Locomotion Development: Maturation, perception and experience (each locomotor mode -- walking, walking with support, crawling). Motor milestones are variable -- different experiences. Affects: Eye-hand coordination. Social engagement/parent-child interactions. Develop memory skills. Learning new skills can disrupt sleep. **Perception Development** Nativist -- Empiricist Debate: Nativist: Empiricist: ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Descartes: Inborn, natural geometry. Berkeley: Learn object size through feedback from motor experience. Kant: Innate organization of sensations into perceptions. Helmholtz: Innate is uneconomical. How to perceive depth? Binocular: 2 months. Static monocular: 5 months. Kinetic: 1 month. Binocular: Binocular convergence: Convergence angle between eyes (closer object, more acute angle). Binocular disparity: Slightly different images at both eyes (greater for closer objects). Monocular: Linear perspective. Familiar size. Texture gradient. Interposition. Shading. Kinetic: Looming/object expansion: 1 month. Motion parallax: 4 months. Accretion/delete texture: 5 months. Visual acuity: Showing pairs of patterns -- kids prefer heterogenous patterns. Poor in newborns, almost adult level at 6 months. Color vision: Do they use hue or brightness discrimination first? 3 months perceive brightness and some color pairs (red vs gray -- not yellow, blue or green). Categorical perception: Categorical perception: Categorize basic colors. EX: N400 (Amplitude N or P & Latency number of wavelength). How? Habituation. Colors are a continuous spectrum but perceived categorically: 4 months. Pattern, shape & form: Gestalt: See whole shape not lines -- innate. Constructivists: Forms built on perception of elements (lines, angles). Shape perception: Subjective contours: See "illusion" edges. Seen by newborns in moving images and 7 months in static images. How? Habituation to image with subjective contour and then to image without. Face perception: Inborn preference for face-like stimuli. Johnson experiment: Show normal vs scrambled face and use eye-tracking. 5 months (notice features), 7 months (recognize same face across viewpoints), and 10 months (specialize faces in immediate circle). Perceptual Narrowing: Perceptual narrowing: Development pattern of greater to lesser sensitivity. Ability to discriminate own species better (and race/gender). All about exposure. Viewpoint invariance: Viewpoint invariance: Recognize object across different viewpoints -- 5 months. Size constancy. Shape constancy. Movement: Movement detection increases over first 2 years of life. How? Show 2 stimuli (1 still & 1 moving). Baby more attracted to moving one because of evolution. 1\. Translation. 2\. Rotation. 3\. Optical expansion. 4\. Shear. Object perception: Motion gives info needed for stable perception. EX: Box in front of rod. Kids don't see the rod as continuous because they use sideway motion indicating 2 rods and a box. Figural coherence: Figural coherence: Group elements with shared spatial relations (lit running man). Auditory perception: Fetus can hear in utero. Frequency: Rate sound waves vibrate & encode pitch. Amplitude: Intensity of sound waves & volume. Auditory threshold: Auditory threshold: Loudness needed for sound to be perceived. Hear low-pitch sounds worse (-1000hz) and high-pitch better (10 000hz +). Auditory localization: Ability to find direction sound is coming from using difference of ears in arrival of sound. At birth but speed & accuracy improve with age. Speech perception: Child-directed speech (high pitch, exaggerated intonation, sing-song rhythm, abbreviation, repetition). How to test human voice preference? Sucking reflex and head-turning. Speech discrimination: Speech has prosody & phonemes. Experience shapes phoneme perception (at birth but pretty good 3 months). Specific language impairment (SLI): Language errors without neuro disorder. Kids performing less on auditory processing tasks 6-9 months show less language development at 3 years. Multimodal perception: Multimodal: Info available through different modalities (see, hear, feel). Separate or unified? Unified -- seeing and hearing at the same time. Initial perception can be amodal and senses separate over time. Intersensory redundancy hypothesis: Intersensory redundancy hypothesis: Multimodal captures attention, facilitate processing & learning & memory, and redundancy of info. Perception & action: Tightly coupled -- act to perceive. See, reach, touch, grasp, and manipulate. Sensorimotor behaviors -- action towards bodies, then objects, then relations. Object manipulation -- learn shape, weight, hardness. Changing action and perception: Reaching provides exploration skills and understanding of interactions people have with objects. Moving room apparatus: create optic flow cues (visual world movement as we move), making kids sway/fall due to perception experiences. Self-produced experiences: "Sticky mittens": multimodal info through object exploration training. **Cognitive Development** Cognition: Stage-like, discontinuous, universal development (Piaget). Continuous and individual development. Face validity: Associations from observed behaviors. Predictive validity: Observed behavior predict future behavior. Mental representation: Mental representation: Ability to think about things/people involving internalization of motor activity (Piaget only at 18 months). Unfolds slowly because they don't match external reality and only internalized if it is well-rehearsed. Scheme: Basic element of knowledge -- assimilation. Schema: Symbols constituting mental life after representational abilities -- accommodation. Adaptation: Schemes are altered through experience (assimilation and accommodation). Equilibrium: Between reality and child's schemes. Stages of development -- Piaget: 4 from self-focused to world-focused. Stages in sensorimotor period: 1\. Reflex scheme (birth -- 1 month): Understand in terms of motor activity. 2\. Primary circular reactions (1 -- 4 months): Repeat chance discoveries via coordinating 2 actions. 3\. Secondary circular reactions (4 -- 8 months): Repeat movements accidentally causing events. 4\. Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8 -- 12 months). 5\. Tertiary circular reactions (12 -- 18 months): Systematic repeat and varying accident events. 6\. Mental representations (18 -- 24 months). Challenges to Piaget: Contributions of perceptual and sensory activity to representation. Unevenness of development. Mental representations of physical world develop earlier than he said. Imitation: Form of learning, present from birth. Challenges: Can't replicate and specific actions only. Delayed imitation: Only as of 12 months. Classical conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (US). Unconditioned response (UR). Conditioned stimulus (CS): No response. Conditioned response (CR): Unconditioned and conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus takes on properties of unconditioned stimulus to have same response. Operant conditioning: Actions rewarded to repeat behaviour and actions punished to have behavior stopped. Limitations on learning: State: Environemnt, drowsy or awake state, emotions. Habituation: Lower attention to repeat stimulus. Novelty response: Increased attention to new stimulus. Individual variation: Because of biology/experience (economy, nutrition, family). EX: Length of time to habituate. Short-term reliability: Behaving about the same in different events. Habituation speed improves with age: Speed of info processing increases. Short-term memory increases. Neural maturation. Parenting & cognition: Specificity principle: Specific experience = specific outcomes (parents do this). Transactional principle: Reciprocity of mutual influence. Zone of proximal development: What kids can do with help vs without help. Scaffolding, explicit teaching, guiding attention. **Mental Representation** Decontextualization: Pre-representational thinking to representational thinking shows advance in cognitive development and can think/speak about things not physically present. Memory systems: 1\. Sensory register: Temporary stores incoming sensory info. 2\. Short-term/working memory: Limited access to info. 3\. Long-term memory: Limitless, permament storage (not for infants). Memory Processes: 1\. Encoding: Transform info into memory. 2\. Retrieval: Search and find function to get info from memory. Recognition: Remember with help of context cues. Recall: Remember without cues. Infant memory: Not before age 3-4, no declarative, can habituate and imitate. Influences: Study time & repetition. Context. Video deficit. Categorization: Categorization. Prototypes: Examples of category. Boundaries: Instances where inclusion in category is marginal. Categorization Testing: Habituation. Object examining task (same vs different category). Sequential touching (same category in sequence). Category Organization: 1\. Superordinate: Share perceptual attributes (animal). 2\. Basic: Share perceptual properties (dog). 3\. Subordinate: Share perceptual attributes and perceptual properties (Labrador).