Exam 1.docx

How are cells studied? 1\. List the 3 types of microscopy. 2\. Compare/contrast a light microscope and a dissecting microscope. 3\. What is electron microscopy and how does it differ? 4\. What are the main principles of cell theory? Prokaryotic cells 1\. Label the prokaryotic cell shown. 2\....

How are cells studied? 1\. List the 3 types of microscopy. 2\. Compare/contrast a light microscope and a dissecting microscope. 3\. What is electron microscopy and how does it differ? 4\. What are the main principles of cell theory? Prokaryotic cells 1\. Label the prokaryotic cell shown. 2\. What key components are shared by all (i.e. prokaryotic and eukaryotic) cells? 3\. Describe key differences of prokaryotic cells. 4\. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (including classification, \# of cells, diversity, size, chromosome structure, physical components, etc). 5\. In the three domain system, which domain(s) do prokaryotic cells belong to? 6\. Compare and contrast organism belonging to the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea. 7\. Explain how prokaryotic cells reproduce/divide. Eukaryotic cells 1\. What makes up the cytoplasm of the cell? 2\. Describe the structure, function, and location of each of the following cellular components: a\. Flagella/Cilia b\. Nucleus c\. Ribosomes d\. Rough endoplasmic reticulum e\. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum f\. Golgi apparatus g\. Vesicles/Vacuoles h\. Lysosomes i\. Peroxisomes j\. Mitochondria 8. 3\. What is the function of the cytoskeleton? 4\. Compare and contrast the 3 types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. 5\. What makes up the endomembrane system? 6\. Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell. 7\. Label the parts of the animal cell shown. 8\. Label the parts of the plant cell shown. The cell membrane 1\. What types of cells have a plasma membrane? 2\. List the 4 components of the plasma membrane. 3\. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. 4\. What are the main functions of the plasma membrane? 5\. Explain how the cell membrane is selectively permeable. 6\. Describe the structure, function, and location of each of the following components: a\. Phospholipids b\. Proteins c\. Carbohydrates d\. Cholesterol 7\. Define amphipathic. Passive Transport 1\. Define passive transport. 2\. What is diffusion and what types of molecules are able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? 3\. What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion? 4\. What is facilitated diffusion and what types of molecules require facilitated diffusion to cross the plasma membrane? 5\. Explain osmosis. 6\. What is osmotic pressure? Turgor pressure? 7\. Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. 8\. Describe the net movement of water when a cell is in a(n): a\. Isotonic solution b\. Hypotonic solution c\. Hypertonic solution 9\. What type of environment (isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) is best for plant cells? Why? Active Transport 1\. Define active transport. 2\. Describe the electrochemical gradient. 3\. Explain the sodium potassium pump as an example of active transport. a\. Why is it considered "active" transport? b\. What ions are being pumped across the membrane and where? c\. Briefly summarize what is happening with each "turn" of the pump. d\. What is the primary function of the sodium potassium pump? (hint: think about what ions are being pumped where and are they moving down or against the concentration gradient) 4\. How is secondary active transport different from primary active transport? 5\. Compare and contrast the two types of bulk active transport. 6\. What are the 3 types of endocytosis? Chemistry of Life 1\. Define matter, elements, and atoms. 2\. Describe the organizational trends of the periodic table. a\. How do the number of protons, neutrons and electrons change as you move across a row or down a column? b\. How does electronegativity change? 3\. Define atomic number and atomic mass. 4\. Identify the atomic number and atomic weight of an element. 5\. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of an element. 6\. Compare and contrast the 3 subatomic particles (location, charge, and mass). 7\. Which subatomic particle is associated with the "identity" of the element? "Behavior" or "personality" of the element? 8\. What four elements make up about 96% of the mass of the human body? 9\. What is an isotope? 10\. How do isotopes differ in terms of mass and the \# of subatomic particles? 11\. Briefly explain what happens to an unstable radioactive isotope. 12\. What is the formula used to calculate radioactive decay? 13\. Use the formula for radioactive decay to calculate: a\. Number of half-lives b\. Amount or percent of sample remaining c\. Amount or percent of a sample decayed d\. Time for a given percentage of a sample to decay Ions and Molecules 1\. How and why do atoms become charged? 2\. Use the Bohr model to show electron configurations (up to 3 electron shells). 3\. Compare the energy levels of electron shells and which one contains "reactive" electrons. 4\. Identify the number of valence electrons and the valency of an element. 5\. What is the octet rule? (How does this rule differ for the first electron shell?) 6\. Compare a reversible and irreversible chemical reaction. 7\. Compare and contrast a compound and a molecule. (note: all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds) 8\. What is a covalent bond? a\. Describe the difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond. 9\. Explain electronegativity. a\. What major factors affect the electronegativity of an atom? b\. Recognize trends on the periodic table. c\. Which elements are the most electronegative? d\. Identify which biomolecules have similar a electronegativity. 10\. What is an ionic bond? 11\. Identify whether simple molecules are polar covalent, non-polar covalent, or ionic compounds. 12\. Give an example of a weak chemical bond. Why are weak bonds important in biology? Water 1\. Draw the structure of a water molecule and indicate polarity. 2\. Sketch hydrogen bonds between water molecules. 3\. Explain how polarity/hydrogen bonding make water unique. 4\. Compare hydrophobic/hydrophilic. 5\. What types of molecules are hydrophobic? Hydrophilic? 6\. Briefly describe the emergent properties of water. a\. Cohesion/adhesion b\. Moderation of temperature c\. Expansion upon freezing d\. Versatility as a solvent 7\. s pH and Buffers 1\. What is pH? 2\. Define acid and base. 3\. What is the pH of most of the fluids in the human body? What are the exceptions? 4\. How much does the \[H+\] change between each pH unit? 5\. Calculate pH from the \[H+\] concentration. 6\. What is a buffer? Biological Molecules 1\. What characteristics of carbon make it so special? 2\. How many subatomic particles does a carbon atom have? 3\. List the four classes of biological macromolecules. 4\. Define monomer and polymer. 5\. For each class of macromolecules (except lipids), list the name of its respective monomers, polymers, and bonds. 6\. Describe the ratio of atoms in carbohydrates. 7\. What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates? 8\. Give two examples of storage polysaccharides. Where are they found? 9\. Give two examples of structural polysaccharides. Where are they found? 10\. What is the most diverse group of macromolecules, both in terms of shape and function? 11\. Sketch the fundamental structure of an amino acid. 12\. What part of an amino acid determines the chemical nature of the amino acid? 13\. Briefly describe the 4 levels of protein structure. 14\. What are the two main types of nucleic acids? 15\. Describe 4 key differences between DNA and RNA. 16\. Which 2 elements primarily make up lipids? 17\. Describe the chemical characteristics of lipids. (hint: think about polarity and relationship with water) 18\. List 4 types of lipids. 19\. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 20\. Which type of cholesterol is good? Which is bad? 21\. How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids affect good/bad cholesterol? 22\. Recognize whether a fatty acid is unsaturated or saturated. And if saturated, whether it is cis or trans. 23\. Briefly describe the structure of a phospholipid. 24\. Recognize the structure of a steroid. (hint: look for 4 fused carbon rings) The Study of Life 1\. Define science, biology and life. 2\. Describe the shared properties/characteristics that make something alive. 3\. List the levels of organization of living things from atoms to biosphere. 4\. Explain the phrase "emergent properties of life". 5\. Define taxonomy. 6\. What are the three domains? 7\. List the 8 taxonomic sublevels (in order). 8\. Define phylogeny. 9\. Use a sample phylogenetic tree to determine common ancestry and relationships between organisms. 10\. What unifies all life? The process of Science 11\. Compare and contrast basic and applied science. 12\. Compare deductive and inductive reasoning. 13\. Outline the flow of information used in deductive reasoning. 14\. Outline the flow of information used in inductive reasoning. 15\. Outline the scientific method. 16\. What are the qualifications of a hypothesis? 17\. Can a hypothesis be proven? 18\. Identify dependent, independent, and control varibles. 19\. Which type of reasoning is associated with hypothesis driven research? 20\. Compare and contrast a hypothesis, theory, and scientific law. 21\. What is cell theory? 22\. What is gene theory? 23\. What is the theory of heredity? 24\. What is the theory of evolution?