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Enviromental Studies 22447 I scheme ----- Dr. Mrs. G. S. Ingawale Environmental Studies 22447 Page 1 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 2  Chapter 1 – Environment Environment is a subject not only of science...

Enviromental Studies 22447 I scheme ----- Dr. Mrs. G. S. Ingawale Environmental Studies 22447 Page 1 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 2  Chapter 1 – Environment Environment is a subject not only of science but also of the social studies and humanities to study environment one has to know subjects physics, chemistry, biology, geography, economics and management Note – 1. Environment (French word) = Environner 2. World Environment Day = 5th June 3. World day of water = 22nd March 4. Earth day = 22nd April 5. Ecomark of our country = Earthen pitcher 6. Environmental friendly products are given = ISO 14000 7. Noble peace price in 2004 for contribution towards environmental conservation = Wangari naathai 8. He is popularly known as the green Judge = Kuldeep Singh 9. He is known as green advocate = Mr. M. C. Mehta 10. Chipko Movement = Sundarlal Bahugana 11.He got Magasay Award for water conversation effort = Rajendra Singh 12. Wild life week = 1st to 7th October 13. World Forest Day 21st March 14. Edaphic = Related to Soil 15. The environment which has been modified by human activities is called = Anthropogenic Environment 16. There are various segment of environment = 1. Atmosphere – Atmo means air consist of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9 argon, traces gases like CO2 NO, CH4, O3 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 3  2. Hydrosphere – hydro means water large mass is concentrated in ocean and sea 71% of the surface of the globe is occupied by Sea/ocean, 97% of the world’s water is comprised in the ocean. Totally water accounts for the only 0.23% of earth’s total mass (fresh water). 3. Lithosphere – Litha means rocks. This is the solid outer section of earth. These is skin of earth Lithosphere extends from the surface of earth to a depth of above 70 to 100 kms. 4. Biosphere – The biosphere is the supporting surface of the earth where biotic (living organism and abiotic (non-living things) are exist in the biosphere. All the spheres are very well interlinked so to manage equilibrium To make the public aware about the need to protect the natural environment they must be told about the value of the natural environment Methods of creating awareness. 1. Newspapers 2. Radio 3. Television, etc. The activities such as sardar sarovar, silent valley project, chipko andolan in uttarakhand, these activities not only help to solve the local problem but they also help to generate awareness among people to stop various problem. Government organisation as well as NGO can take up this issue and conserve the environment. Environmental Issues 1) GHE(Green House Effects) – CO2, CH4, NO (Nitrogen Oxide), CFC(Choro Fluaro Carbon) and water vapour are energy trapper. This can hold it. Thus global warning takes place and this is the manage environment problem. Effect of the green house – Environmental Studies 22447 Page 4 1. Melting of snow (between 1901 to 2001 the average rise in the sea level is above 10cm). It change pattern of rainfall (In some area, heavy rainfall and in another no rainfall). It will create serious problem of water shortage, reduce yield of crops. 2. Climate Change – The earth’s climate has changed throughout history but it changes rapidly due to human activity since the mid of 20th century. The ocean have absorb much of the increased heat showing warming of more than 0.4o F / 0.9oC. Since the late 19th century. 3. Acid Rain – The precipitation in the form of rain, snow, dew may bring back the acid on the surface of the earth. It is known as acid rain. The normal PH value of the rain water is 7 and PH value due to acid rain = 3 The fumes of sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acids emitted thorough the chemical industries are responsible for acid rain. Effects of Acid Rain – 1. It damages the vegetation. In western Europe more than 30% of the forest are lost due to Acid rain. 2. Surface and ground water get affected by acid water and Aqua like in the surface of water gets reduce. 3. The soil PH is reduce up to 3 to 4. This affects of soil. 4. The acid rain affect the human brings by creating skin irritation. Measures to control Acid rain – By using the equipments at the source which can reduce the emission of SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) form the industry. By using low sulphur coal, the emission of SO2 can be reduced. Replacing coal by natural gas can reduce emission of SO2 By reducing the use of Private vehicle the emission of gases can be reduced. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 5 Replacing the conventional energy resource like thermal power by non- conventional energy resources like solar, wind, tidal energy can reduce the emission of gases which cause the acid rain. Depletion of ozone layer The layer above the troposphere is called stratosphere in which a separate layer has been formed at the height between 15 and 30 kms from the sea level. It is called as ozonosphere(O3) This gas has capacity to absorb large proportion of UV radiation and due to this living organism are developed on the earth. UV radiation is very toxic to the organic matter. The layer of ozone is getting reduced due to emission of gases (cooling industry). Causes of Ozone depletion. The chlorine atoms are released by the diso CFC. This is responsible for ozone depletion. One chlorine atom can destroy up to one lakh ozone molecules. If it is continued for longer period the natural filter of ozone layer will be totally lost due to UV radiation. CFC is used in following industries. 1. Air conditioning 2. Refrigeration 3. Fire Extinguishers 4. Plastic industry, Paint industry Along with CFC, CTC, Halon and Methyl Bromide can destroy ozone layer. Effects of ozone layer depletion Environmental Studies 22447 Page 6  It damages the plant, causes various types of cancer(skin, lungs and blood cancer), it affect the climate change and destruction of life. Following are the methods to control the depletion of ozone layer By using ecofriendly chemicals, by minimizing the use of halon, CFC By using alternative Solution of CFC can control the ozone depletion. Nuclear accidents and holocaust During the life cycle of a nuclear fuel accidents occur at any stage. It might be due to leakage, nuclear fuel accidents occur at any stage. It might be due to leakage, nuclear war, nuclear weapons or nuclear reactions. Such accidents give out black soot in large quantity. The soot then gets spread to the stratosphere. At this stage it absorb solar radiations but this radiations are not allow to escape to reach earth. Hence it will lead to cooling. Thus at this stage infrared rays (IR) radiated from atmosphere when reach earth meet insufficient amount of water vapours and CO2 and hence IR radiations are also remain partially unabsorbed. This leads to cooling. And such phenomenon is termed as nuclear winter. This is opposite to global warning. Due to this nuclear winter/nuclear accidents. Following effects occur- 1. Drastically lowing global temperature 2. Drastically affect Crop Production causes infertility of soil. For eg. – Chernobyl nuclear accident occur in Russia (Ukcrane) on 26th April 1986 resulted a wide spread contamination of radio active substances. The destruction cause by nuclear accidents or by nuclear bombs is not only immediate but may be long lasting. Similar accident occur in 2011 at Japan (Fukoshima) Environmental Studies 22447 Page 7 Towards the end of world war 2, bombing of Germany caused huge fire storm equivalent to nuclear bomb explosion. In nuclear holocaust in Japan 1945 two nuclear bombs were drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan. Due to this holocaust (large scale destruction of human lives by fire) killed about 1lakh people and destroyed the city. The forceful explosion imitated neutrons and gamma radiations. The radio active strontium (90sr) liberated in the explosion resembles calcium and had the property of replacing calcium of the bones as a result large- scale bone deformities occurred in the new born babies and adults in the cities. Controls measures by the concept of 4R This consist of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. 1. Reduce – If we avoid making garbage we need not worry about disposing of waste or recycling. By designing, manufacturing, purchasing or using materials in ways that generate less waste and fewer natural resources are used. Advantages – 1. Saves natural resources ultimately few materials will need to be recycled or land field. 2. Reduces toxicity of waste – sharing products, that contain hazardous chemicals instead of throwing out left over’s, using the smallest amount necessary we can reduce waste toxicity. 3. Reduces cost – preventing waste also can minimize economic savings, business, organization and individual consumers. 2. Reuse - It is the best policy for resource conversation. To reuse is to use any object again and again. For eg. Conventional reuse of milk bottles by refilling, plastic boxes, shipping containers, etc can be reused again and again. But current environmental awareness is gradually changing and regulations such as the new packaging regulations are gradually beginning to reverse the situation. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 8 Advantages – 1. Reuse help save time, money, energy and resources. 2. Reusable products are often cheaper than the many single use products. Disadvantages – 1. Sorting for reuse takes time. 2. Reuse often requires cleaning or transport. In general reusable products need to be long lasting Following are reuse techniques – 1. Reuse centers and virtual exchange virtual exchanges allow users to post listings of material available and wanted on an online materials exchanges websites(Amazon, flip kart) 2. Deposit programs – for eg – Sainsbury lmtd. Have operated a plastic carriers bag cash refund scheme that save 970 tons of plastic per annum. In India and Pakistan manufacturers collect and refill old glass bottles for selling cold drinks. 3. Closed loop program – This method applies primarily to packaging. For eg. Cold drinks, milk, vegetables are transported in reusable plastic container. 4. Refilling programs – for eg. Refills of liquid soaps and cleaning materials, insect killers, cooking oil, etc. 5. Regifting or regiving- clothes and children toys often become unwanted before they wear out due to changes in their owners name, this can be reused by giving gifts to others. 6. Printer cartridge and tonners reuse – The companies that created cartridges can refill and sold back to consumers. The method is highly efficient as there is no energy spent in melting and recreating the cartridges. 7. Repurposing – It means using a tool for a purpose unintended by the original tool maker for eg. Using tiers as boat fitters and steel drums as feeding units. Fly ash produce by power plants is used extensively as an additive to concrete providing increased strength. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 9 Recycling – It is breaking down of an object into raw materials which are then used to make new potentially useful material. Otherwise that would become waste. For eg. – Used office paper would be converted into new office paper lead from car factory gold from computer components, removal and reuse of mercury (HG) from various objects. Advantages – Recycling reduces the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy, reduce water pollution, lowers green house emission. Disadvantages – The cost and energy used in collection and transportation, the jobs produce by the recycling, industry can be poor trade, materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before materials degradation prevents further recycling. Recover – It provides sound and environmentally friendly approach to minimizing and managing waste (in 4 hrs.). Recover is to convert waste into resources. Resource recovery occurs after reduce, reuse and recycle. Recovery is when most of the material thrown as garbage is used and processed. When it is not possible to reuse or recycle such as mobile phones, computers, television and other electronic gadgets recovery is the last option. Eg. Extraction of copper from PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Environmental Studies 22447 Page 10 Abiotic This are non-living components (temperature, light, moisture, air currents air, etc.) Afforestation The direct human induced conversion of land that has not been forested for at least 50 years. Anthropogenic Cause by human activities. Biodiversity Biological diversity (ecosystem on land and waters) Biomass A renewable energy source is biological matter from living things. Biotic This are the living things that shape an ecosystem. Components Biotope This is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place. CFC/ Ozone depleter HFC(Hydro Fluro carbon) – (They all are green house gases) PFC(per fluro carbon) SF6(Sulphur hexafluoride Consumers(Heterotrops) Animals who depend upon producers for food. Decomposers/detritivors Fungai, bacteria they breakdown complex food into simpler one. Demography It is the study of the size, structure and distribution of population Dendrochronology It is the scientific method of analyzing patterns of tree rings. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 11 Environment The physical and biological factors along with their chemical interaction. Ecosystem Dynamic complex of plants, animals, microorganisms and their non living environment. Ex. Ante Before the event. Ex. Post After the event. Habitat place or type of site where organism or population naturally occurs. Hazardous Flammable, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, etc are toxic. Non-Virus Are the most common cause of viral infection in humans. Permafrost In geology soil at or below the freezing point 320F for two or more years. Autotrops/producers Plants which convert the energy into four by photosynthesis. Riparian It is the interface between land and a river. Rotavirus Several diarrhea among small kids or young children. Sustainable development development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of feature generation to meet their own nuds. YLL(Years of life lost) This is the numerical difference between a pre- determined end point age usually 75 years and the age of death. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 12 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 13 Energy Resources Natural Resources 1. Forest resources – This are one of the most natural resources on this earth (tall trees, plants, dense vegetarian) 2. Water Resources – 97% of the earth surface is covered by water, 60% to 65% water in animal and plants. This is unique resource exist in nature in three states – solid, liquid and gas. 3. Mineral Resources – These are inorganic crystalline solids having characteristic physical properties and chemical composition. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 14 4. Food Resources – There are 1000 of edible plants and animals over the world out of which only three dozen constituent major food of humans. 5. Energy Resources – Conventional source (wood, coal, coke, oil, etc.). Non- conventional source (solar energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, etc.). 6. Soil or land resource – Land is a finite and valuable resource on which the basis abilities exist on it. Depletion of sources : Soil – Soil erosion, organic matter lose of soil structure, poor internal drainage, soil acidity are various forms of soil degradation among this soil erosion is the major one. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 15 Causes – Deforestation at huge level, overgreasing, settlement of environmental pollutants, over use of irrigation and chemicals in agriculture has deteriorated the quality of soil. Effect of soil depletion – Reduce crop production, lower surface water quality, damage drainage network. Solution – Good vegetation cover. Use of new irrigation practices such as drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation, etc., save surface soil. Use of suitable agricultural techniques like bio-fertilizer, bio-pesticides, etc. prevent soil from overdose of chemicals and their side effects. Educating farmers to take care of this valuable gift by using above technique in appropriate ways. Depletion of water resources Water is the most important resources to sustain the life, but unfortuntative it is the most misused one. Depletion of water resource is the global problem. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 16 Causes of water depletion – Waste and byproduct from industries, disposal of municipal near by ponds, lakes causes major lose of water. Utilizing agricultural waste, pesticides, fertilizers, etc makes water useless. Drought and changes in weather pattern are responsible for water depletion. Effects – This is creating more political and general public issues, during summer and drought lose of animals and plants affects local economy, agricultural productivity lose. Solution to prevent water depletion - Strong laws should be implemented by governments in order to converse water, rain water harvesting (RWH) is gaining momentum now-a-days in various part of country. For example – Project at Shivaji Park, Mumbai. Utilizing more effective irrigation strategeries, de-salination of older ponds and wells through new techniques. This is very expensive and impractical. Depletion of mineral resources. C, Fe, Cu, Metals and non-metals are various metals. And these are obtained by mining and by metallurgical process. Causes – Due to industrial revolution and today’s economy is largely based on fossil fuel (Coal, gasoline(petrol, diesel), minerals and oils. Lots of building materials are obtained from mines (stones, marbles, granite, limestone, etc) is ever increasing. Effects – Mining has resulted pollution in large scale. Accidents related with land- slides are common in coal mines area. Onshore mining process badly effects the marine life. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 17 Solution- Strong global and local laws are required to reverse the trend. Government’s need to show more strong political inclination towards problem. Use of synthetic building material can reduce the load on natural resources, use of new technologies at thermal power plant, ignition engines metallurgy so that big outputs can be obtained from low inputs. Depletion of forest resources – Deforestation is the clearing of natural forest by burning of trees and plants in a forest area. As a result of deforestation about half of the forest that one covered the earth has been destroyed. Because of deforestation soil erosion occur which increases the risk of land slides. Because of depletion in forest, it decreases biodiversity lives in the forest and the destruction of these is accelerating extension at an alarming rate. Controlling Deforestation United Nations and the world bank have started reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation by REDD program. That works especially with developing countries and to educate citizen to use the forest in a more sustainable way. It should to be encourage almost all countries to repair the damage forest. Special laws and acts should be in acted to protect the forest land and vegetation cover. Imposing environmental clearance mandatory for big industrial projects. Renewable, non-renewable and cyclic resources Renewable Resources Environmental Studies 22447 Page 18 Example Source Use 1. Solar energy Electromagnetic radiation For domestic & industrial from son. use. 2. Hydropower Fall in water Turbines mill wheels 3. Wind power Moving air Wind mills 4. Tidal energy Rise and fall of tidal To generate electricity water 5. Geothermal power Rocks below the earth To generate electricity surface 6. Nuclear fuels Fission or fusion reaction Nuclear power of radioactive elements generation Non-renewable energy resources (conventional/traditional/non-renewable) Example – wood, coal, coke, crude oil/petroleum oil, derived components. Cyclic energy resources Some natural sources are cyclically reused. Example – water Three processes are occur – Evaporation – condensation – precipitation. Due to solar energy the surface water evaporates leads to cloud forming and again there is rainfall and this is the best example of cyclic source. Classification of energy sources. Energy sources are classified into two on the basis of origin. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 19 1) Primary energy source. Conventional – Fossil fuel, Coal, coke, nuclear fuels. Non-Conventional – Solar energy wind energy, etc. Secondary energy source petrol gasoline, hydrogen Conventional energy Non-conventional energy 1) This are non-renewable 1) This are renewable energy energy source. 2) This are categorized as 2) This are not Categorized as primary & Secondary. primary & secondary 3) This are existing mainly solid 3) This are not in any physical & liquid, gases. state. 4) They produce energy only on 4) They do not require oxygen. combustion (in presence of oxygen). 5) This causes pollution 5) This do not cause pollution. 6) This are easy to store 6)This are not easy to store 7) Eg. - fossil fuel, crude oil coal Eg- solar energy wind energy ,coke, petrol kerosene, diesel. geothermal energy Environmental Studies 22447 Page 20  Present global energy use and future demands. The term energy is nothing but capacity to do work. The first law of thermodynamics and other two laws are well known to us which explain the significance of energy for different areas. Example – Transport, communication, etc. Energy is consumed in various form such as heat, electricity, etc. Energy is derived from conventional sources such as fossil fuel (Coal coke nuclear fuels, etc) over the years rapid industrialization and also population the demand of energy has been increased. There are various environmental issues occur during these resources so overall situation has made us more and more aware & concern for making maximum use of solar, wind, tidal energy. The development of technology to use non-conventional sources of energy in maximum amount so we will not face threat of power failure. Energy Conservation Solar energy Principle – The electromagnetic radiation from sun are known by term solar energy. These radiations are fusion reactions which take place in the sun. All the radiations from sun are not in same wavelength almost 92% lie in the range of 315nm to 1400 nm visible range is 400 nm to 700 nm whereas radiation in IR region get emitted back to space. The estimated amount of heat obtain from sun per year is 2.68 x 1024 jukes per year. The ecosystem on the surface of earth utilizes about 0.2 to 0.5% of the total amount -of solar energy. Very small fraction of solar energy is actually used for life. Large amount of solar energy gets wasted which otherwise can be of immense use. Production of electricity by solar energy. Following are two techniques commonly used to generate electricity - 1. Solar thermal collector 2. Photovoltaic cells (PVC) Solar thermal collector – It is a device designed to absorb heat from sunlight. There are different types of thermal collectors – Environmental Studies 22447 Page 21 Solar parabolic trough, solar power tower, flat plate collector, common solar cooker. In power generating plants, solar, pyramids. Advantages of solar thermal collector – Very high temperature can be reached if sunlight is sufficient, the modification in design of collectors can help to generate more electricity which is very cheaper and very much economical. Large structures like building can be provided with electricity via optical fiber cable. Disadvantages – 1. More land is required. 2. If sunlight is not proper, it dies not give power. Principle of flat plate solar collector (FPSC) Perfect black body (PBB) in which heat absorbing capacity is maximum. PBB can be defined as the surface which can absorb all the incident radiation without reflecting or transmitting a portion of it. The coefficient of absorption for PBB = 1/unity. Coefficient of reflection and transmission for PBB = 0 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 22 Construction and working. It consist of black surface which absorb heat from sunlight. The black surface is covered by plastic or glass serving as insulator. Thus increasing efficiency. There are tubes embedded in the black surface carrying water which get heated due to the heat absorb. These devices are now very common in colder countries which have solved the problem of environmental solution. There are two types of collector – 1. Active system – This involve use of pumps or blows to circulate heated water/air through the location near/far from the collector. 2. Passive system – This involves the fulfillment of need in the place of collector e.g. – In a building or society, etc. The passive system are cheaper and maintenance free. Recent development consist of more number of large windows for absorbing more heat during day time. During night, in winter or colder countries curtains help retain the warmth inside the building. Drawbacks – The only drawback is the storage of energy is not being done. But it is non polluting, non-hazardous exhaustible and renewable. Photovoltaic cell/Solar cell – This are based on principle of semiconductor physics/ photovoltaic effect. The device are design for use to convert available sunlight into electrical energy. This type of conversation does not involve any chemical reactions or moving parts in the device Concept of solar cell came into light in 1839. The first typical solar cells was constructed by Charles Fritts in 1877. In his work he used semiconductor silicon which is coated by transparent gold fill (It does not give good efficiency as only one % conversion takes place). Environmental Studies 22447 Page 23 Year 1927 - Copper – copper oxide junction semiconductor Used. 1930 - Selenium : copper oxide (efficiency less than 1%) 1941 - Silicon semiconductor used 1954 - Efficiency greater than 6% modification of Silicon semiconductor Late 1980 - ga(gallium), as(arsenic) cell efficiency = 20% 1989 - Concentrator solar cell – efficiency = 37% The cell basically consist of P-N junction (photodiodes). There are three layers- 1. Top junction (N type Semiconductor) 2. P-N junction where energy is absorbed. 3. Back junction (P type semiconductor) Sunlight is composed of tiny energy packets known as photons. When sunlight falls on Solar cells, the photons with high frequency get readily absorbed. This energy is transferred to silicon atom semiconductor where electron receives sufficient energy escapes from its normal position causing a hole. This phenomenon proceeds causing one hole with one photon and one electron. As this condition is mobile, it generates electric current which is nothing but photovoltaic effect. _ Wind power Environmental Studies 22447 Page 24 These is defined as the air in the high speed motion. These motion varies every moment because of uneven heating of surface of earth by sun rays. The air above land gets heated faster during the day as compare to the air over water. The heated air rises upward due to expansion and its place is taken by cool air which use call as wind. During night exactly reverse process is deserved due to faster cooling. The energy associated with wind is use to generate electricity. Wind turbains or machines – the machines used to convert kinetic energy of wind into mechanical and then electrical energy are called as using machines for example- wind mill, wind turbaian etc. These consist of following parts 1) Air foil shaped blades (These rotate at high speed when wind blows). 2) This blades are connected to drive shaft these getting connected to electric generator to provide electricity. IMP- wind mills or turbians are of two types 1) Horizontal access turbians. 2) Vertical access turbians. IMP- 1) Horizontal access turbians consist of there blades similar to the airplanes. Different size machines are available. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 25 The size depends upon the area for which the electricity is generated. In larger area many wind mills are joined together in groups in order to get more electricity. IMP- Taller the wind turbians more wind can be captured. So, if it is in open area the machines can be as tall as height of 20 storey building and blades spruaded across two hundreds feet distance. 2)Vertical access turbians- These are not used commonly as compare to horizontal machines. They are similar to horizontal machine except the direction of blades. A typical machine is 100 feet tall and 50feet wide. Advantages- Freely available, by ways of wind farms it is possible to satisfy the need of electrical energy for larger cities. Disadvantages Installation requires open land ,cost is high wind is produced due to salary energy. These energy is depend upon wind and needs to be equipped to sustain storm like condition HYDROPOWER or hydel energy This energy is generated from water following parts are there in order to generate hydel energy – Hydropower plant – It is also known as hydroelectric power plant used to obtain mechanical and electrical energy from stored water by making it flow with force/pressure over turbain winds. The plant is simple and can be operated anywhere if source is available. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 26 Potential energy – mechanical energy (turbines) – Electrical energy (electrical generation). Water reservoir – water is stored at higher level, reservoirs are of various size. If water reservoir is natural water then it is supported by dam. Penstock – The large diameter PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) pumps used for carrying water from reservoir to the turbian wheels are named as penstock. All penstocks are supported by structure known as anchor blocks (mcq). These is essential because when water is released from reservoirs through dam it flows with high pressure and velocity which may damage penstock. Surge tank – The handle such situation small tank is also collected to pen stock which stores access water. Thus penstocks are protected by search tanks. Turbine wheels – These are metal wheels situated in powerhouse and are rotating at high speed. These is copied with electrical generated. Powerhouse – It is a building where the energy transformation occurs. The operation of plant is controlled from control room which is at the top of building. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 27 Advantages Disadvantages Limitations 1)No Fuel is required 1) Installation cost is high. 1) construction of dams causes destabilization of population. 2)operating cost is low. 2. Plants can be set up 2. Eco balance is only where plenty of disturbed. rainfall occurs 3) Maintenance cost is 3. Long length 3. Fertility of land low transmission wires/lines surrounding the river are required for area is decreased. distribution of power. 4)The time required to 4. Earthquakes may be small closed due to high concentration of water & high hydrostats pressure limitations. 5)the plants do not 5. High humidity in the produce green house area of dam increasing gases(GHG). the corrosion of various metals in the surrounding area. Geothermal energy The interior of the earth is in very hot condition and the rocks are in the molten state when the water percolates and comes in contact with interior rocks the sulphurs gets dissolved in water and this water comes up in the form of hot springs. This heat can be used to generate energy which is called geothermal energy Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh the hot springs are being used Environmental Studies 22447 Page 28 to generate geothermal energy. This energy depends upon the temperature of the hot spring water. It is higher than 900C it is used for industrial purpose. It is less than 900C it is used for house heating or for house cooling Geothermal energy is defined as the heat from the earth. There are molten rocks few miles under the earth. This is due to very high temperature magmas acts as store house of geothermal energy. Advantages – 1. It is an inexhaustible energy source, very cheap, clean, sustainable. 2. It is a more regular energy production than wind, solar energy. It is good for the hilly, remote areas where in no other energy resources is available. Limitations – 1. These hotshrings are generally away from the areas having industrial development. The stream energy is to be used in situ. That means it cannot be carried out for a longer distance as their will be loss of the energy and increases the lost of production. Sulphur(s) which comes out together with the hot water and other gases pollute the soil in the near by areas and increases air pollution. - Thermal power plant (steam) Geothermal energy is generated by using thermal power plants. In a thermal power plant, the stream is produced and is used to spin that operates a generator. A conventional thermal power plant uses coal, oil, natural gas as fuel to boil water to produce the stream. There are three types of thermal power plant – Environmental Studies 22447 Page 29  1. Steam turbine power plant. 2. Gas turbine power plant. 3. Diesel engine power plant. 1. Steam turbine- A fuels is burn and energy is sent to boiler unit to generate steam. It is send to turbines and by generator electricity is generated. The steam is condensed to generate water again and thus water is recycled. Various impact on environment by overuse of natural resources – Various anthropogenic activities like hydroelectric projects, large dams, reservoirs, construction of roads, railway lines, construction of building, mining, excessive use of fuel, expansion of urban area, over-greasing have together led to over exploitation of forest which get rapid degradation. Layers of the atmosphere Exosphere 16 September is international day for the preservation of ozone layer. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 30 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 31  Chapter 3 - Ecosystem An ecosystem consist of biotic and a biotic components i.e. animals, plants, micro- organism, fungi, bacteria, virus, etc. Abiotic factors of temperature, pressure, sunlight, soil, water, precipitation (rainfall). Every component is important for every other. Ecologist Arthur tensely has define eco system as the whole system including not only the organism complex but also the whole complex of physical factors what we will the environment. Ecosystem can be of any size. Sun is primary or major source to provide energy which then flows through the ecosystem. During flow of energy all components get role to play as primary/secondary/tertiary producers or consumers. In an ecosystem living organisms (biotic) continuous interact with each other and with the environment(abiotic components). Ecosystem = Biotic + Abiotic + dead organic matter The simplest example of ecosystem is just a single living plant which is exposed to sunlight to which essential nutrients for plant growth has been added. Classification of ecosystem – These are broadly classify into terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. Terrestrial – Grassland, forest, dessert, crop land. Aquatic – pond, lake, sea, ocean, etc. General characteristics of ecosystem. Biome – It is defined as an area of land contain with plants and animals which are adopted according to climatic conditions of environment in the region. Types of ecosystem are – Environmental Studies 22447 Page 32 Tundra, Tiga, terrestrial forest, savanna, dessert, rainforest, alpine. All ecosystem must include both biotic and abiotic interactions, and some source of energy. Biotic components consist of primary producer (plants), herbivores (deer), carnivores, omnivores, detritivores) organic dead body or dropping of living thing eaters). All ecosystem help energy transformation and biogeochemical cycling that link the living or biotic components. All ecosystems beings with the input of energy from the sun. This energy is captured by the plants called primary producers by photosynthesis process. In this process CO2 is combined with hydrogen from water molecules to produce carbohydrates. Energy is stored in the high energy bonds. ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate). This is first step in the production of energy for living things. It is called Primary production. Herbivores obtain their energy by consuming plants, carnivores eat herbivores and detritivores consume the dropping of living things. Dead tissue and waste products are produced at all levels. Scavengers, detritivores and decomposers collective use waste for their metabolic process. This complete is called food chain. Concept of food web There cannot be too many links in a single food chain because the animals at the end of the chain would not get enough food and hence energy to stay. Most food chains have and it more than kind of food in order to meet their food and energy requirement. These interconnected food chains forms a food web. Everything is connected to everything else. Ecological pyramid – These is graphical representation for showing the biomass productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem. Ecological pyramids begin with producer. Producer – In pyramid producer shown on the bottom (plants). The plants are the primary producers. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 33 Producers can be defined as a natural entity capable of synthesizing food for other. Consumers – The pyramid proceeds through the various tropic level such as herbivores (plant eater), carnivores (animal eaters). Thus consumers are those who survive on the food produce by the plants. There are three types of ecological pyramid Ecological Pyramid – 1. Pyramid of biomass – These pyramid shows how much biomass is present in the organisms in unit area at different tropic levels. 2. Pyramid of productivity – This pyramid shows the flow of energy through the food chain. Units are gram/m2/year or calories/m2year. When energy is transferred to the next tropic level typically only 10% of it is used to build new biomass. In a pyramid of productivity each step will be 10% the size of the previous step. The pattern is as follows – (100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01) 3. Pyramid of number –This pyramid show graphically the population of each level in a food chain. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 34  Chapter4 – Biodiversity and its Conservations The different plants, animals and micro-organism their genes (chromosomes) and the ecosystem of which they are apart. Biodiversity is defined as the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem bio or for the entire earth. This definition describes, there are three types of bio-diversity – 1. Genetic biodiversity – The frequency and the variety of genes inside and between the population of the same species are defined as genetic bio- diversity. For example – Different varieties of crops, fruits(mangoes) flowers(rose), domestic animals. 2. Species bio-diversity –It indicates the number of species found in a particular ecosystem. Its gives accountability of animals and plants. There are millions of tiny insects (invertebrates/insects) 73%, microbes (bacteria, virus, algie, protozones)6%, mushrooms constitute = 4%.\ 3. Ecosystem biodiversity – This is the diversity of the long lasting interaction between species and their environment. It is the interaction with abiotic factors. Because of this interaction, the recycling of the nutritive elements, filtration of water takes place naturally. 2)Now-a days concept of biodiversity as achieved wide spread popularity * Levels of biodiversity Most commonly used indicators for measuring biodiversity- (alpha) biodiversity- Diversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem. Beta (B) diversity – Diversity of species among various ecosystem. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 35 Gamma biodiversity- It is a measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystem within a region. Recently another new index MSA mean species abundance index is used to calculate population size of a cross section of the species.(Species richness, sympson index, Shannon index). Value of biodiversity 1)It gives benefits in agriculture (in India, Crop Production in the last 50 years has doubled as a result of green revolution in India but higher agricultural biodiversity successfully control certain types of disease in agriculture. Due to increase in oxygen level, good natural 3)Food mental health. All this are getting improved due to bio-diversity.Almost 80% of population uses medicines from plants. Business and industry- timber, paper, fiber, food medicine, rubber, oil All these are derived product from plants. Thus Business and industry Grows. It gives aesthetic values for musician, painters, writers and others artist for their grunt art form. These increases relax activities such as bird watching, exploring wild life, study natural history, caring aquarium, gardening collecting butterflies, protecting botanic gardens and zoo. Thus biodiversity plays very important role in the human being. Bio-diversity assessment in India The 7th largest country in the world and 2nd largest in Asia with an area of 3.28lakhs km sq. It has land 15,200 kms and coastal line 7516 kms. There are four different region- 1)Himalayan mountains 2)genetic river plain 3) Deccan plateau Environmental Studies 22447 Page 36 4) Island 5) Ladakh 6) Andaman & Nicobar 7) Jammu Kashmir The bio-geographical classification of India consisting of different Zones from the trans- Himalaya to the island. This Zones indicate a unique set of geo physical and hydro climatic conditions. 1)Trans-Himalaya Zone (upper region)-It is on extension of Tibetan plateau including cold desert in Ladakh. It consist of wild sheep and goat community, snow leopard, black neck cranes. 2)Himalaya zone-There are four different provinces. North-west, west, central and east Himalaya. In a lower region of Himalaya certain trees are pre-dominant.for eg-Shisham, Jamun Kathaa, kadamb trees, etc. Upper middle zone consist of deodar tress, kail ,chir trees are pre-dominants. Alpine zone-This is known as snow-line this is the zone in which the plant growth is almost nil. But timber trees. shows Growth in this area. 3)Desert zone- this is the area which is the west of Aravali hill consist of Kotch (salt desert of Gujrat) thar (sand desert of Rajasthan)and Ladakh very hot and dry in summery, very cold in winter and rainfall is less than 700mm. This region consists of Zerophytic (cactus) babool, etc) Plants. The great Indian bustard. This animal is found in this region. But in ladakh, has less vegetation. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 37 4)semi-Arda Zone-This area is between desert and deccan plateaul consisting on Madhya Pradesh, chhatis gragh,parts of Orissa and Gujarat. 5)western ghat zone- This area is of hill, consisting western ghat mountains of india.The region receives very heavy rainfall. a)a deccan peninsula zone –This area is in south and south central plateau and south of the river tapi. This particular area lies in the rain shadow of western ghats. b) The gangetic plane- this region is the most tertile region( along Ganga river upto the Himalaya foot hills). c) The north-east India-This region receives the heaviest precipitation Cheerapunja receives more than 10,000 mm of rainfall and consisting of dense tropical evergreen forest as temperature and humidity is high. d)The Island-The Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea and Andaman & Nicobar in the bay of Bengal have a wild range of vegetation like Mangroves. This area consist of evergreen forest of tall trees. e)The coasts- India has Coastalline 7516.6kms mangrove vegetation is the characteristic of this zone. Chennai Coastalline and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra consist of mangroves. Indian Biodiversity Group Number of species Number of species a/b % in India(a) in world(b) Mammals 350 4629 7.6% Birds 1224 9702 12.6% Ambhibious 197 4522 4.4% Fish 2546 21730 11.7% Environmental Studies 22447 Page 38 Flowering plants 15,000 2,50,000 6% Reptiles 408 6,550 6.2% Endemic species of India Critically Endangered Threatened Endangered Species Species Species Large spotted Asiatic lion Indian Civet Black bare Leopard Flying squirrel Desert cat Red fox Pygmyhog great Indian rhinouros Salim ali’s Kashmir Fruit bat stag Rhinouros gibbon Indian Elephant Blue whale River dolphin Leaf monkey Threats and hotspot of bio-diversity During the last century, world wide, economic growth and population increases which put great pressure on natural resources. Some studies show that about one Environmental Studies 22447 Page 39 eighth of known plant species are threatened with extension. Edwred Wilson prefer the world hippo – h = habitat destruction i = invasive species p = pollution p = population o = over harvesting In order to preserve or protect animals and plants following organism are taking care of animals and plants. 1. World wildlife fund conservation international. 2. US nature conservancy 3. Bird life international. Habitat destruction – Due to over population, deforestation, pollution, global warming or climate change. All this factors destruct habitat. Fresh water ecosystem is the most threaten. By introducing predators, parasites and very aggressive species which can destroy many animals & plants. In spite of numerous laws and acts placed on the paper, wildlife has always been under threat of pocheras or hunters. For eg. Lions, elephant, deer, cranes, peacocks are mostly targeted while white Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions of Gir forest, turtles(250 years life) are, most endangered species in India. Hunter kill animals for their bones, teeth, skin, hair Nails ,and other body parts. Threats by exotic species The wide spread introduction of exotic species (predators) parasites, or simply aggressive species are known as exotic species by humans is an potent threat to bio-diversity. The bio-diversity exist today across many parts of the world as it is Environmental Studies 22447 Page 40 separated from other species by physical barriers like large rivers, seas, ocean, mountains and desert. Hunting of wild life Despite, Numerous laws & acts placed on the paper. Wild life has always been under threat of pouchers or hunters. They kill animals for their bones. Genetic pollution- It is defined as uncontrolled hybridization and genetic swapming in which replacement of native species by advance hybridized species. In India green revolution (HYV) High yielding varieties were adopted through hybridization. Hybridized breeds from developed countries where further hybridized with local varieties and that may be resistant to local climate. Climate Change The phenomenon of global warming is also considered to be major throat to biodiversity meeting of ice caps, bloods and drought in various region across the globe cause big loss to biodiversity. Hotspot of bio-diversity 1. The eastern Himalayas – This region is geological young and shows various variation. For eg – butan, north east India, central & eastern Nepal. It has nearly 163 gobally threaten species such as one horn rhinoceros, the wild asian, water, buffalo. It is also house of 45 mammals , 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, three invertebrates, 36 plant species. Dragonfly is an endangered species found here with the only other species found in Japan. 2. Western Ghat – This are run along the western edge of India, high rainfall, rainforest, 77% amphibians, 62% reptiles along the Srilanka this region also Environmental Studies 22447 Page 41  shows some animal similarities. For eg. – purple frog and lizard and certain type of snakes. 3. The Indo Barma region _ This region borders the Indian political boundary and extends into the Arunachal Pradesh Assam and includes Andaman Islands. Surprising this region has provided new mammal species such as rock rat. The hotspot conservation initiatives – Despite the great value of bio-diversity only a small percentage of bio-diversity is protected. There are various organization are conserving bio-diversity hotspot. 1)CEPF Critical ecosystem partnership Fund :- This is global program providing funding and technical assistance to NGO and other private sectors to protect bio- diversity hotspot. This organization works to conserve hotspot in Arica, Asia, Latin America. 2)Conservation international- This Organization is working to protect earth’s richest region of plants & animals. This Organization is working in more than 40 country in 4 continents with headquarter in Washington DC. 3)The world wildlife find- This is also called global 200 ecoregion. This Organization Conserve 14 Terrestrial,3 fresh water and 4 marine habitat types. 4)Alliance for zero extension- It’s focuses is on threaten species of the world. They have identified 595 sites, large number of bird life. The National geographic society has prepared world map of the hotspot of biodiversity including details of fauna. Ex situ in situ conservation Ex situ conservation is done through gene bank which include genetic resources, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collection, etc. Gene bank include national park and sanctuaries also. ex-situ conservation mechanism has become important for conservation of crop varieties and wild genetic resources because of their utility in future crop. UNEP (united nations environment program) advocated equality Environmental Studies 22447 Page 42 for In-situ and ex-situ conservation efforts. In-situ conservation includes national parks, sanctuaries, nature reserves, natural moments cultures landscape biosphere reserve, etc. although population of some organism can be maintained, ex-situ methods are less effective than in-situ methods. In-situ methods are generally more secure and financially efficient Advantage of In-situ Conservation 1) A world-wide system of protected significant number of indigenous that means more coverage is allowed. Wiability ( It helps to produce new communities and genetic material). Countries maintaining bio-diversity are actually storing the future economic benefits. Whenever the need arise the diversity may be examine or genetic and biochemical material may be found. Risk- Demographic uncertainty ( resulting from random events in the survival and reproduction of individual. Due to unpredictable changes in weather, food supply and the population of competitors, predators, parasites etc. Floods, fire drought which may occur at random intervals. Apart from this, genetic uncertainty or random changes in gene makes it difficult to study biodiversity. Bio-diversity conservation in India India always participated and actively involved in many international agreements and programs related to bio-diversity conservation and sustainable development. CITES (Convention on international trade in endangered species). 18th October 1976 World Heritage convention 1977 Convention on biological diversity India sign this convention on 5th June 1992 and brought it into force on 19th may 1994. Ramsar (Wetland) convention-1st Feb 1982 National parks of India Sundarban national park- It is magnificent jungle of mangroves. It has 3 wild life sanctuaries.It is home of tigers. It is full of reptiles, birds, monkeys, wild boar bear. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 43 Kama National Park- It has the honour of providing the background to classic novel the jungle book. It is rich in bomboo forest, open grasslands. This park is one of the largest national park in India. It consist of barasingha, wild variety of other animals & birds. 3)Nagarhole – This park consist of beautiful lake and it is officially known as Rajiv Gandhi national park. This consist af 250 types of birds, elephant. Bison, tiger leopards, dear etc. various laws for biodiversity conservation are implemented- It protect the environmental, regulate resource, protect biodiversity, pollution control, conserve forest. The biological diversity act implemented in 2002 This act was passed by the Loksabha on 2nd Dec 2002 and Rajya Sabha on 11 Dec 2002,The wildlife conservation act(1950) Environmental Studies 22447 Page 44 Environmental Studies 22447 Page 45  Chapter 5- Environmental pollution Due to fast industrialization and urbanization the general land use is totally getting chance i.e the forest areas, the grassland the hillocks nearly urban areas are getting occupied by the expanding human settlement. This is affected the natural ecosystem over the land and also in the water. The air that we brearh in also has lost its purity, the water that we think has not remained safe.Due to fast transport leakages the sound has been converted into noise. The urban wastes, the industrial waste have made our natural environment very toxic. This is called environmental pollution. Pollution. An undesirable change in chemical physical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which causes the health problem to all the living beings. Types of pollution 1)Air pollution 2)water pollution 3)Soil pollution 4)Sound or noise pollution 5)Nuclear Pollution 6)E-waste Classification of pollutants. There are there types of pollutant. 1)degradable Pollutants- This pollutants can be broken down rapidly by the natural process. Eg- Domestic waste, garbage & sewage etc. 2)slowly degradable pollutants- Eg- pesticides and aerosols. 3)Non-degradable pollutants-eg-lead, mercury, nuclear waste. Pollutant Eg- 1)Gases NOx Sox Cox 2)Industrial waste Soot, smoke, tar ,dust 3)metal waste Mercury, lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium, chromium etc. Environmental Studies 22447 Page 46 4)Acids H2so4,HNo3,agro pesticide, herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, weedicides. 5)domestic waste Garbage,rubbish 6)Radioactive waste Nuclear ash from atomic reactors 7)E-waste From It sector E-pollution Environmental Studies 22447 Page 47 Electronic waste are E-waste are defined as waste materials like discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment electronic devices, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators contribute as E-waste. The major sources of E-waste are CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LED, LCD ,Processors, C.P.U Ram and audio components tern into E-waste. Due to Rapid Changes in Technology, Changes in media (software Mp3 etc.) Falling Prices. Due to this E-waste is Generated at high rate around the globe. The list of important E-waste Source: List Sources 1) Lead (PB) Found in soldering, CRT monitor glass lead acid batteries and formation PVC. 2) Tin (Sn) In solder and coating component. 3) Copper(Cu) PCB (printing circuit board tracks) 4) Aluminium (A1) It is found nearly in all electronic goods, capacitors, etc. 5) Iron (fe) Steel, in firing 6) Germanium(ge) It is found in bi-polar function transistors. 7) Silicon (si) It is found in ICS,PCB Glass 8) Nickel It is used in nickel cadmium battery. 9) Zinc In galvanish container for plating steel parts. 10) Gold It is found in connector painting in computer equipment. Electronic waste are generated from any modern establishment. for eg-electronic scrab components such CRT consist of PB, cd. Characteristics of E-waste It consist of hazardous material very difficult to recycle E-waste in green environment destroyed land and water. Components Constituents Environmental Studies 22447 Page 48 1)PCB Lead, cadmium (cd) (pb) 2)Cathode ray tube Lead oxide, cadmium 3)Switches and flat screen monitors Mercury 4)computer batteries Cadmium 5)capacitors & transformers PCB(poly chlorianated Biphenyls). 6)PCB (printed circuit Board) Brominated flame retardant cable. 7)cable insulation PVC Effects of E-pollution 1)Americium-carcinogenic 2)Mercury-Memory loss, muscle weakness, death reduce fertility of soil, sensory impairment 3)sulpher- Liver damage, Kidney Damage heart damage when released in the environment it creates sulphuric acid formation. 4)cadmium- Severe damage to the lungs, kidney damage harmful to the microorganism and soil. Control of E-pollution Proper legal framework, logistics and other services and collection system. this are essential requirements to control E- pollution. E waste( Lead, Cd, Be, Hg, and brominated flame retardants) 1. Give your electronic waste to a certified e waste recycler. 2. Sell off your out dated Technology. 3. Donate your out dated Technology. 4. Visit Recycling programmes. 5. Give back to your Electronic companies and drop off points. Bio-medical waste It is generated from biological and medical sources and activities such as the diagnosis, prevention or treatment af diseases. Generally there are major types of medical waste- Environmental Studies 22447 Page 49 1)Chemicals and disinfection 2)Infectious medical waste (solid and liquid) 3)Hazardous medical waste- sharp waste pharmaceutical waste, radioactive medical waste and containers, sitotoxic waste. - Biomedical waste storage & disposal Environmental Studies 22447 Page 50 Color coded yellow bags must be used for the storage of soft clinical waste contaminated with infectious or bodily fluidous. To comply the regulations these bags must be UN approved. Approved treatment methods 1. Autoclave 2. Chemical disinfection, hydroclave 3. Microwave 4. Incineration, medical waste management Incineration (pythological waste & body parts) and no chlorinated plastic waste. Autoclaring – All except body parts and pythological waste. Microwaving – All except pythological waste and metals. Chemicals – Mainly plastics Control : The control measures are as follows :- 1. Minimizing the use of disposables 2. Applying 4 wherever possible to control environmental issues Color code bags for disposal Color coding Type of container Waste category Treatment options Yellow Its plastic bag Human, animal, Incineration, dup microbiology waste buried Red Plastic bag Microbiology, solid Autoclaving/ and solid waste microwaving/chemical treatment Blue or white Plastic bag Waste sharp & Autoclaving/ transculent solid waste microwaving Black Plastic bag Discarded waste Disposal in secured Environmental Studies 22447 Page 51  Chemical waste landfill incineration ash Waste treatment and disposable system Category Waste category Treatment 1. Human Anatomical waste Incineration/ buried 2. Animal waste Incineration/buried 3. Microbiology & Incineration biotechnology(DNA) waste 4. Waste sharp Disinfection and Autoclaving & microwaving 5. Discarded medicine, cytotoxic Incineration/landfill drugs 6&7 Solid waste Autoclaving, microwaving 8. Liquid waste Disinfection 9. Incineration ash Landfill 10. Chemical waste Drain/landfill after treatment Noise pollution Environmental Studies 22447 Page 52 The unpleasant high intensity and sound is called as noise. The heavy industries, vehicles with very high speed makes the noise. The blasting in the mines, airports, industrial complexes, power generation stations this pollute the calmness of the society. It is called noise pollution. Following are important sources of noise pollution – 1. Industrial activities, transport activities, domestic activities, cultural activities, agricultural activities, defense activities, mining activities and other activities such as earthquakes, dams, turner making, landslides are the natural sources of noise pollution. The noise pollution can have three effects- Physical effect Physiological effect Psychological effect 1. Temporary hearing 1. Headache 1. Depression problems 2. Permanent deafness 2. Pains in the heart 2. Fatigue 3. Damage to tympanic 3. Reduction in the vision 3. Emotional disturbance membrane 4. Rise in blood pressure 4. Frustration Environmental Studies 22447 Page 53  5. Loss of memory 5. Irritation The noise pollution can be prevented by using ear muffs, ear plugs, noise helmets, headphones. Noise pollution in the long run must be explained to the people through the media and areas like hospitals, schools must be kept in silence zone. Noise level at various zones of the city – Code dB Area Limits daytime Limits in night time A Industrial area 75dB 70dB B Commercial area 65dB 55dB C Residential area 55dB 45dB D Silence zone 50dB 40dB Noise standards for automobiles Category of vehicles Noise limit in dB Motorcycle, scooter, auto 80dB Passenger car 82dB Passenger or commercial vehicle up to 4 persons 85dB Passenger or commercial vehicles up to 12 persons 89dB Passenger or commercial vehicles greater than 12 91dB persons Noise limits for domestic appliances Category of domestic appliances Noise limit Air conditioner of 1 to 1.5 tone 68 Air coolers 60 Refrigerators 46 Diesel generator 85 to 90 Concrete mixer, cranes, rollers 75dB There are certain controls for noise pollution – 1. Public address system – Loud system and public address system should not be used between 9 pm to 6 am 2. Air craft operations – aero planes should take off in direction away from the city. 3. railway Operation-: 4. Construction activities Environmental Studies 22447 Page 54 5. Burning of crackers bursting of crackers during the night between 9pm to 6am Peak Sound pressure level in db Permitted number of impulses or impact per day. 1. 140 100 2. 135 315 3. 130 1000 4. 125 3160 5. 120 10000 No exposure in excess of 140 dB peak sound pressure level is permitted. Silence Zone is an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals,education institutes,courts,religious places or any other area Water Pollution Environmental Studies 22447 Page 55 The water we drink must be odourless tree from any pathogenic organism, dissolved in organic matter, tree from suspended soils, turbidity and it should be soft and dissolve material must be less than 150 ppm (parts per million or milligram per liter). Toxic matters, PH should be 7 to 8.5 This is known as potable water. The presence of impurities and foreign substances in water in such a quantity that lowers the quality and mix it unfit for consumption and causes health hazard. The fertilizers and chemical industries have made the problem of water pollution. Paper and textile industries, pulp industries, heavy metal discharge industries.(Cu, pb ,cr)etc have a serious effect on the living organism. This metals bio-accumulate the food chain. Incinerators Coal burning power plant also damage water quality. The modern agriculture is supported by chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides, Environmental Studies 22447 Page 56  herbisides and weedicide The extra dose of these chemical get dissolved in water during irrigation process and make water polluted. The phosphates and nitrates in the fertilizer make the water rich with nutrition. This process is called euprophication. This reduces oxygen level in the water and co2 level goes up which kills the aqua-plants which are natural purifier of water. Lead and mercury are the main toxic solid substances from the industrial waste. Lead pollution damage liver and kidney, hemoglobin formation, affect the central nervous system (CNS) which leds to coma or to death. The main source of lead paper & pulp industry, fluorescent light tubes, street lamp, batteries. The mercury component entering in water body and get converted into methanol mercury component due to anaerobic microbes. Water quality standard. Its turbidity should be less than 10ppm PH should be 7to8.5 Hardness should be less than 500ppm. Chloride = Less than 250ppm. Floride = Less than 5 ppm Sulphide = Less than 250ppm Techniques for treating impurities in water. 1. Floating Material eq-wood pieces, leaves, flowers Fruits Technique – Screening, Filtration 2. Suspended impurity Sedimentation (Clay, sand dust) 3.Fine Suspended Sedimentation & Inorganic matter Coagulation(ferrous sulphate) (Silica ,dust etc) 4.Colladial impurities (Single Charge particle either + or -) Coagulation ultra filtration Environmental Studies 22447 Page 57 5.Micro-Organism Disinfection sterilization 6.Pathogenic bacteria Disinfection, sterilization (Hepatitis) Water treatment plant consist of raw water, adding coagulate ( to remove colloidal impurities or fine impurities), lime (to convert hard water into soft water, activated carbon or charcoal(to remove color impurities, sand filter ( to remove suspended impurities), chlorine ( to remove infection/for sterilization. There are various types of waste water. 1)Adding fertilizer and detergent into water. 2)Adding domestic and commercial influents. 3)Non-biodegradable pesticides. 4)Oil pollutants. 5)Radioactive pollutants (uranium, Thorium) when radioactive pollutants mixed with water there are various problem occur in human being- Thyroid glande problem, liver, bones and muscle problems. 6)Fluorides- excess amount of fluoride consumption causes dental and intestinal problem. In general consumption of pollutant water generates diseases such as cholera, ameobic. Various chemical and waste when added in water, it kill the aqua-life and when fish consume arsenic (aas),hg cadmium(cd),pb then it creates problem in fish as well as health problem in human being. Due to waste water there is large impact on environment. It increase PH of water, disturb natural balance of aquatic life, it disturbs acidity and alkality of activities of water. -: Sewage treatment Waste water treatment can be either preventive treatment or curative treatment. When sewage treatment is done the objective of this treatment is to prevent pollution, to prevent offensive odour. There are various methods by sewage treatment is done such as- Environmental Studies 22447 Page 58 1)Preliminary treatment 2)Primarly Treatment 3)Secondary Treatment 4) Disinfection. CPCB A CPCB norms of sewage discharge standards. CPCB- Central pollution control Board is The regulatory authority which finalize the standards of sewage. This standards were stipulated in 2015. Parameters Units Old Revised Outside capital city PH - 628.5 6.5 to 9 6.5 to 9 BOD Ppm 10 < 20