Zoo 2102 Evolutionary Biology Lecture PDF

Proponents: ZOO 21O2 | EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LECTURE Francesco Redi THEORIES ON ORIGIN OF LIFE First to contest abiogenesis. Instructor: Prof. R. Balatbat, MSPH La...

Proponents: ZOO 21O2 | EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LECTURE Francesco Redi THEORIES ON ORIGIN OF LIFE First to contest abiogenesis. Instructor: Prof. R. Balatbat, MSPH Lazaro Spallanzani Transes by: C.S. Arabiran BS Biology 2-2 Microbiology was already established during his time. I. CREATIONISM Developed the first meat broth Supernatural. experiment. Suggestion of a supreme creator that created all Proposed that microbes originated from life forms. pre-existing microbes. His experiment was rejected due to the II. SPONTANEOUS/ANOMALOUS GENERATION absence of oxygen in his set-up. (ABIOGENESIS) Louis Pasteur Father of Microbiology. Proponents: Credited for disproving spontaneous generation. Anaximander Utilized Spallanzani’s design with Proposed that life originated from the modifications. combination of moisture and the sun. Used the Swan Neck Flask to account Anaximenes for the experiment’s need for oxygen. Proposed that a primordial terrestrial slime combined with the sun resulted in III. EVOLUTION life. Thales Empedocles Proposed that all beings originated from Aristotle water. Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis Empedocles French embryologist. Proposed that new species arise from Studied how the human embryo goes different animal parts combined through several stages of differentiation. together. Proposed that all vertebrates originated Anaxagoras from a common ancestor. Proposed that plants originated from air, Carl von Linne and animals from aether (air breathed in Father of Taxonomy. by the gods). Proposed that present day species Aristotle evolved from extinct ancestral species Popularized spontaneous generation. that had primitive forms. Developed the two kingdom scheme: Georges-Louis Buffon Plantae and Animalia French anatomist. sand=clams Proposed that all vertebrates shared a Vitruvius common ancestor. Architect, author Proposed the concept of vestigial Proposed that books exposed to the structures (appendages that doesn’t southern winds resulted in bookworms. serve any function) e.g. plica Atheneum semilunaris. Proposed that anchovies originate from Proposed that change must have sea foam. occurred in the past. Erasmus Darwin III. BIOGENESIS Grandfather of Charles Darwin. Life existed from pre-existing life forms. Proposed that all life forms have a The hypothesis that living matter arises only blood relationship. from other living matter. Life originated from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).  Jean Baptiste Lamarck Proposed that species are not constant and are derived from pre-existing forms. Stanley Lloyd Miller, Harold Clayton Urey Proposed that organisms change their Proved the Oparin-Haldane Theory. organs as need arises (Theory of Use Discovered amino acids through the and Disuse). Miller-Urey experiment which simulated Proposed that modifications produced in the conditions of the primitive Earth. one generation can be passed down. Thomas Robert Malthus V. COSMOZOIC/PANSPERMIA Economist, Theologian. Proposed that limited resources cause Svante Arrhenius struggle for existence. Proposed that life reached Earth by Charles Robert Darwin means of spores from outer space. Authored On The Origin of Species by Theorized that life originated elsewhere Means of Natural Selection. in the universe and was transported to Earth through a meteorite. Condensed Darwinian Manuscript: Widely disproved. All organisms have a far greater VI. OTHER THEORIES reproductive potential than is ever realized. A. Eternity of Life Limited resources result in constant Proposed by Preyer (1880). struggle for existence. Theorizes that different types of living Variation in traits arise by mutation beings have always existed on Earth Those with adaptive traits will survive and shall continue to exist forever, only and these traits will be perpetuated by changing in form. succeeding generations. B. Theory of Catastrophism Ideas are closely related to that of Proposed by Georges Cuvier and Alcide Malthus. d’Orbigney. Cataclysms or catastrophic revolutions IV. CHEMOSYNTHESIS occur upon Earth from time-to-time which completely destroys all Modern equivalent of abiogenesis. organisms. Revolved around the role of Hydrogen, From these events, new organisms Methane, Ammonia, Water Vapor, and suddenly form from inorganic matter. Sulfuric Acid in creating life. Each creation consists of life quite different from that of the previous one. Proponents: Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin & John Burdon Sanderson Haldane Above mentioned compounds comprise the atmosphere of primitive earth. Volcanic activity, lightning catalyzed reactions for complex molecules. Arising of primordial soup Inorganic molecules aggregated to form organic molecules (macromolecules) which resulted in the first rNA that formed phospholipids. From it, protocells formed, followed by the first prokaryotes who served as the ancestors for the first eukaryotes. ZOO 21O2 | EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LECTURE 80 MYA, New Zealand separated from MACROEVOLUTION Antarctica and Australia. 65 MYA, the K-T Extinction occurred. Instructor: Prof. R. Balatbat, MSPH 50 MYA, India collided with Asia Transes by: C.S. Arabiran BS Biology 2-2 45-38 MYA, Africa moves closer to Europe, South America moves below North America, Occurs over the course of millions of years. Australia moves away from Antarctica, which Involves many species and populations. then moves to the south pole. I. BIOGEOGRAPHY Biogeographic Regions Deals with distribution of flora and fauna. Palearctic (Europe, Siberia,East Asia, Distribution of species over a course of a Middle East) specific time. Oriental Region (Southeast, South Asia Ethiopia (Sahara) Continental Drift Theory Nearctic (North America) Neotropical (South America) Proposed by Alfred Wegener. Australian (Australia, Oceania, New Explains why certain fossils are found in different Guinea) continents. Organisms e.g. Cynognathus fossils are found in II. PALEONTOLOGY America and South Africa (formerly Gondwanaland), supporting this theory. Derived from Greek words: Palaios + on + Explains why certain species look similar but logos— old + existing + to study. inhabit different continents (due to common Fossils ancestry). Shifting of continents on Earth’s surfaces also Sedimentation is important in fossilization. Older resulted in similarities in rock strata. layers are located deeper. Timeline: Types of fossils: 250 MYA, all continents were combined into a Molds - preserve the topography of organisms. single supercontinent called Pangaea. Casts - stony replicas, where organic The Pangaea had two superoceans: components from organisms are replaced with Panthalassa (larger; now Atlantic and Pacific minerals. Ocean), and Paleo Tethys (smaller; now Indian Carbon films - carbon components of plants, Ocean). algae are preserved. 200-180 MYA (Triassic Period, Mesozoic Era), Trace fossils - shows activities of organisms Pangaea completely broke up into Laurasia and e.g. nests, coprolites, footprints. Gondwanaland. Evidence of Neanderthals being capable Laurasia (North America, Eurasia) and of abstract thinking. Gondwanaland (South America, Africa, Burial chambers of Homo naledi. Antarctica, Australia). Preserved remains - actual body is preserved 170 MYA, Madagascar is still located between in amber, or are mummified/frozen. South America and India, Antarctica, and Petrified - similar with casts, but original Australia. components are hardened by infiltrating media. 162 MYA, the plates started to break off of one another. HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH 135 MYA, India started to separate from Antarctica, S. America, and Africa started to Hadean Eon - the Earth has a partially molten separate. surface, with widespread volcanic activity and 125-100 MYA, India completely separated from asteroid impacts. Antarctica. Archean Eon - Earth is without free oxygen. 88 MYA, Madagascar separated from India. The primordial soup is formed during this eon.  Proterozoic Eon - Oxygenation events. The Triassic Period Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is Carnian Pluvial Event; it rained traced here. for 2 million years. Phanerozoic Eon - abundant animal and plant Dinosaurs are first observed. life has proliferated, diversified. Small nocturnal scavengers (first mammals) are also Paleozoic Era observed. Jurassic Period Cambrian Period Dinosaurs proliferated. Rise of vertebrates. Birds are with tails, teeth,and Agnathes are abundant. gliding wings instead of flying. Trilobites; Brachiopods Proto-Aves, Archaeopteryx are Ordovician Period also observed. Gnathostomes are abundant. In modern birds, teeth were Agnathes diversified. eliminated to lessen weight Plants started migrating to land. along with fusing bones (evident Silurian Period evolution from reptiles). Rise of arthropods. Cretaceous Period Land animals (insects) are KT Extinction abundant. Dust enveloped the Earth’s Hospitable environment due to atmosphere and prevented any oxygenation. life activity. Armored fishes (placoderms, Mammals prevailed due to their etc) are also present. scavenger habit. Devonian Period Rise of amphibians. Cenozoic Era Notable occurrence of Tiktaalik. Diversification of armored Tertiary Period fishes. Proliferation of mammals. Appearance of chondrichthyes. Evolution of hominids. Carboniferous Period Homo sapiens sapiens, Earth’s fossil supply multiplied Neanderthals, populated Earth. here due to acidification, and Quaternary Period consequent death of fungi. Started at the end of the last ice Marked by the appearance of age. the first reptiles. Characterized by massive Giant lycopodium (ground landscape changes and mosses) are observed. disappearance of megafauna. Sphenophyta (giant horsetails) are also observed. III. BIOCHEMISTRY Lower vascular plants became fossil fuels. Accurate proof of ancestry among organisms at Permian Period the DNA level. Great Extinction occurred due to massive change in habitats. IV. ANATOMY Mammal-like reptiles (characterized by position of Analogy (functionally same, different form) limbs) are also observed. Homology (functionally different, same form) Mesozoic Era V. EMBRYOLOGY Golden age for reptiles. Proposed by Maupertuis Diversification of gymnosperms. Earliest stages of dev’t are similar in vertebrates.