Ethics and Human Interface PDF

# Ethics and Human Interface ## unacademy - Comprehensive Course on Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude - Rakesh Verma - Lesson 1. Sept 25, 2024 ## L1 Ethics Integrity and Aptitude - Ethics and Human Interface (नीतिशास्त्र एवं मानवीय सह-संबंध) ## Unacademy UPSC Articulate - LET'S CRACK - UPSC CSE...

# Ethics and Human Interface ## unacademy - Comprehensive Course on Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude - Rakesh Verma - Lesson 1. Sept 25, 2024 ## L1 Ethics Integrity and Aptitude - Ethics and Human Interface (नीतिशास्त्र एवं मानवीय सह-संबंध) ## Unacademy UPSC Articulate - LET'S CRACK - UPSC CSE - STRESS FREE - 2025 & 2026 - RAKESH VERMA IAS (R) ## Hum Jeet Ka Maza Chakh Kar Rahenge !! - Rakesh Verma - Chairman, Unacademy Mock Interview Board - Topper in B.Tech, MBA, MA Economics - IAS Officer of 1981 Batch - Retired in Chief Secretary Rank - Subscription Referral Code: RVJ81 ## Target: Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration ## Mussooriewala - Karmayogi - The Civil Service of the colonial period - Independent India's - Amrit Kal Period | Period | Description | |---|---| | The Civilian | An instrument of an alien master, whose dominant purpose was the perpetuation of colonial rule in India. | | The Civil Servant | Born with the memorable words of Sardar Patel to the 1st batch of IAS probationers "you will now have the satisfaction that whatever you do, you will be doing under the orders of your own fellow indians". | | The Karmayogi | Rebirth of the civil servant in a new mould crafted to the needs of years leading to the Centenary of Indian Independence- the Amrit Kaal period. | - A Mussooriewala-Karmayogi is a civil servant whose soul is suffused with the foundational principles of 'ability-anonymity-austerity', whose heart is imbued with 'citizenship values' and whose hands are dexterous with the multiple attributes of 'domain-practice-mechanistic' skills. ## KEY TO SUCCESS 1. Practice CSAT For One Hour Every Day 2. Cls + II + Concept Classes by RV Sir+ Self Made MCQs+ Smart Notes + EPW+ ORF + Diplomat + Seminar +DTE + Investopedia + CTC +UAM + S &T Daily + IE UPSC KEY + GOI Websites + PIB Portal + CAT Books + ET+IE/TOI/TH ## The Winning Stroke - GS-4 - Covers 400 Marks in CSE Mains ## EFD: Ethics Foundation Diagram - *The diagram has a circle labeled "Ethics" at the top. It has five arrows pointing down, depicting two groups of arrows. Two downward pointing arrows on each side of the circle represent the societal standards (societal standards in the form of morals and values on the left and virtues and vices on the right side of the diagram). Three central downward pointing arrows from “ethics” represent “law" and “Police” on the right side and “black cloth” which is further described as "Conscience" and "Inner voice" on the left. The diagram branches out to the left with "Inner darkness" and "Inner" (on the lower left corner), and then further branches out to "Morals" and "Values" (on the bottom left corner). The right side of the diagram first branches out with "Laws" and then to "Courts" and "Police", and finally points towards "Societal Standards" (bottom right corner), and then further branches out to "Virtues" and "Vices" (on the bottom right corner). The image further shows inner darkness branching out to belief and then to vices which are circled and labeled *"vice of excess"* and *"vice of deficiency"*. "Virtues” branch out into “vice of excess”, which is further described as “vice of excess” and “vice of deficiency”*.* ## GS-4 - General Studies 4 Paper Syllabus for UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam consists of the following major areas : Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude. - This paper includes questions to test the candidates' attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and candidate's problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. ## Challenges to the Candidate - Following qualities of the candidates are tested in this paper: - Attitude to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life. - Approach to deal with issues relating to public life. - Problem-Solving Approach to various issues and conflicts faced in dealing with the society. ## Approach - We have to treat GS-4 as an optional subject just like History, Geography or Polity. - Fabric of Ethics is knitted in Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology and Public Administration. In UPSC exam there is higher focus on testing the problem- solving approach of the candidates rather than testing their knowledge on theoretical aspects. - Candidates are not expected to write technical answers to the questions in the ethics paper, as the answers need to come from within rather than based on books. ## Human Interface (मानवीय सह-संबंध) - It is a set of moral principles by which people conduct themselves personally, socially or professionally. - We know that most of human acts are done consciously, deliberately and in view of an end. However there are certain acts that are done by the people under the influence of inner voice without thinking of the consequences of the actions and in such cases the end results are on the expected lines. - It is concerned about that part of human conduct for which human has some personal responsibility. It involves behaviour, choices and actions of humans. ## Ethics (नीतिशास्त्र) - Ethics has evolved from the Greek World “ethos”, which means way of living and implies that it is concerned with human conduct, more specifically the behaviour of individuals in th society. - Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgements. - It studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust. - In deeper understanding it can be said that ethics reflects on human beings and their interaction with nature and on the humans, on freedom, on responsibility and on justice. - We can also interpret it concerning with human independence when it focuses on the relation nship that exists between humans and the world. - This independence is the primary condition in ethical decision making and in any objective analysis of facts. ## Branches of Ethics (नैतिकता की शाखाएँ) 1. **Descriptive ethics (वर्णनात्मक नैतिकता):** It gives us a general Pattern or a way of life of people in different types communities. Descriptive ethics studies the history and evolution of ethics. It gives a record of certain taboos, customs or conventions. 2. **Normative ethics (मानदण्डक नीतिशास्त्र) :** Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for an ideal test of proper behaviour. Normative ethics is also called as perspective ethics. It is the study of ethical theory that prescribes as to how people ought to act. 3. **Meta ethics (अधिनीतिशास्त्र):** Meta ethics is defined as the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concept. The term meta means after or beyond, and consequently it determines the validity of theory advanced in normative ethics. 4. **Applied ethics (अनुप्रयुक्त नीतिशास्त्र):** Applied ethics is the branch of ethics which consists of the analysis of specific moral issues. ## Morals (नैतिकता) - Morals are the prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live cooperatively in groups. Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable. - Most people tend to act morally and follow societal guidelines. Morality often requires that people sacrifice their own short-term interests for the benefit of society. People or entities that are indifferent to right and wrong are considered amoral, while those who do evil acts are considered immoral. - While some moral principles seem to transcend time and culture, such as fairness, generally speaking, morality is not fixed. Morality describes the particular values of a specific group at a specific point in time - Some philosophers make a distinction between morals and ethics. But many people use the terms morals and ethics interchangeably when talking about personal beliefs, actions, or principles. For example, it's common to say, "My morals prevent me from cheating." It's also common to use ethics in this sentence instead. - So, morals are the principles that guide individual conduct within society. And, while morals may change over time, they remain the standards of behavior that we use to judge right and wrong. ## Values (निधि) - Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. - They serve as a guide for human behavior. - Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with. - People also tend to believe that those values are "right" because they are the values of their particular culture. - Ethical decision-making generally involves evaluating values against each other and choosing which values to control the decision making. - Several times conflicts arise when people have different values because these affect preferences and priorities. - Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors that play an important role in achieving the goals. - There are some sacred values that can not easily be compromised because people consider them as their duties rather than as factors to be weighed in decision-making. For all of us our nation's flag represents a sacred value. - We must understand that values are universally recognized as a driving force in ethical decision-making. ## EFD - It is the basic tool developed in OHANA and is the basic foundation stone for learning Ethics in an effective manner. - This will be used throughout the course to make candidate's understanding crystal clear on various concepts and their application in preparing better analysis of questions and case studies, as these appear in the examination. - *The diagram shows a circular shape with "Ethics" written in the center. The circle is surrounded by two different arrows pointing upwards towards the "Ethics". The left side arrows point from "Social Standards" which is connected to a bunch of downward pointing arrow from “People”, which further connects to "Morals”, and two arrows from "Someone showing right path to an individual” and "Tell us, what should be done". The right side arrows point from "Social Standards", which is connected to a bunch of downward pointing arrow from “People”, which further connects to "Virtues”, and then two arrows from “Virtues resist these vices" and "Every individual has some good qualities are called virtues". Outside the circle on both the left and right sides there is another section, which is separated from the circle by downward pointed arrows. On the left side, there is a section with “People not following Ethics” which has a right pointing arrow to "First get isolated by society" and then another arrow pointing right to "Further dealt according to law made by society to enforce ethical principles" and then a final right pointed arrow to "Social Standards". On the right side, there is a section with "With good qualities individual can easy sail through himself and remain in society in peace" which has a left pointing arrow to "Society accept these qualities" and then a final left pointing arrow to "If these qualities are able to keep Vices away".* ## Virtues and Vices (सद्‌गुण और अवगुण) ### Virtues - Virtues are those honorable qualities that we respect in ourselves and others, the ones with positive ends. For each virtue, there is generally two vices (one of excess and one of deficiency). - A truism is a statement that is so widely accepted, or so evident and factual, that questioning its validity is considered foolish. A truism does not need to be supported by any other evidence. It is accepted as "true." Examples ‘The apple never falls far from the tree'. ### Vices - Vices on the other hand are the absence of these qualities. ## SPHERE OF ACTION | SPHERE OF ACTION | Vice of Deficiency | Virtue | Vice of Excess | |---|---|---|---| | Divine Goods | Ignorance | Wisdom | Sophistry | | | Abstention | Temperance | Indulgence | | | Unfair | Justice | Overly Fair | | | Cowardice | Courage | Rashness | | Human Well Being Goods | Unhealthy | Health | Overly Health Conscious | | | Too Humble | Beauty | Vanity | | | Weakness/Fear | Strength | Over Compensation | | | Stinginess | Charity | Greed | ## Temperance (संयम) - The practice of controlling your actions, thoughts, behaviour, etc. in a way that it is always reasonable ## Sophistry (कुतर्क) - The use of clever but false arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving. ## Vanity (घमंड) - The quality of being too proud of your appearance or abilities. ## But how are Virtues related to Ethics? - "Ethics" are actions based on the moral principles we call virtues (ethics are like rule-sets for avoiding vices and ensuring virtues) ## Let us Learn more.. Case Study (based on My own experience) - Krishna is newly appointed Sub Divisional Magistrate in a Tribal Tehsil of Rajasthan. After joining her office she plans to tour the area under her jurisdiction. She starts early in the morning and reaches the village X. office Instead of going to Patwari's office she decides to walk down the streets of the village on foot. After covering a distance and talking to some villagers regarding general conditions of the village and functioning of various governmental offices located there, she finds a large number of people following her and looking at her curiously. She stops at a PDS shop and decides to carry out the inspection of the stocks etc. - On entering the shop she finds a old woman pleading before the ration dealer to give her wheat and sugar as per her entitlement. - SDM asks the dealer why sugar and wheat are not being given to the old lady He show the POS machine that maintains the record of sale of goods, to the SDM. As per the machine there was noting to be given to the old lady for the current month. When SDM asked the old lady to give her response she started crying and said the she has actually not been given sugar and wheat as per the entitlement. She also quoted some other people who have faced the similar situation to which the dealer completely denied and showed the POS machine records to prove his point. ## Options - Now the SDM was in dilemma as to what action should be taken by her. Forcing the dealer to give wheat and sugar to the old lady will create controversy because his record is correct as per POS machine. On the other hand if the old lady is not helped it will be great injustice with her and people will consider the SDM to be a weak officer. - What do you think SDM should do under these circumstances? - Should the SDM move around on foot? Give reason to your answer. - Whose version the SDM should have taken correct on its face value? - What should be the line of action taken by the SDM on the spot? ## How to write Effective Answers in GS-4 ### Basic Preparation - Gathering knowledge is the most important component for learning the technique of writing good answers. All the principles and doctrines taught in the class need be understood in clear terms. If any confusion, howsoever small it may be, exists in the mind get it clarified in the class itself or the doubt removal session that is held after every three classes. Thorough knowledge and clarity of ideas is very crucial for learning the technique. ## Pattern of the Examination Paper - **Part-A:** Eight questions on theoretical issues - **Part-B:** Six questions based on case studies - On an average, based on previous years' papers a student is required to write about three thousand words in the given time of three hours. - Before proceeding further, let me give you certain guidelines which may give the students a safety framework by avoiding common mistakes committed by the students. ## Now Let Us Go to the Actual Process of Writing Answer - Please read the question very carefully and prepare a mental framework of the directive words given in the question. - Once the directive words are identified, we have to avoid the general discussion and remain focussed on issues that have been highlighted in the question. - In other words we have to write our answer focussed on the core areas of the question. - Here, I would like to give one caution to you that no part/ directive word should be avoided or excluded from the answer. - Once central issues and the directive words are identified we need to create a mental structure of the answer. - Now this structure is to be filled with walls and ceilings. For doing so we have to mentally prepare (we can also write on the back of the answer copy) a logical sequence of the arguments that is to be followed in the answer. - Now start writing the answer in very simple and non flowery language. We have to remember that it is not the high level of language that brings you good marks but it is the logical argument which you adopt for answering the answer. ## Question from Part-A - Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as the bureaucratic attitude and the democratic attitude. - Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. - Is it possible to balance the two to create better administration for the faster development of the country. - First of all let us see what the examiner does not want to be included in the answer that reduces the marks to a very high degree. - In this question the examiner is not asking you write a short essay on the statement given in the question. This statement has been given with the view of diverting you examine the merits of the statement. - It is also not asking about the definition of 'attitude' or 'development'. Examiner wants you to examine the following in the answer: - The answer needs to be divided in two parts. - In first part you have to first briefly define the terms bureaucratic attitude and the democratic attitude based on your knowledge. Then you have to clearly state the differences between these terms. - In the second part you need to argue whether bureaucratic values are suited to developmental needs. Then connect whether balancing of the two can compliment each other or not. ## Essential Components of the Answer that should not be Forgotten - All parts of the questions need to be covered adequately. - No part or sub part should be left out in the answer. - In the present question seemingly there are two parts but on close examination it comes out that first part itself consists of following sub parts: - Definition of bureaucratic attitude. - Definition of democratic attitude. - Merits of above two attitudes - Similarly in second part there are following sub-parts: - Effect on developmental process - Balance between two attitudes as given in the question