Exam #1 Parasitology PDF

NTROTOPARASITISM arasite liveonorinahosticausesnarmtothenos. t longterm differsfrompredafioshonterm onegainsoneloses patrasite nodst athogens infectiousagentscapable ofcausing a stateof disease in the host allpathogensareparasites butnotall parasite...

NTROTOPARASITISM arasite liveonorinahosticausesnarmtothenos. t longterm differsfrompredafioshonterm onegainsoneloses patrasite nodst athogens infectiousagentscapable ofcausing a stateof disease in the host allpathogensareparasites butnotall parasites are pathogens whystudy parasitology parasitesplayahuge.roeinfoodweb parasitesareoutofcontrol hostrequirements Obligatoryparasites requires host to completelifecycle ex ascariasistrichinosis facultativeparasites usuallyfreeliving butcanbecomeparasiticwhen situation ispresent doesnotrequirehostto completelifecycle ex braineatingamoeba armillariasp Opportunisticparasites doesn'tnormallycausedisease buttakesadvantageofthe opportunity  ex pneumocystispneumonia toxoplasmosis weakenedimmune systems ectoparasites livesoutside thehost associatedwithinfestations ex ticks endoparasites livesinsidethehost exiguineworm fungi rootknot parasitepermanence effectmayvaryonhost transmissionpatternsmater anoptimumemerges wontcontiunesotheydon.tk'll host transmission virulencecan'thappen at thesametime intermediatehost developmentofparasite nosexualreproduction ofparasite definitivehost sexualreproductionofparasite monoxenous onehostspecies direct heteroxenous multiplehostspecies indirect westudybecause wedontknowwhateveryspeci.es willdo Importanthosts potentialspeciesmayhavemorethanonehost paratenichost transportsparasite  parasitedoesnotdevelopor reproduce mayormaynot berequired for lifecycle reservoirhost parasitenormallylivesin canbereliablyfoundin someserveasadditionalhostspecies requiredtomaintainlifecycle vectors transportingparasite with orwithoutdevelopment of the parasite itdepends concernbecause theykeeptheparasitecycle alivewhenonehostisremoved meansbywhichaparasitecanbetransported complexity ofpotentialhosts mechanical onlytransports nodevelopment biological transports developsinsomeway differenttransmissions cyclodevelopmentaltransmis opment no inpopsize propagative transmission nodevelopment inpopsize cyclopropagative transmission development inpopsize PARASITE DIVERSITY whydowe care to identify them weneedvoucherspecimans biomedicalimportance whodotheyinfect howdotheyinfectthem transmissionpatterns what isthelikelihoodthat asistertaxonimicgroup  couldinfectus ecologicallyimportance representalargebiomassinfoodwebs measureofecosystemhealth iologicalspeciesconcept defines a species as agroup that is BSC abletomate create viable offspring doesnot work for all parasites someparasitesexistprimarilyasclones withvery rare sexualreproduction clones canalso be different expererfever leishmaniasis entamoebaspp trypanosomaspp because BSCdoesntworkforallspecie fortheseweuseESC.to definedspecies volutionary speciesconcept aspeciesisagroupoforganis.mshaving asinglelineage with a Sharedevolutionar trajectory EUKARYOTICPARASITES SARgroups stramenopiles ex suddenoakdeath potatofamine Mostlyfree living someparasitic Oomycetes watermolds usedtobeclassifiedasfungi parasitesofalgaeand ormarineplants blastocystishominisechilomastrixmesni.li mostcommonunicellulareukaryoteinthehumangut cancauseillnessinimmunocompromisedpatients  horizontalgenetransfer AGI producefilamentousstructures betweenfungiestramenopiles gainedosmotrophytraits ex diatoms goldenalgae brownalgae Alveolata possessalveoli flattenedvesiclesadjacentto the cellmembrane groups ciliates fewparasitic ex ich dinoflagellates non parastic parasitic ex redtide apicomplexans mostimportantbe of malaria nearly exclusivelyparasitic apicalcomplex hostrecognition attachment Invasion 1 endosymbiosis chloroplast algalcell 2 endosymbiosis apicoplast remnantnon functional cyanobacteria chloroplast nophotosyntisis lossapicoplastunableto penetratenewhostordeath ex toxoplasmosis malaria Rhizaria mostarefreelivingforaminiferans Eradiolarians plantparasites marineinvertebrateparasites group cercocozoa foraminifera polycystinea excavates  majorparasitegenera trypanosoma leishmania giardia trichomonas amoebozoa entamoebahistolytica braineatingamoeba archaeplastida redalgae greenalgae landplants parasiticplants formsapolyphyleticgroup onlyparasitizeotherplants historia specializedinvasiveroots growingoutofhostplant plantsneed sunlight to survive water minerals hemiparasites can still photosynthesizeon their own holoparasites can not photosynthesize getall resourcesfrom host the alloparasites moredistantlyrelated totheirnos adelphoparasites closelyrelated totheirhost parasiticfungi p fungicharacteristic nitin oncellwall nochloroplast heterotroph absorbsnutrientsdirectly evolution offungi evolvedmultipletimes MUTUALISTSW PLANTSPECIES lichen mycorrhizal PARASITESOFANIMALS Chytrid pneumocystispneumonia white nosesyndromeinbats nosemosis inbees Cordycepsinants PARASITESOFPLANTS dutchelmdisease wheat leafrust ashdiebackdisease Chestnutblight SarasiticMetazoans holozoan animalsthat areparasites animalcharacteristics multicellular heterotrophic mobile internaldigestion EXAMPLES guineaworm hookworms pinebarkbeetles  scabies greenbandedbroodsac whirlingdisease whywe catalog describeparasites elucideevolutionaryrelationships evolutionaryhistory predicthostparasiterelationship hostswitching crypticspecies identificationthroughDNAanalysis comparisons tootherknownspecies PARASITE LIFECYCLE tosurviveparasites getinto host successful transmission horizontal environmental air waterborne fecal oral spread 9 trophic indirectastheresmultiplehosts vertical mom offspring ta'ppropriate developmentallocation maintainposition evadeimmunehostresponse deal with possible harshconditions develop and or undergosexualreproduction getout ofthehost subsequenttransmission EXAMPLES fecal oral giardialamblia exhibitsperiodicity z pinworm emergenceofonehostcoincides with activitypatternsof  directpenetration subsequenthost hookworm monoxenous directpenetration schistosomiasis heteroxenous tor transmits carries a parasite vector malaria fromhostto thenext elephantiasis leishamiasis transmission distancebetween Igf some hosts um differenttrophic levels vector competence can it carry the parasiteas avector vectorcapacity how welldoes the vectordo at allowing theparasite to eitherdevelop replicate does it transmiteffectively capacity 1 vectors Capacity 2 vectors why migrate in host nutrients resources optimalenvironmentfor development pit oxygen to transmission Immuneevasion howdothey know how togetthere sensethe environment Chemicalcues bile pH temperature establishment howtheyremainonlocation adhesivedisks adheringproteins hookedmouths entryintocells monoecious us dioecious Inoke 2reproductive organs 2houses eachw I reproductiveorgan alleeeffect popsizereflectsfitness keepsparasitealive reproductivetrade offs mortality fecundity is associatedwith virulence inhost flatanked fecundityisassociatedwith reproductivesuccess fitness want fecundityfor transmission immuneresponse fecundity effects of a parasiticlifestyle possibly ingenomesite thelongerthe coevolution signifiancesuggestthat evolutionacts onboth with host physiological anatomical thelargerthehost thelargertheparasitecanbe traits drivesgeneticΔ vertebrates free livingEinvertebrates space nutrientsavailabity invert hostbody fecundity intheparasitebecausemore resources PARASITE IMMUNE SYSTEMS Immunesystem body'sdefensemechanismto a foreignobject typicallyeffective but the1sttime maybe response dependsonmanyfactors receptors repetitionofantigen Inflammation swellinglymphnode fever damagetotissue canbeparasite immuneresponse symptoms are resultofimmune response malaria anemia ourwaytogetrid ofinfectioncauses thesymptoms PROKARYOTES IMMUNERESPONSE Innatedefensesystem RESTRICTIONMODIFICATIONSYSTEM endonucleaserecognizesphageDNA methyltransferasemethylatesmatchinghostDNA allowsforself non selfrecognition adaptiveimmunesystem CRISPR clusteredregularlyinterspersedshort palindromicsequence repeatsinthebacterialDNAthatcome fromthephage parasite DNAcanbeusedtofightsubsequentialinfections Initialinfectigphage infectsbutdoesnotkill thebacterium ViralDNAfromphageiscleaved isincorporated intobacterialDNA byCascomplexInsertedinto Crisprcomplex subsequentinfection newphageinfects  O p p p g CascomplexrecognizesphageviralDNA cleavesit inactivates it connectionto lamarckianinheritance learningfromeachinfection newmemory gainof traitthat ispassedontothe offspring PLANT IMMUNESYSTEM can'tmoveawayfrom a parasite whatcaninfectplants viruses bacteria nematodes protozoans oomycetes fungi arthropods constitutivedefenses alwayson cell walls specializedcells stomata stingingfluid producetoxins bark liginin likeskin waxyepidermis thorns Inducibledefenses activatedresponse pathogen targetedproductionof toxins programmedcelldeath PAMPS pathogenantigenmolecularpatterns PAMPtriggeredimmunity PTI recognizedby patternrecognitionreceptors PRRS oncellsurface PRRS recognizePAMPS induce a PTI PTI strengthens cell wall producing glyticenzymes antimicrobial  compounds targetthe cellsurface effectorproteinsinjected into hostplanttissue induces effectortriggeredimmunity ETI nucleotide bindingleucine richrepeates NB RRS the products ofRgenes Rgenes resistancegenes inresponseto internal challenges directneutralizing ofeffector dangersignalingas aresultof effector modification of guard hypersensitiveresponse HR systemicaquiredresistance SAR programmed celldeathof longlastingsystemic infectedcells responseagainstpathogen NVERTEBRATE IMMUNESYSTEM lack trueadaptiveimmunity allhavesomeformof innateimmunity ftp.Efa fcenuiarresponses somealsohavehumoralresponses cellularresponse hemocytesmigratetosporocyst encapsulate releaseROSERNS tf fdh e mmmmponygmmgnmamp.gg  FREPSbindto sporocyst opsonization adapative like immunity evidenceofthiscamefromdaphniaimmunity controlshave likelyhoodofgettinginfected Infectivehave likelyhoodofgettinginfected non infective still induceanimmuneresponse After 48hr5 infections Shortlivedmemory suggestsco evolution with their host behaviors as an immuneresponse parasitesspreadinsocialgroups