Ethics Reviewer PDF

Ethics LABELS ○ What is happiness, and is it the very same thing as Purple - Parts of the Reviewer well-being Red and Orange - Sentences to remember Yell...

Ethics LABELS ○ What is happiness, and is it the very same thing as Purple - Parts of the Reviewer well-being Red and Orange - Sentences to remember Yellow - Key Words Normative ethics criteria of what is morally right and Morality wrong No widely agreed-on definition ○ What are our fundamental Distinction between right and wrong moral duties or good and bad behavior. ○ What makes right actions right? Two types of morality ○ Which character traits count as virtues, which as vices, Conventional Morality(like law) and why? Accepted rules and principles ○ Who should our role models Created by the culture or society be? Used to govern their lives ○ Do the ends always justify Found in cultures the means, or are there I'mAccepted idea about right and certain types of action that wrong should never be done under Differ from society to society any circumstances? An acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and Metaethics wrong philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral Critical Morality (own understanding) values, properties, and words Moral standards ○ What is the status of moral Independent of conventional morality claims and advice? Critically evaluate merits by ○ Can ethical theories, moral mistaken belief, irrationality, or principles, or specific moral popular prejudices verdicts be true? If so, what Standard when determining makes them true? conventional morality ○ Can we gain moral wisdom? If so, how? Three core areas of moral ○ Do we always have a good philosophy(VNM) reason to do our moral duty? Value theory Moral Starting point states of affairs are intrinsically good - A basic belief or assumption about and which intrinsically evil right and wrong that serves as the ○ What is a good life? foundation for ethical reasoning. ○ What is worth pursuing for its own sake? 1. Neither the law nor tradition is ○ How do we improve our life immune from moral criticism. Ethics 2. Everyone is morally fallible. 3. Friendship is valuable. The Divine Command Theory 4. We are not obligated to do the God decides what is right and wrong impossible. God command is morally required 5. Children bear less moral God forbids are morally wrong and responsibility than adults. other action are permissible or 6. Justice is a very important moral merely morally neutral good. Atheists would not accept it 7. Deliberately hurting other people requires justification. 8. Equals ought to be treated equally. Right conduct is right because God 9. Self-interest isn’t the only ethical commands it consideration. Several difficulties 10. Agony/suffering is bad. Morality is mysterious 11. Might not make right. Morality makes God’s command 12. Free and informed requests prevent arbitrary rights violations. Morality provides the wrong reasons for principles Other Normative Systems Set of standards God commands right conduct because it is How we behave, ideals to aim, rules right that we should not break. Abandon the logical conception of right and wrong 4 system God commands us to be truthful because truthfulness is right Law Rightness exists prior to God’s law tells us to do something command and is the reason for Can be immoral acts but not illegal command Can be illegal acts but not immoral Etiquette Moral Reasoning Good manners Morality sometimes requires us not Reason and Impartiality to be polite or gracious Moral Judgments must be backed by Self-Interest good reasons a focus on the needs or desires Morality requires impartial (incerests) of one's self. consideration of each individual Tradition interests A practice that has been around for a long time Moral Reasoning Feelings must be guided by reason Presumed connection between Morality Essence of morality and Religion Morally right is best supported by Some people think that morality and arguments religion are inseparable Ethics First thing is to get one’s facts Doctrine that each person ought to straight pursue his or her own self-interest It exists independently of our wishes All of one’s obligations responsible moral thinking begins Viewing life as ultimate value when we try to see things as they Ethical Egoism is ought to accept are Only ethics that takes seriously the reality of an individual person The Requirement of Impartiality ○ Each person has only one Each individuals interest are equally life to live, if we value the important individual we must agree life No one gets special treatment is supreme importance Not treat the members of particular ○ Ethics of altruism regards life groups as inferior of an individual as something Condemns sexism and racism that may be sacrificed for the good of others The minimum conception of morality Effort to guide one’s conduct by Psychological Egoism reason Asserts that each person does in fact pursue his or her own The conscientious moral agent is someone self-interest exclusively Concerned impartially with interest Claims about human nature, or of everyone affected on their doings about way things are Listens to reason Believe ourselves to be noble and Willing to act on results of self-sacrificing, in reality we care deliberation only for ourselves We always do what we want to do Skepticism in Ethics We always do what makes us feel Ethical Egoism good Each person ought to pursue his or Not a credible theory her own self-interest exclusively Acts of Altruism Also called the morality of Remarkable deeds selfishness. Taken at face value Duty is only best for ourselves Ethics of Altruism Other people only matters if they are Does not value of the individual a benefit to us Altruism is self defeating Looking out for others are offensive Psychological Egoism vs Ethical Egoism One’s charity is degrading Ethical Egoism Ayn Rand argument Claims each person ought to pursue Regarded the ethics of altruism as his or her own self-interest totally destructive idea Claims about morality or about the It says to a person “ your life is way things should be merely something to be sacrificed Ethics Ethical Egoism as Compatible with Different cultures have different Commonsense Morality moral codes Ordinary morality consists in obeying Customs of different societies are all certain rules that exists Ethical Egoists would say that all Different societies have different these duties are ultimately derived moral codes from the one fundamental principle Moral codes determines what right of self-interest. and wrong in society Golden rule “ we should do unto Objective standard can be used to others because if we do, others will judge one society code as better be more likely to do unto us than another No moral code can hold all people The Argument That Ethical Egoism Moral code has no status in society Endorses Wickedness. It is arrogant to judge others culture Suppose that someone could Right and wrong are only matters of actually benefit by doing such things. opinion Wouldn’t Ethical Egoism have to Cultural Relativism warns us, quite approve of such actions? rightly, about the danger of assuming that all of our practices are based on some absolute rational The Argument That Ethical Egoism Is standard. Logically Inconsistent. keeping an open mind The Theory leads to contradictions. If this is true, then Ethical Egoism is indeed mistaken, for no theory can be true if it contradicts itself. The Argument That Ethical Egoism Is Unacceptably Arbitrary. Advocates dividing the world into two categories of people Ourselves and everyone else First group is important than the interest of the second group Challenge of Cultural Relativism Different Cultures have different moral codes Callantians ate the bodies of their dead fathers Greek practiced cremation and regarded the funeral pyre as the natural and fitting way to dispose of the dead Cultural Relativism