Exam 1 Giant Study PDF

### ***[What is Anthropology?]*** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[History of American Archeology]** - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. **American Anthropological Concerns:** - - - - - - - - - - -...

### ***[What is Anthropology?]*** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[History of American Archeology]** - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. **American Anthropological Concerns:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[Assigned Readings:]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Body Rituals among the Nacirema:** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving:** | | | | - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Essay:** What is the similar point of both articles? - ### **[What is Culture?]** #### - - 1. - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - **Theories On Culture** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3\) Another way to describe culture: Think of it as consisting in a continuum between ideal rules and real human behaviors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4\) Another way to think about culture: Culture is generally adaptive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[Materialism]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### #### **[Assigned Readings:]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### **[Methods and Techniques]** **[Fieldwork]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[Two major strategies to doing fieldwork:]** ---------------------------------------------------------- 1. - - - - - - - - - - - **[Postmodernism]** - - - - - - Dr. Cog: - - **[Positivism]** - - - - - - - - **How To Combat Biases:** - - - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Cons** (Ethnographic Interviews) - - - - **Discussion of Movie** - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Reading: Shakespeare and the Bush]** | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Reading: To Give Up On Words]** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### **[Anthro Theories]** **Interpretive Anthropology** - - - - - - **Cons with Interp. Anthrop:** - - - - Dr. Cog says 3 examples in an essay earns you a 9 and 4 examples earns you a 10, generally.\ \ ---\-- **[Fieldwork]** We are different from other social sciences because of our primary method for gathering data (fieldwork), and fieldwork is different from other methods (focus groups) because we work with real people in real time and space. Because of this, we are presented with **[unique challenges]** in performing fieldwork than other social scientists may face. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Benefits Of Fieldwork** - - - - First check the guide below to make sure all these items are in your notes. Make sure your notes are complete. Then, set the guide aside and read your notes from start to finish, once per day, over the course of 4 or 5 days. **In a sentence or two, briefly identify or explain the following items using class information:** **Alor/Dubois ethical problem:** The anthropologist Dubois visited the island of Alor and introduced herself as an American. When the Japanese invaded the island, village leaders joked that their American friend would win the war, costing them their lives. **F. Boas:** The father of American anthropology. He was a Jewish immigrant who separated us from social sciences, arguing that we need 1) cultural relativity, 2) historical particularism, and 3) field work. **Cultural Materialism:** A theory by Marvin Harris that views the modes of production, economics, and material goods in a society to explain how and why cultures change. "The infrastructure (material goods) define the superstructure (family structure, political structure)." **Cultural relativity:** The study of human behaviors in their context and without issuing value or moral judgements, to understand why they happen. This is a conceptual approach and is NOT the same as being an actual moral relativist. **Culture:** There are many ways to think of culture, including culture as 1) symbols, 2) categories, 3) generally adaptive, and 4) integrated. Cultures are a capacity for behavior, rather than a tendency, and a continuum between ideal rules and real human behaviors. Culture is the thought and actions driving the majority of a social group. **Emic:** An insider's view into the culture, such as say, our view of America. This view can be biased positively and negatively, and will often miss the more "automatic" ingrained behaviors because we assume they are the same for everyone. **Enculturation:** The process by which (generally a child) is taught implicitly the ways of a culture. This becomes instinctual and feels natural (eg. common sense). **Ethnocentrism:** The belief that one's own culture is better than others. Some consequences of ethnocentrism include colonization, slavery, and racism. **Ethnography:** A cultural written description of the group that is being studied, in an attempt to learn their perspective and way of life. **Etic:** An outsider's view of a culture. May contain positive or negative biases, and potentially risks "othering" them or seeing them as exotic in ways that feel offensive. **C. Geertz:** Founded interpretive archeology. **M. Harris:** Founded Cultural Materialism. **Interpretive Anthropology:** Says that the best way to study culture (ideas and their actions) is to view it as created entirely by the mind, rather than material constraints. Culture exists as a web of significance people themselves create and define as reality. Thick description means deeply understanding multiple layers of context and meaning. **K. Marx:** Adjusting Sociobiology into Social Darwinism (unilineal evolution), was a social scientist. **Mead/Freeman controversy:** Freeman loudly criticized Mead's ethnography on the Samoan after her death, earning relative fame. However, each were largely different (her as a young woman, him as an older man) perspectives, took different theoretical approaches, and also studied different villages at different times. **Postmodern Anthropology:** The concept that everyone's perception of something (eg. a novel, a culture, an experience) is different, shaped by their personal beliefs, history, and values. **Sociobiology/Human Behav. Ecology:** The belief that human behavior is primarily based on genes and strategies for reproductive success. **H. Spencer:** A Social Darwinist. **E. O. Wilson:** Founded Socio Biology / Behavioral Ecology. **[In several paragraphs, discuss the following questions.]** **Describe general Hopi culture, as presented in the video.\ ** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Hopi people, as presented in the video, are a small agricultural tribe. Their values derive from being close to nature and living in a traditional lifestyle. The Hopi highly value corn, as it is one of the few crops hardy enough to grow within their desert corn. They have many rituals involving it, such as hand-planting, singing to the corn, and teaching women the art of grinding the corn. Special events may involve setting a fire underneath the ground to cook large masses of corn to feed themselves on. The Hopi base their cardinal directions on colors of corn, with blue as the most sacred.\ \ The Hopi have different stereotypical roles for women and men. While men are generally in charge of growing the corn and cooking it for ritualistic events, women are more likely to stay in the home and to grind the corn. It's said that boys come to the young girls to talk while they're grinding, and if the mother disapproves of them, she will send them away. But if the girls are courted, there is an elaborate wedding process that requires days of corn grinding and the creation of garments for the husband. Women also appear to do much of the cooking in the home, which can sometimes comprise of making rolled piki bread. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Describe the characteristics which make Anthropology different from other social sciences (the "Anthropology tool kit").\ ** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fieldwork, the use of etic vs emic perspective, cross-cultural, | | universalism, cultural relativity, holistic approach, and | | understanding of culture. | | | | **Fieldwork**: Studying humans in their natural context to collect | | data. | | | | **The use of etic vs emic perspective**: Seeking to balance both an | | insider's view into the culture (emic) and an outsider's objective | | view of reality (etic). | | | | **Cross-cultural**: Studying the differences and similarities between | | large and small scale cultures. | | | | **Universalism**: Views all cultures and societies as equally | | intelligent. | | | | **Cultural Relativity**: Studying human behaviors in context without | | value or moral judgements. | | | | **Holistic Approach**: The study of human behavior within it's full | | cultural context (politics, religion, regional attitudes, etc.) | | | | **Understanding of Culture**: Culture organizes reality differently, | | affecting all thoughts, actions, and values. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Describe aspects or characteristics of the culture concept (not "parts of cultures"), as discussed in class.** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Know the main ideas of the articles assigned during this exam period (first 8 articles).\ ** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Body Rituals Among The Nacirema:** A description of American | | behavior through an "othering" anthropological expression, such as | | referring to actions as rituals. | | | | This is used to show us how we feel when we are made to sound exotic, | | foreign, and barbaric. | | | | **Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving:** Questions the narrative that | | the burqa is the end-all "oppressor of women," suggests that colonial | | feminism is at play and that we can protect Muslim women in more | | effective and assuring ways than trying to deny their cultural wear.\ | | \ | | **Growing Up American:** The author, a Filipino woman, visits America | | to attend college on a scholarship, and notes the differences between | | American culture and her home culture. As she raises her daughter in | | America, she tries to think of how to balance these values with her | | traditions. Values: Individualism, egalitarianism, informal, bold, | | independent as children.\ | | \ | | **Outsider's View Of American Culture:** A polish exchange professor | | visits the US | | | | **Shakespere and the Bush:** Bohannan, an Oxford student, visits the | | Tiv tribe in West Africa, where she learns that they have a much | | different interpretation of Hamlet than she does, giving an example | | of how cultural values view actions differently. | | | | **To Give Up On Words:** Mysteriously, the Apache believe in | | important points of silence between others, including upon meeting | | strangers and in unfamiliar or emotionally heated situations. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Describe the factors discussed in class which could influence an ethnographer\'s objectivity in participant observation. Explain ways to overcome these factors.** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | There are numerous factors that could influence an ethnographer's | | objectivity in participant observation, but there are also ways to | | overcome these issues. | | | | - - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Discuss the various ethical problems ethnographers face and provide possible ways to overcome these problems.\ ** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | There are various ethical problems ethnographers face, but also ways | | to overcome these problems. | | | | - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Explain the various anthropological theories presented in class so far. What are the problems or shortcomings of each theory? Be prepared to apply them to a specific case study.\ ** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Sociobiology:** Believes that human behavior is primarily based on | | genes and strategies for reproductive success. | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | Counter argument: "Human beings have capacity for behavior, not a | | tendency towards behavior." | | | | **Materialism:** Believes that the material goods (resources, mode of | | production, economics) explain culture. | | | | - - - - | | | | Counter argument: "What if it's not infrastructure, but ideas | | themselves that change societies?\" | | | | **Postmodernism:** Suggest that there are multiple, equally valid and | | correct perspectives of reality, based on critical personal variables | | like someone's gender, sex, race, religion, or class. | | | | - - - | | | | **Positivism:** Positive that there is one objective form of reality. | | Real descriptions can be verifiable, reliable, and can be agreed | | upon. | | | | - - | | | | **Interpretive Anthropology:** Says that the best way to study | | culture (ideas and their actions) is to view it as created entirely | | by the mind, rather than material constructs. | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ***[Cultural Anthropology]*** ========================================= ### ***[What is Anthropology?]*** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[History of American Archeology]** - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. **American Anthropological Concerns:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[Assigned Readings:]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Body Rituals among the Nacirema:** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving:** | | | | - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Essay:** What is the similar point of both articles? - ### **[What is Culture?]** #### - - 1. - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - **Theories On Culture** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3\) Another way to describe culture: Think of it as consisting in a continuum between ideal rules and real human behaviors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4\) Another way to think about culture: Culture is generally adaptive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### **[Materialism]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### #### **[Assigned Readings:]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### **[Methods and Techniques]** **[Fieldwork]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[Two major strategies to doing fieldwork:]** ---------------------------------------------------------- 1. - - - - - - - - - - - **[Postmodernism]** - - - - - - Dr. Cog: - - **[Positivism]** - - - - - - - - **How To Combat Biases:** - - - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Cons** (Ethnographic Interviews) - - - - **Discussion of Movie** - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Reading: Shakespeare and the Bush]** | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Reading: To Give Up On Words]** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### **[Anthro Theories]** **Interpretive Anthropology** - - - - - - **Cons with Interp. Anthrop:** - - - - Dr. Cog says 3 examples in an essay earns you a 9 and 4 examples earns you a 10, generally.\ \ ---\-- **[Fieldwork]** We are different from other social sciences because of our primary method for gathering data (fieldwork), and fieldwork is different from other methods (focus groups) because we work with real people in real time and space. Because of this, we are presented with **[unique challenges]** in performing fieldwork than other social scientists may face. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Benefits Of Fieldwork** - - - - **TEST 1 MATERIAL ENDS HERE.**\ Need permission slip to attach to the form. Follow directions on top of syllabus. Study directions on the top of the study guide. Short essay, ID, long essay, multiple choice. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Reading: Fact Vs Fiction** | | | | - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Reading: Samoan Character and the Academic World | | | | - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Similarities and differences | | | | - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ***[Section 2]*** ============================= #### #### **[Modes Of Production]** A way of studying cultural differences. Refers to the technology, methods, and strategies of which cultures extract resources and foods with their environment. Their direct interface with the physical environment. Tied closely with economic, political, family, and value systems. How do we explain the fact that all of these parts of culture are integrated and adaptive? How can we explain how cultures change, what is the trigger mechanism?\ \ If the are all related, cultures with a similar mode of production MIGHT have similar economic, political, family, and value systems. This observable fact has been recognized by anthropologists and formed the theory:\ \ **Cultural Ecology.** From Steward. Given the same general mode of production, there are parallels in other areas of culture. Suggests that the cultural core is the mode of production, technology, economic systems, and thus explains why cultures look the way that they do.\ \ So, when you change the cultural core... It causes ripple effects in other parts of culture, leading those to change in predictable ways. - - **Multilinear evolution:** Changing the cultural core causes predictable change in other areas, over the long term. - Eventually leading to state-level societies in different areas of the world. Some problems with the theory: - - - - What is the main difference between cultural materialism and ecology? **[Modes Of Production]** **Foraging Or Hunting:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Horticulture:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Pastoralism:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Agriculture:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cultural diversity is not something to be feared byt something to protect, defend, and celebrate. Will make the world a better place for everyone. It is ultimately for our own survival to defend the rights of others, so that we will protect our own rights. **[Economic Anthropology]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The value of cultural diversity is that we can learn lessons from societies different from ours. Define all terms within the anthropological toolkit. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fieldwork, the use of etic vs emic perspective, cross-cultural, | | universalism, cultural relativity, holistic approach, and | | understanding of culture. | | | | **Fieldwork**: Studying humans in their natural context to collect | | data. | | | | **The use of etic vs emic perspective**: Seeking to balance both an | | insider's view into the culture (emic) and an outsider's objective | | view of reality (etic).\ | | **Cross-cultural:** Studying the differences and similarities between | | large and small scale cultures.\ | | **Universalism:** Views all cultures and societies as equally | | intelligent.\ | | **Cultural Relativity:** Studying human behaviors in context without | | value or moral judgements.\ | | **Holistic Approach:** The study of human behavior within it's full | | cultural context (politics, religion, regional attitudes, etc.) | | | | **Understanding of Culture:** Culture organizes reality differently, | | affecting all thoughts, actions, and values. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Create an engram for all of the important names. ---------------------------------------------------------- **F. Boas**: **F**ather of anthropology\ **C. Geetz:** **C**ultural (interperative) anthropology\ **M. Harris:** **M**aterialism\ **E. Wilson:** Human Behavioral **E**cology\ **H. Spencer: S**ocial Darwinist\ **K. Marx:** Ksocial Darwinism ---------------------------------------------------------- Define the difference between anthropology and other social sciences. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Anthropology and the other social sciences differ in that: | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ What is culture? +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Know what **socio biology** is. Be able to justify something using this theory. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Socio Biology:** Believes that human behavior is primarily based on | | genes and strategies for reproductive success. | | | | - - | | | | - - - - | | | | Counter argument: "Human beings have capacity for behavior, not a | | tendency towards behavior." | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Know what Materialism is. Be able to justify something using this theory. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Materialism:** Believes that the material goods (resources, mode of | | production, economics) explain culture. | | | | - - - - | | | | Counter argument: "What if it's not infrastructure, but ideas | | themselves that change societies?\" | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ What does a cultural anthropologist study? What are the goals of a cultural anthropologist?\ - How does ethnographic interview differ from other interviews? - - - - -