Infant Learning Motor Development: Perceptual Development

Chapter 5: Learning, Motor Dev, Perceptual Dev in Infancy Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Learning How do infants learn? Imitation Association Classical conditioning Operant conditioning (also used as a methodology to study learning) Novelty preference...

Chapter 5: Learning, Motor Dev, Perceptual Dev in Infancy Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Learning How do infants learn? Imitation Association Classical conditioning Operant conditioning (also used as a methodology to study learning) Novelty preference Habituation is also used as a methodology to study learning Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Neonatal imitation ANDREW N. MELTZOFF 1 and M. KEITH MOORE 21 Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2YdkQ1G5QI&NR=1 Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Macaque newborns imitate humans Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Neonatal Imitation Imitation implies that human neonates can implicitly/automatically equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform. Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University What does neonatal imitation mean? Way to explore world Mouth and tongue movements increase in response to any interesting stimulus – general arousal? Indicative of mirror neuron system? Why does it disappear? Harder to induce by 2 to 3 months Might be replaced by more deliberative imitation in older infants ~6 months? Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Associative learning Classical conditioning Associations b/w neutral stimuli and natural stimuli Operant conditioning Behavior increases when rewarded Newborns suck faster when this produces rewards High Amplitude Sucking (HAS) Procedure Kick more when this produces rewards Used in studies on infant language, memory Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University High Amplitude Sucking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFlxiflDk_o Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Response to Novelty Habituation- gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation New stimulus- recovery Prenatal- 30 weeks – habituate to sounds- heart rate decelerations Dishabituate to music after listening to speech, and vice versa After a 10 min delay- habituate more quickly Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Habituation Demo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlilZh60qdA Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Speech perception Prefer mom’s voice over other voices Full term fetuses Newborns – filtered to sound like it did in utero Recognize and prefer language heard in utero Recognize & prefer story heard in utero (last 6 weeks) Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Intermodal Perception Stimulation from different modalities is perceived as an integrated whole E.g., sight and sound of bouncing ball Face and voice of a talking person Intermodal perception might be crucial early on 3-month-olds – discriminating a change in rhythm Intersensory redundnacy Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Newborn Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Voices, noises Prefer mother’s voice, native language, familiar material Tested using the HAS procedure Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Speech perception Infants prefer ‘infantese’ Adults might provide temporal synchrony Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Speech perception Universal language learners Until ~ 6 months From 6 to 12 months Experts in native language Recognize familiar words in speech Prefer listening to words that they heard in speech Prefer listening to passages that contain words that they heard in isolation Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Perceptual Narrowing Effect: Role of Experience Perceptual sensitivity that becomes increasingly attuned with age to experience Across domains from 6-12 month Phonemes Faces of own species compared to other species Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Werker Ba- Da study https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew5-xbc1HMk Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Perceptual Narrowing Effect Experience dependent Regular exposure to Mandarin: 10- month- olds retained phoneme discriminative abilities Similar results for other race faces Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Perceptual Narrowing: Experience Processing faces of different races Newborns don’t, but 3 –month- olds prefer own race faces over other race faces Ability to discriminate faces of own race compared to other races 9-month-olds are worse than younger babies BUT depends almost entirely on experience Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Elements of Vision Focus- acuity or fineness of discrimination Near objects Far objects – 20/20 vision Color Motion Scanning and tracking Depth, patterns, objects, faces Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Reaching adult-like vision Far objects (visual acuity) 20/600 - newborns 20/80- 6 months 20/20- 4 years Focusing ability- becomes adult-like ~ 2 months color discrimination - 4 months Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Face perception Newborns Prefer upright faces vs upside down or sideways faces Innate capacity to orient towards conspecifics OR Prefer top-heavy patterns Prefer faces with open eyes and direct gaze Prefer ‘attractive’ faces Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Face Perception 1 month olds recognize mom 2-3 months Explore internal features 3 months discriminate between strange faces Prefer female to male faces Prefer own race faces, BUT this preference depends on experience Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Face perception 5 month olds discriminate emotional expressions Positive vs negative emotions Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Depth Perception Ability to judge distance of objects from one another and from ourselves Newborns- sensitive to motion 2 to 3 months – binocular depth cues 3 months- objects are 3-dimensional After 3 months- pictorial depth cues Role of motor development Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Depth Perception Independent Movement and Depth Perception Visual cliff Crawling experience – depth Each new motor development Recalibration of depth cues Sitting, crawling, walking Dynamic systems approach Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Sequence of Motor Development Gross-motor development Crawling, standing, walking Fine-motor development Reaching, grasping, Pincer grasp Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Motor Development Individual differences in rate & order of skill acquisition are normal ‘Normal’ is a wide range Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Gross Motor Milestones Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Individual differences WHO Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP.Acta Pædiatrica, 2006; Suppl 450: 86/95 Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University  Motor Skill Development as Dynamic Systems Four factors in the development of each new skill: 1. Central Nervous System (brain) development 2. Body’s movement capacity- muscular, skeletal growth 3. Child’s goals 4. Environmental supports Differences across cultural contexts Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University ‘Sticky Mittens’ (Needham, Barrett & Peterman, 2002) 3 month olds ‘trained’ at home OR no ‘training’ Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University ‘Sticky Mittens’ (Needham, Barrett & Peterman, 2002): Test Prehension Trials in Lab Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University ‘Sticky Mittens’ (Needham, Barrett & Peterman, 2002): Test Object Exploration Trials Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Reaching with legs versus hands Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Cole, Lingeman, Adolph (2012) Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Karasik et al. (2015). A cross cultural comparison of sitting in 5- month-olds Figure: When observed at 5 months (± 1 week), longest single bout of independent sitting by infants in 6 countries Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Places where moms put their babies for sitting Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University  Adolph (2000). Specificity of Learning: Why Infants Fall Over a Veritable Cliff Questions Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Questions What do infants learn as they reach different motor milestones? Fear of heights? Know that body cannot be supported by empty space? Does learning from one posture generalize to other postures? What are some of the factors that play a role in reaching a motor milestone? Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Adolph, 2008 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MIyjUo-zF0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pcWA5w3Q3c Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Does sitting help crawling? Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Proportion of trials with avoidance responses Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Sway model Experience with an earlier-developing skill does not transfer automatically to a later-developing skill Sitting, crawling, and walking postures … …involve different regions of permissible sway for different key pivots E.g., the hips for sitting, the wrists for crawling, the ankles for walking. Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University  Sway Model Extensive experience with each postural milestone in development may be required to master that system. different muscle groups different vantage points for viewing the ground different correlations between visual, kinesthetic, and vestibular information Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University Sway Model as a Dynamic System 1. Central Nervous System (brain) development 2. Body’s movement capacity- muscular, skeletal growth 3. Child’s goals 4. Environmental supports Differences across cultural contexts Jui Bhagwat - Santa Clara University