ET-GC06.1 Occupational Health and Safety PDF

ET-GC06.1 Occupational Health and Safety  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06:...

ET-GC06.1 Occupational Health and Safety  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Table of Content Introduction..............................................................................................2 1 Occupational Health and Safety..............................................................3 1.1 Safe Work Practices (Level 3)..................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Occupational Health & Safety (Level 2)............................................................. 3 1.1.2 Requirements For Safe Work........................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Workplace Housekeeping & Cleaning................................................................ 5 1.1.4 Interpreting & Observing Safety Signs & Symbols.............................................. 6 1.1.5 Safety Signs & Symbols.................................................................................. 7 1.1.6 Fire Safety.................................................................................................. 11 1.1.7 Work Shop & Hangar Safety.......................................................................... 17 1.1.8 Flight Line Safety......................................................................................... 23 1.1.9 Use of Personal Protective Equipment & Clothing............................................. 28 1.1.10 Enterprise & Regulatory Body Safety Guidelines........................................... 30 1.1.11 ICAO Safety Guidelines............................................................................. 31 1.1.12 Enterprise (Ethiopian Airlines) Safety.......................................................... 32 1.1.13 Airport Safety Regulations......................................................................... 33 1.1.14 Civil Aviation Safety Regulations................................................................. 33 1.2 Reporting Procedures for Workplace Hazards (Level 3)................................ 34 1.2.1 Hazardous Situations In The Workplace.......................................................... 34 1.2.2 Interpreting Workplace Hazards.................................................................... 34 1.3 Emergency Procedures (Level 3)............................................................... 40 1.3.1 Emergency Conditions.................................................................................. 40 1.3.2 Emergency & Evacuation Procedures.............................................................. 40 Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 1 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Introduction This is the first module of ET-GC06: Workshop Practices. This section deals with workshop practices. An understanding of aircraft workshop principles and practice is a fundamental requirement for those wishing to practice as aircraft technicians, irrespective of their chosen specialization. This module will give trainees an understanding of the safe working practices associated with aircraft workshop activities and the care, control and safe use of aircraft workshop tools and equipment. Trainees will develop the skills needed to safely carry out tasks associated with aircraft sheet metal work, aircraft fasteners, fluid plumbing, transmission systems and electrical systems. At the end of the topic the trainees will be able to: Interpret & apply safe work practices. Interpret & apply reporting procedures for workplace hazards. Interpret & apply emergency procedures. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 2 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices 1 Occupational Health and Safety 1.1 Safe Work Practices (Level 3) Occupational health and safety deals with the conditions and factors that affect or could affect the health and safety of employees and other people around. Safety is the state in which the risk or harm to people can be reduced to a minimum acceptable level. An accident in a workshop can be a messy and painful experience. Most accidents in a workshop are the result of carelessness. The victim knows at the time that he should not do what he is about to do; he takes a chance. Sometimes he is lucky and gets away with it. Accident statistics prove that he who takes a chance most often loses. The result: pain; loss of time and money; broken tools and equipment; spoiled work. To these could be added the possibility of permanent disfigurement and disablement. It takes time and experience to develop a skilled technician. A skilled technician is seldom involved in accidents. There are basic rules for the development of safe working habits. The rules must first be understood, and then practiced until they become a habit. Each machine/tool has individual hazards to the safety of a careless and thoughtless technician who operates them. The careful technician, however, quickly observes each potential danger and sets up a pattern of work habits that will keep him clear of involvement with any dangerous practice. 1.1.1 Occupational Health & Safety (Level 2) a. Safety Safety is a broad concept alluding to measures against any event which could be considered non-desirable. When narrowly defined as applicable to workshop practice, it refers to the control of recognized work place hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. With all the powered machineries and busy technicians around, No workshop is free of danger. BUT - We can almost always make the environment SAFER. Safety as defined in Ethiopian airlines safety management systems manual (SMSM) is: The state in which the possibility of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk management. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 3 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.1 Safety- A Judgment of the Acceptability of Risk b. Safety Philosophy Safety is everyone’s business, and communication is key to ensuring everyone’s safety. Technicians and supervisors should watch for their own safety and for the safety of others working around them. If other personnel are conducting their actions in an unsafe manner, communicate with them, reminding them of their safety and that of others around them. A good safety philosophy contains the following Core values: Every Incident can be avoided. No Job is worth getting hurt for Every job will be done safely. Incidents can be managed. Safety is Everyone’s Responsibility. Safety standards, procedures and practices must be developed. Training- Everyone must understand AND meet the requirements. Working safely is a Condition of Employment Injury/Illness prevention has a direct impact on employee morale, productivity, company earnings and customer satisfaction Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 4 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices c. Workplace Safety Concepts Workshops, by their very nature, make for a dangerous working environment. The wide variety of machines, tools and materials available in shops pose a permanent danger. Understanding safety Concepts help creating or improving work place safety culture. Training, regulations and the right working procedures raise the level of employees’ value to safety. It increases workers' ability to perform their jobs without making errors. Tools/Equipment must be airworthy at all times and Technicians should only operate tools/equipment with which they are familiar and can operate safely. 1.1.2 Requirements For Safe Work The workplace is full of many types of health and safety hazards. Exposure to these hazards can be harmful and sometimes fatal to employees. Adhere to regulated workplace safety requirements to eliminate hazards and maintain a safe, accident-free workplace. Safe Work Procedures are required for machinery and equipment that is used to perform activities. The procedures should be enforced within the workplace and continuously be improved as conditions or equipment changes. The safe working procedure is a working risk control document created by teams within the company that describes the safest and most efficient way to perform a certain task. This document stays in the Health & Safety system for regular use as a template or guide when completing that particular task on site. 1.1.3 Workplace Housekeeping & Cleaning Poor housekeeping on the job site is a frequent cause of workplace accidents and worker injuries. These types of accidents can easily be prevented by keeping the workplace clean. Good housekeeping makes jobs more efficient and safe. Housekeeping on the job means cleaning up scrap and debris, putting it in containers, and making sure the containers are emptied regularly. It also means proper storage of materials and equipment. Good on-the-job housekeeping is one of the easiest ways to improve your safety and that of your co-workers. Poor workplace housekeeping creates accidents waiting to happen. People often do not recognize housekeeping as a safety issue until after an accident has occurred. That is when bad housekeeping is revealed. Day-to-day housekeeping and cleanliness should not be left for employees to do during the last few minutes of the work day. Housekeeping should be an ongoing effort. Whether employees or employers fill out work orders, pick up after each task or clean the workplace themselves, each one plays a role in keeping the job site clean and safe. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 5 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Following are important guidelines to keep in mind while on workshop activities.  Anything left lying around becomes a slipping or tripping hazard.  Keep all of the materials stored on the job site in a neat and orderly way.  Focus on keeping walkways free from materials, scrap and debris.  Flammable rubbish and debris should be immediately removed from the vicinity of welding, flame cutting, propane heating, or other ignition sources.  Keep fire extinguisher stations clear and accessible. 1.1.4 Interpreting & Observing Safety Signs & Symbols Employees, as well as management have to ensure that they have adequate workplace safety rules enforced throughout the running of the work place. Some of the common safety tips can be found in the different safety signs and symbols. Safety signs and symbols within the workplace are vital. These signs and symbols are useful in illustrating strategies to take in case of emergencies. One of the safety signs and symbols that are common in almost any accident situation is the hazard sign. Hazard signs are usually used to caution people around the sign that a hazard is located nearby. Figure 1.2a Safety sign interpretation The wet floor sign warns of a wet and slipper floor. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 6 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.2b Safety sign interpretation Radioactivity symbols warn about radioactive material or radiation producing machine is close to the symbol. Be careful and take precaution to make sure that you are not exposed unnecessarily to ionizing radiation. Figure 1.2c Safety sign interpretation High voltage sign is used to identify voltage high enough to inflict death or harm upon living things. They are conductors/equipment which carry high voltage are usually identified high voltage. Figure 1.2d Safety sign interpretation 1.1.5 Safety Signs & Symbols safety and/or health sign – a sign providing information or instruction about safety or health at work by means of a signboard, a colour, an illuminated sign or acoustic signal, a verbal communication or hand signal; Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 7 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Signboard – a sign which provides information or instructions by a combination of shape, colour and a symbol or pictogram which is rendered visible by lighting of sufficient intensity. In practice, many signboards may be accompanied by supplementary text, eg ‘Fire exit’, alongside the symbol of a moving person. Signboards can be of the following types:  Prohibition sign – a sign prohibiting behavior likely to increase or cause danger  Warning sign – a sign giving warning of a hazard or danger  Mandatory sign – a sign prescribing specific behavior Prohibitory signs Intrinsic features: (a) round shape; (b) black pictogram on white background, red edging and diagonal line. Figure 1.3 Prohibitory signs Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 8 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Warning signs Intrinsic features: (a) triangular shape; (b) black pictogram on a yellow background with black. Figure 1.4 warning signs Mandatory signs Intrinsic features: (a) round shape; (b) white pictogram on a blue background. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 9 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.5 Mandatory signs Emergency escape signs Intrinsic features: (a) rectangular or square shape; (b) white pictogram on a green background. Figure 1.6 Emergency escape signs Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 10 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Firefighting signs Intrinsic features: (a) rectangular or square shape; (b) white pictogram on a red background. Figure 1.7 Firefighting signs 1.1.6 Fire Safety a. Cause of Fire Fire results from the chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen combines rapidly with fuel to produce heat, (and light). Three essentials of this process form the ‘Fire Triangle’. As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and the removal of any one of these components will extinguish the fire. The requirements of the three components, forming the ‘Fire Triangle’, are:  Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or gas  Oxygen: in sufficient volume to support the process of combustion  Heat: of sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the fuel to its ignition (or kindling) point. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 11 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.8 The ‘Fire Triangle’ In the presence of heat, a combustible combines with oxygen, thereby releasing more heat and as a result reduces itself to other chemical compounds. Heat accelerates the combining of oxygen with fuel, in turn releasing more heat. Oxygen is the element which combines chemically with another substance through the process of oxidation. Rapid oxidation, accompanied by a noticeable release of heat and light, is called combustion or burning. The removal of any one of these things will extinguish the fire. b. Classes of Fire There are, generally, four classes of fires, each determined by the type of material that is being burned. In alphabetical, order the classes of fire are: Class A: often known as solid fires, which occur in materials such as paper, wood, textiles and general rubbish. Class B: often described as liquid fires, and include fires in materials such as internal combustion engine fuels, alcohol, oils, greases and oil-based paints. Class C: include fires involving flammable gases and electrical fires (which can occur in fuse boxes, switches, appliances, motors and generators). Class D: refer to fires of high intensity, which may occur in such metals as magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium and zirconium. The greatest hazard in these materials, is when they are either in liquid (molten) form, or in finely divided forms such as dust, chippings, turnings or shavings. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 12 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Any one of these types of fires can occur during maintenance on or around, or operations involving, aircraft. There is a particular type extinguisher which is most effective for each type of fire. c. Types & Operation of Fire Extinguishers Water extinguishers are the best type to use on Class A fires. Water has two effects on fire: it deprives fire of oxygen and cools the material being burned. Since most petroleum products float on water, water-type fire extinguishers are not recommended for Class B fires. Extreme caution must be used when fighting electrical fires with water-type extinguishers. Not only must all electrical power be removed or shut off to the burning area, but residual electricity in capacitors, coils, and so forth must be considered to prevent severe injury, and possibly death from electrical shock. Never use water-type fire extinguishers on Class D fires. Because metals burn at extremely high temperatures, the cooling effect of water causes an explosive expansion of the metal. Water fire extinguishers are operated in a variety of ways. Some are hand pumped, while some are pressurized. The pressurized types of extinguishers may have a gas charge stored in the container with the water, or it may contain a “soda-acid” container where acid is spilled into a container of soda inside the extinguisher. The chemical reaction of the soda and the acid causes pressure to build inside the fire extinguisher, forcing the water out. Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are used for Class A, B, and C fires, extinguishing the fire by depriving it of oxygen. [Figure 1.9] Additionally, like water-type extinguishers, CO2 cools the burning material. Never use CO2 on Class D fires. As with water extinguishers, the cooling effect of CO2 on the hot metal can cause explosive expansion of the metal. Figure 1.9 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 13 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices When using CO2 fire extinguishers, all parts of the extinguisher can become extremely cold, and remain so for a short time after operation. Wear protective equipment or take other precautions to prevent cold injury (such as frostbite) from occurring. Extreme caution must be used when operating CO2 fire extinguishers in closed or confined areas. Not only can the fire be deprived of oxygen, but so too can the operator. CO2 fire extinguishers generally use the self-expelling method of operation. This means that the CO2 has sufficient pressure at normal operating pressure to expel itself. This pressure is held inside the container by some type of seal or frangible disk, which is broken or punctured by a firing mechanism, usually a pin. This means that once the seal or disk is broken, pressure in the container is released, and the fire extinguisher is spent, requiring replacement. Halogenated hydrocarbon extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C fires. They can be used on Class A and D fires but they are less effective. Halogenated hydrocarbon, (commonly called Freon™ by the industry), are numbered according to chemical formulas with Halon™ numbers. Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104), chemical formula CCl4, has an Underwriters Laboratory (UL) toxicity rating of 3. As such, it is extremely toxic. Hydrochloric acid vapor, chlorine and phosgene gas are produced whenever carbon tetrachloride is used on ordinary fires. The amount of phosgene gas is increased whenever carbon tetrachloride is brought in direct contact with hot metal, certain chemicals, or continuing electrical arcs. It is not approved for any fire extinguishing use. Old containers of Halon 104 found in or around shops or hangars should be disposed of in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations and local laws and ordinances. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 14 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Table 1.1 Extinguisher operation and methods of expelling Table 1.2Toxicity table Methyl bromide (Halon 1001), chemical formula CH3Br, is a liquefied gas with a UL toxicity rating of 2. Very toxic, it is corrosive to aluminum alloys, magnesium, and zinc. Halon 1001 is not recommended for aircraft use. Chlorobromomethane (Halon 1011), chemical formula CH2ClBr, is a liquefied gas with a UL toxicity rating of 3. Like methyl bromide, Halon 1011 is not recommended for aircraft use. Dibromodifluoromethane (Halon 1202), chemical formula CBr2F2, has a UL toxicity rating of 4. Halon 1202 is not recommended for aircraft use. Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211), chemical formula CBrClF2, is a liquefied gas with a UL toxicity rating of 5. It is colorless, noncorrosive and evaporates rapidly leaving no residue. It does not freeze or cause cold burns, and will not harm fabrics, metals, or other materials it contacts. Halon 1211 acts rapidly on fires by producing a heavy blanketing mist that eliminates oxygen from the fire source. But more importantly, it interferes chemically with the combustion process of the fire. It has outstanding properties in preventing reflash after the fire has been extinguished. Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301), chemical formula CF3Br, is also a liquefied gas with a UL toxicity rating of 6. It has all the characteristics of Halon 1211. The significant difference between the two is: Halon 1211 forms a spray similar to CO2, while Halon 1301 has a vapor spray that is more difficult to direct. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 15 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Identifying Fire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers should be marked to indicate suitability for a particular class of fire. The markings on Figure 1.10 should be placed on the fire extinguisher and in a conspicuous place in the vicinity of the fire extinguisher. When the location is marked, however, extreme care must be taken to ensure that the fire extinguisher kept at that location is in fact the type depicted by the marking. In other words, if a location is marked for a Class B fire extinguisher, ensure that the fire extinguisher in that location is in fact suitable for Class B fires. Markings should be applied by decalcomanias (decals), painting, or similar methods. They should be legible and as durable as necessary for the location. For example, markings used outside need to be more durable than those in the hangar or office spaces. Where markings are applied to the extinguisher, they should be located on the front of the shell (if one is installed) above or below the extinguisher nameplate. Markings should be large enough and in a form that is easily seen and identifiable by the average person with average eyesight at a distance of at least 3 feet. Where markings are applied to wall panels, and so forth, in the vicinity of extinguishers, they should be large enough and in a form that is easily seen and identifiable by the average person with average eyesight, at a distance of at least 25 feet. Figure 1.10 Typical extinguisher markings Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 16 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.11 Identification of fire extinguisher type location 1.1.7 Work Shop & Hangar Safety a. Electrical Safety Physiological Safety Working with electrical equipment poses certain physiological safety hazards. It is known that when electricity is applied to the human body, it can create severe burns in the area of entrance to and at the point of exit from the body. In addition, the nervous system is affected and can be damaged or destroyed. To safely deal with electricity, the technician must have a working knowledge of the principles of electricity, and a healthy respect for its capability to do both work and damage. Wearing or use of proper safety equipment can provide a psychological assurance at the same time it physically protects the user. The use of rubber gloves, safety glasses, rubber or grounded safety mats, and other safety equipment contributes to the physiological safety of the technician working on or with electrical equipment. Two factors that affect safety when dealing with electricity are fear and overconfidence. These two factors are major causes of accidents involving electricity. While both a certain amount of respect for electrical equipment is healthy and a certain level of confidence is necessary, extremes of either can be deadly. Lack of respect is often due to lack of knowledge. Personnel Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 17 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices who attempt to work with electrical equipment and have no knowledge of the principles of electricity lack the skills to deal with electrical equipment safely. Overconfidence leads to risk taking. The technician who does not respect the capabilities of electricity will, sooner or later, become a victim of electricity’s awesome power. Fire Safety Anytime current flows, whether during generation or transmission, a byproduct of that flow is heat. The greater the current flow, the greater the amount of heat created. When this heat becomes too great, protective coatings on wiring and other electrical devices can melt, causing shorting, which leads to more current flow and greater heat. This heat can become so great that metals can melt, liquids vaporize, and flammable substances ignite. An important factor in preventing electrical fires is to keep the area around electrical work or electrical equipment clean, uncluttered, and free of all unnecessary flammable substances. Ensure that all power cords, wires, and lines are free of kinks and bends which can damage the wire. Never place wires or cords where they will be walked on or run over by other equipment. When several wires inside a power cord are broken, the current passing through the remaining wires increases. This generates more heat than the insulation coatings on the wire are designed to withstand and can lead to a fire. Closely monitor the condition of electrical equipment. Repair or replace damaged equipment before further use. The following are summaries of electrical hazards: SHOCK  Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of the path through which current flows.  The direct result can be electrocution.  The indirect result can be injury resulting from a fall or movement into machinery because of a shock BURNS  Burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is energized. ARC-BLAST  Arc-blasts occur from high- amperage currents arcing through the air. This can be caused by accidental contact with energized components or equipment failure. The three primary hazards associated with an arc-blast are:  Thermal radiation.  Pressure Wave.  Projectiles. EXPLOSIONS  Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture in the atmosphere. FIRES Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 18 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Electricity is one of the most common causes of fires both in the home and in the workplace. Defective or misused electrical equipment is a major cause. Figure 1.12 appropriate PPE and tools b. Safety around Compressed Gases Compressed air, like electricity, is an excellent tool as long as it is under control. A typical nitrogen bottle set is shown in Figure 1.13. The following “do’s and don’ts” apply when working with or around compressed gases:  Inspect air hoses frequently for breaks and worn spots. Unsafe hoses should be replaced immediately.  Keep all connections in a “no-leak condition.”  Maintain in-line oilers, if installed, in operating condition.  The system should have water sumps installed and should be drained at regular intervals.  Air used for paint spraying should be filtered to remove oil and water. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 19 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Never use compressed air to clean hands or clothing. Pressure can force debris into the flesh leading to infection.  Never spray compressed air in the area of other personnel.  Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly stored when not in use. Many accidents involving compressed gases occur during aircraft tire mounting. To prevent possible personal injury, use tire dollies and other appropriate lifting and mounting devices in mounting or removing heavy aircraft tires. When inflating tires on any type of aircraft wheels, always use tire cage guards. Because of possible personal injury, extreme caution is required to avoid over- inflation of high pressure tires. Use pressure regulators on high pressure air bottles to eliminate the possibility of over- inflation of tires. Tire cages need not be used when adjusting pressure in tires installed on aircraft. Figure 1.13 A typical nitrogen bottle c. Safety around Hazardous Materials Material safety diamonds are very important with regard to shop safety. These forms and labels are a simple and quick way to determine the risk and, if used properly with the tags, will indicate what personal safety equipment to use with the hazardous material. The most observable portion of the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) label is the risk diamond. It is a four color segmented diamond that represents Flammability (Red), Reactivity (Yellow), Health (Blue), and special Hazard (White). In the Flammability, Reactivity, and Health blocks, there should be a number from 0 to 4. Zero represents little or no hazard to the user; 4 means that the material is very hazardous. The special hazard segment contains a word or abbreviation to represent the special hazard. Some examples are: RAD for radiation, ALK for alkali materials, Acid for acidic materials, and CARC for carcinogenic materials. The letter W with a line through it stands for high reactivity to water. [Figure 1.14] Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 20 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a more detailed version of the chemical safety issues. They all have the same information requirements, but the exact location of the information on the sheet varies by MSDS manufacturer. These forms have the detailed breakdown of the chemicals, including formulas and action to take if personnel come into contact with the chemical(s). The U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires certain information be on every MSDS. These forms are necessary for a safe shop that meets all the requirements of the governing safety body, the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Figure 1.14 A risk diamond d. Safety around Machine Tools Hazards in a shop’s operation increase when the operation of lathes, drill presses, grinders, and other types of machines are used. Each machine has its own set of safety practices. While working on machines, the following precautions can reduce the chance of injury:  Wear PPE  Inspect the machine before use  Adjust the machine to the desired values  Follow the ‘Dos’ and ‘Don’ts’ for each machine type  Turn off power and clean the area when finished Welding should be performed only in designated areas. Any part to be welded should be removed from the aircraft, if possible. Repair would then be accomplished in the welding shop under a controlled environment. A welding shop should be equipped with proper tables, ventilation, tool storage, and fire prevention and extinguishing equipment. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 21 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Welding on an aircraft should be performed outside, if possible. Welding in the hangar requires a lot of preparation and precautionary measures to prevent fire hazard. e. Safety Precautions in Confined Areas Bodily entry into any space with limited means of entry or exit not designed for continuous occupancy requires written procedures, prior training, and safety equipment. Some confined spaces have other hazards present, such as toxic gases or fumes, electricity, machinery, etc. An example of a common confined-space entry task in aviation maintenance is fuel cell repair. Confined spaces are considered inherently hazardous even without being associated with other hazards. The written confined-space entry plan must address the following for anyone entering such a space:  Receives appropriate training in entering such spaces and in using any safety equipment  Secures a written entry permit before entering the space if it contains any hazards that could cause death or serious physical harm  Tests the space for sufficient oxygen and for dangerous gases or vapors  Ventilates the space before and during entry  Locks out any connecting lines  Has the appropriate safety equipment and trained assistance present during entry. Figure 1.15 Fuel Tank Entry Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 22 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices f. Safety Precautions for Chemical & Physiological Hazards Many chemical compounds, both liquid and solid, are used in aircraft maintenance and these may need specific precautions. Any precautions can be found in the relevant maintenance manuals and in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) leaflets applicable to those materials. The range of adhesives used for repair and sealing during the maintenance of aircraft is vast. A large number of these produce vapours which, generally, can be dangerous in any enclosed space, both from the results of inhalation of narcotic fumes and from the fire risk associated with those which give off volatile, flammable, vapours. Surface finishes present another area where the various types of material used (etchants, celluloses, acrylics, enamels, polyurethanes etc.), dictate specific precautions. The solvents used, before the actual painting and afterwards, need safety precautions with regards to ventilation, reaction with other materials and, most importantly, their possible corrosive, toxic, irritant and addictive effects on personnel. Some materials have a mildly radioactive property, although they emit little ionizing radiation in normal circumstances. These materials are sometimes referred to as ‘heavy metals’ and can be found in balance-weights as well as in smoke detectors, luminescent ‘EXIT’ signs and instruments. 1.1.8 Flight Line Safety a. Hearing Protection The flight line is a place of dangerous activity. Technicians who perform maintenance on the flight line must constantly be aware of what is going on around them. The noise on a flight line comes from many places. Aircraft are only one source of noise. There are auxiliary- power units (APUs), fuel trucks, baggage handling equipment, and so forth. Each has its own frequency of sound. Combined all together, the ramp or flight line can cause hearing loss. There are many types of hearing protection available. Hearing protection can be external or internal. The external protection is the earmuff/headphone type. The internal type fit into the auditory canal. Both types will reduce the sound level reaching the eardrum and reduce the chances of hearing loss. Hearing protection should also be used when working with pneumatic drills, rivet guns, or other loud or noisy tools or machinery. Because of their high frequency, even short duration exposure to these sounds can cause a hearing loss. Continued exposure will cause hearing loss. b. Foreign Object Damage (FOD) FOD is any damage caused by any loose object to aircraft, personnel, or equipment. These loose objects can be anything from broken runway concrete to shop towels to safety wire. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 23 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices To control FOD, keep ramp and operation areas clean, have a tool control program, and provide convenient receptacles for used hardware, shop towels, and other consumables. The modern gas turbine engine will create a low pressure area in front of the engine that will cause any loose object to be drawn into the engine. The exhaust of these engines can propel loose objects great distances with enough force to damage anything that is hit. The importance of an FOD program cannot be overstressed when a technician considers the cost of engines, components, or the cost of a human life. Never leave tools or other items around the intake of a turbine engine. c. Safety around Airplanes As with the previously mentioned items, it is important to be aware of propellers. Do not assume the pilot of a taxiing aircraft can see you. Technicians must stay where the pilot can see them while on the ramp area. Turbine engine intakes and exhaust can also be very hazardous areas. There should be no smoking or open flames anywhere near an aircraft in operation. Be aware of aircraft fluids that can be detrimental to skin. When operating support equipment around aircraft, be sure to allow space between it and the aircraft and secure it so it cannot roll into the aircraft. All items in the area of operating aircraft must be stowed properly. d. Safety During Aircraft Towing &Taxing If an aircraft requires moving and no pilot is available, then a tug and towing arm must be used. This task will require a qualified tug driver, a supervisor, a ‘brake man’ and other personnel to keep a lookout. A qualified pilot always does the taxiing of larger aircraft, although engineers sometimes taxi light aircraft. Each aircraft and its operator will have laid down rules regarding the way in which each aircraft will be towed. These rules will include the number of people needed, the type of tug, the radio calls if the aircraft is on the manoeuvring area, the maximum towing speed and many other details. These must always be followed if accidents are to be avoided. Aircraft, when moving, either under power or whilst being towed, are sources of numerous risk areas. An airliner can be over 60 metres long and have a wing span greater than 60 metres. This means that when manoeuvring in restricted spaces, there is always the risk of part of the aircraft striking another object, due to a phenomenon known as ‘Swept Wing Growth’ (refer to Figure 1.16). It must be borne in mind that, when turning, the wing tips and tail of a large aircraft can move considerable distances in the opposite direction to that of the nose. This is why; whenever an aircraft is approaching its parking spot, there must be personnel available to watch out for any potential conflicts. Driving in the vicinity of a parked aircraft must always be done with care, especially if the driver is alone or visibility from the cab of the vehicle is limited. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 24 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.16 Swept Wing Growth e. Safety during Aircraft Parking When an aircraft has to be parked for a period of time, especially overnight and in inclement weather conditions, there are a number of precautions that must be observed:  A chock must be placed at the front and rear of a number of wheels, depending on the aircraft type  The engine intakes and exhausts may need to be covered with special blanks  The control surfaces may have to be locked in place with integral control or gust locks or, if these are not installed, external locks may be attached to all of the surfaces that could be damaged in high winds f. Safety during Aircraft Lifting & Shoring Check that the lifting and shoring equipment to be used is correct for the aircraft being lifted and is in a safe and usable condition, by establishing all of the following:  the lifting equipment selected is as specified for the aircraft being lifted (such as type, lifting capacity)  the lifting equipment is certified and is compliant, within current test dates (health and safety requirements)  all lifting equipment documents/registers are up to date  where appropriate, all slings and ancillary equipment are free from obvious defects  all trestles and shoring equipment are in a safe and usable condition Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 25 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices g. Safety during Marshalling When marshalling an aircraft, it is essential that personnel are fully conversant with all the marshalling signals (refer to Figure 1.17). It is also useful to know extra details such as:  The need for additional, ‘lookout’ men on the wing tips or tail  The correct place to stand to enable the aircraft’s crew to have sight of the marshaller  The point at which the aircraft is required to stop. The marshaller needs to be equipped with the correct items to ensure the pilot can see him and his signals clearly. In addition to weather and noise protection, the marshaller would be required to wear a Hi visibility jacket or vest and be in possession of day-glow coloured marshaling armbands or bats. For night-time marshalling, the arm bands/bats are replaced with marshalling wands. These are usually torches with special adapters fitted to allow the light beam to shine through a tube shaped wand. Figure 1.17 Some Basic Marshalling Signals for Fixed-Wing Aircraft Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 26 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices h. Safety During Fuelling The first, obvious precaution, is the identification of the type of fuel in the fuel tanker (or bowser), ensuring it is of the type and grade required for the aircraft. There have been many times when petrol-powered aircraft have been filled with turbine fuel and, on occasions, the reverse has occurred. The type and grade of fuel should always be stenciled or painted, adjacent to the fuelling point, but it is wise if a responsible person is consulted before starting fuelling. This is because there may be a requirement for some special fuel, or simply that the aircraft is only to be part-filled, due to a weight limitation. The fuel tanker must be parked as far as possible from the aircraft, limited by the hose length, and parallel or facing away from it. This reduces the risk of fire passing from the aircraft to the tanker or vice versa, and also allows a clear path for the tanker to vacate the area quickly, should the need arise. The fuel tanker, the fuelling hose, the aircraft and the ground must all be electrically bonded together, to allow the static electricity (generated during the fuel flow) to run to earth. A safety zone of 6m (20 ft) should be established from the filling and venting points of the aircraft and attendant fuelling equipment. This area should be free from naked lights, smoking and the operation of electrical switches of any kind. There can also be a risk from the operation of radio and radar equipment, so these should also be switched off before fuelling commences. Also, during the fuelling of aircraft, Auxiliary Power Units (APU) and Ground Power Units, (GPU), must be made safe, by checking that their exhausts and intakes are clear of any fuel vapours, and that GPU’s, are located as far as practical from the fuelling point(s). NO switching of power from APU’s or GPU’s will be made during fuelling procedures. There are many precautions involved when defuelling, due to the tanks being left empty of fuel, leaving potentially explosive vapours in its place. ALL necessary safety precautions must be followed during aircraft fuelling procedures. i. Safety during Weather Radar Test The heating and radiation effects of weather radar can be hazardous to life. Personnel should remain a safe distance from the radar if it is in operation. There are published figures and charts in the maintenance manual of each aircraft, showing the safe distances for personnel, depending on the power of the radar in use. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 27 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices As an example, the aerial in the nose of the aircraft should have an unobstructed ‘view’ of something like 30 metres, with the aerial tilted upwards. There should also be a barrier erected about 3 metres or so from the nose of the aircraft, to prevent personnel getting too close. Finally, there should be no fuelling operations in progress during the testing of weather radar. j. Safety during Ground Equipment Operation & Safety Signage Ground equipment may cause damage to the aircraft if proper care is not taken while moving them. Proper safety signs and operation instructions should be placed at a visible location. 1.1.9 Use of Personal Protective Equipment & Clothing Personal Protective Equipment is an integral part of any employer’s safety program. OSHA has determined that PPE although a good way to protect employees, should be used as a last line of defense and it’s important to understand the limitations of PPE in the workplace. Figure 1.18 use of PPE Prior to using PPE, the employer must determine if other means of protection are available. OSHA uses the following sequence for employee protection:  Engineering Controls (deals with equipment)  Administrative Controls (deals with people or processes)  Personal Protective Controls (deals with what you wear) If no other method is available to protect employees, then PPE is an acceptable method. Ensure that  The right type of PPE is selected for the job.  PPE fits properly and is comfortable under working conditions. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 28 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Workers are trained in the need for PPE, its use and maintenance.  PPE is stored in a clean and fully operational condition. Summary of Recommended Personal Protective Equipment According to Hazard Objective Workplace Hazards Suggested PPE Eye and Flying particles, molten metal, liquid Safety Glasses with side-shields, face chemicals, gases or vapors, light protective shades, etc. protection radiation. Head Falling objects, inadequate height Plastic Helmets with top and side protection clearance, and overhead power cords. impact protection Hearing Noise, ultra-sound. Hearing protectors (ear plugs or protection ear muffs). Foot Falling or rolling objects, pointed Safety shoes and boots for protection objects. Corrosive or hot liquids protection against moving & falling objects, liquids and chemicals. Hand Hazardous materials, cuts Gloves made of rubber or synthetic protection or lacerations, vibrations, materials (Neoprene), leather, steel, extreme temperatures. insulating materials, etc. Respiratory Dust, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, Facemasks with appropriate filters for protection smokes, vapors. dust removal and air purification (chemicals, mists, vapors and gases). Single or multi-gas personal monitors, if available. Oxygen deficiency Portable or supplied air (fixed lines). On-site rescue equipment Body/leg Extreme temperatures, hazardous Insulating clothing, body suits, aprons protection materials, biological agents, cutting etc. of appropriate materials. and laceration. Table 1.3 Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 29 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.19 PPE 1.1.10 Enterprise & Regulatory Body Safety Guidelines Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned with achieving and demonstrating sound occupational health and safety (OH&S) performance by controlling their OH&S risks, consistent with their OH&S policy and objectives. They do so in the context of increasingly stringent legislation, the development of economic policies and other measures that foster good OH&S practices, and increased concern expressed by interested parties about OH&S issues. Many organizations manage their operations via the application of a system of processes and their interactions, which can be referred to as the “process approach. Another compatible approach to this is the PDCA approach which is promoted by Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard and the accompanying Guidelines Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 30 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.20 Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Methodology  Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s OH&S policy.  Do: implement the processes.  Check: monitor and measure processes against OH&S policy, objectives, legal and other requirements, and report the results  Act: take actions to continually improve OH&S performance. 1.1.11 ICAO Safety Guidelines Management and organizational factors are key concepts in system safety and understanding it is essential for ICAO. Safety contains information on Basics of system safety, Safe and unsafe organizations and Management’s contribution to safety. A Safety Management System (SMS) is a set of integrated tools, policies and processes used by corporate management to fulfill their responsibility to manage the safety risks associated with their organization’s operations as a part of its overall business. An SMS is different from other safety programs because of… Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 31 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Corporate management ownership,  A risk based approach and  It is integrated into the business system. Figure 1.21 Figure 1.22 Four Pillars of SMS 1.1.12 Enterprise (Ethiopian Airlines) Safety a. Organizational OH&S Policy A clear, concise policy statement should reflect management’s commitment, support and attitude to the health and safety program for the protection of workers. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 32 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices A health and safety policy states:  An employer’s commitment to health and safety.  The overall goals and objectives for health and safety. o Many employers set zero incidents as their ultimate goal. o To achieve their goals, employers must also have adequate systems of incident tracking, reporting and investigation. o The requirements set out in the OHS Act can serve as baseline goals for employers.  The responsibilities of management, workers, as well as visitors and contractors if applicable. Ethiopian airlines safety policy statement: At Ethiopian airlines, safety is one of our core business functions. We are committed to developing, implementing, keeping and constantly improving strategies and processes to insure that all our aviation activities take place under appropriate allocation of organizational resources, aimed at achieving the highest level of safety performance and meeting regulatory requirements, while delivering our services. Starting with the chief executive officer (CEO), management and employees at all levels are accountable for the delivery of the highest level of safety performance. b. Organization Safety Manuals The safety management systems manual (SMSM) is a controlled manual which is used as a guidance document for implementation of safety management system. 1.1.13 Airport Safety Regulations The Airport Safety Program addresses general aviation airport safety, runway safety, airports certificated under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 139, and safety management systems (SMS).  Aircraft rescue and firefighting,  Sign and markings,  Airshow programs,  Runway closing and opening,  Foreign object debris, 1.1.14 Civil Aviation Safety Regulations The regulations are grouped under the following main titles:  License regulation  General regulation  Airworthiness regulation  Operation regulation Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 33 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Aviation safety 1.2 Reporting Procedures for Workplace Hazards (Level 3) 1.2.1 Hazardous Situations In The Workplace Hazard: is Condition, object or activity with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function. There are four recognizable classes of hazards.  Negligible—will not result in injury to people or serious damage to equipment  Marginal—can be controlled to prevent injury or damage  Critical—will cause injury or serious damage (or both)  Catastrophic—will cause death to workers. Figure 1.23 Examples of Hazards for Technicians 1.2.2 Interpreting Workplace Hazards a. Identifying & Avoiding Hazards No occupation or work is free from health hazards. People are always under certain amount of health risk, wherever they may be working. Workers employed in industry are always open to health hazard. This is due to exposure to harmful substances or stresses, which may be common to that particular occupation in which Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 34 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices one or more of them found. Broadly, the various occupational health hazards or stresses at work places can be classified as:  Chemical hazards  Biological hazards  Physical hazards  Ergonomical stresses  Safety hazards  Psychological (work organization)stress CHEMICAL HAZARDS: Are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than others, but to some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can cause illness, skin irritation, or breathing problems. Beware of:  Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents – ESPECIALLY if chemicals are in an unlabeled container!  Vapors and fumes that come from welding or exposure to solvents  Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium  Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and explosive chemicals.  Pesticides BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS: Associated with working with animals, people, or infectious plant materials. Work in schools, day care facilities, colleges and universities, hospitals, laboratories, emergency response, nursing homes, outdoor occupations, etc. may expose you to biological hazards. Types of things you may be exposed to include:  Blood and other body fluids  Fungi/mold  Bacteria and viruses  Plants  Insect bites  Animal and bird droppings PHYSICAL HAZARDS: Are factors within the environment that can harm the body without necessarily touching it. Physical Hazards include:  Radiation: including ionizing, non-ionizing (EMF’s, microwaves, radiowaves, etc.)  High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays  Temperature extremes – hot and cold  Constant loud noise ERGONOMIC HAZARDS: Occur when the type of work, body positions and working conditions put strain on your body. They are the hardest to spot since you don’t always immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm that these hazards pose. Short-term exposure may result in “sore muscles” the next day or in the days following exposure, but long-term exposure can result in serious long-term illnesses. Ergonomic Hazards include:  Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs  Frequent lifting  Poor posture Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 35 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive  Repeating the same movements over and over  Having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it frequently  Vibration SAFETY HAZARDS: These are the most common and will be present in most workplaces at one time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death. Safety Hazards include:  Spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisles or cords running across the floor  Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work area  Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts; guards removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch  Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring  Confined spaces  Machinery-related hazards (lockout/tagout, boiler safety, forklifts, etc.) WORK ORGANIZATION HAZARDS: Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-term effects) and strain (long-term effects). These are the hazards associated with workplace issues such as workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc. Examples of work organization hazards include:  Workload demands  Workplace violence  Intensity and/or pace  Respect (or lack of)  Flexibility  Control or say about things  Social support/relations  Sexual harassment Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 36 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Figure 1.24 The overall goal of any safety program is to prevent personal injuries and equipment damage. It makes moral and economic sense to avoid problems, rather than to deal with their consequences. The three methodologies for identifying hazards are: a) Reactive. This methodology involves analysis of past outcomes or events. Hazards are identified through investigation of safety occurrences. Incidents and accidents are clear indicators of system deficiencies and therefore can be used to determine the hazards that either contributed to the event or are latent. b) Proactive. This methodology involves analysis of existing or real-time situations, which is the primary job of the safety assurance function with its audits, evaluations, employee reporting, and associated analysis and assessment processes. This involves actively seeking hazards in the existing processes. c) Predictive. This methodology involves data gathering in order to identify possible negative future outcomes or events, analysing system processes and the environment to identify potential future hazards and initiating mitigating actions. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 37 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices Table 1.4 Hazard Identification Approaches b. Workplace Hazard Inspection Safety inspections should be carried out periodically or at any time or when it is necessary. The supervisors of different areas, safety personnel and the committees should handle this activity. It helps to lookout for potential hazards and enables to take appropriate measures for elimination and rectification of such hazards. A workplace inspection should include:  listening to the concerns of workers and supervisors  gaining further understanding of jobs and tasks  identifying existing and potential hazards  determining underlying causes of hazards  monitoring hazard controls (personal protective equipment, engineering controls, policies, procedures)  recommending corrective action c. Workplace Hazard Reporting Procedures The Critical Incident Technique is a general human factors method. It asks (and allows) workers to report equipment, practices, or other people that cause, or almost cause, accidents. The Critical Incident Technique can be implemented as either a written or oral process i.e., we can ask people to supply their reports in writing or in face-to-face interviews. Most people are reluctant to report even grossly unsafe acts if they have to implicate their co- workers or, especially, themselves. Because of people’s reluctance to report unsafe behavior, successful critical incident reporting systems allow reporters to maintain their anonymity. One of the oldest and most successful programs of this nature is the Aviation Safety Reporting System.this allows aircrew members and aircraft maintainers to report incidents or near-incidents completely confidentially. Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 38 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices The Critical Incident Technique is based on the assumption that the people who spend every working day in a particular work environment know about the unsafe elements in that workplace. This information is quite useful for improving safety. If we can identify which elements contribute to near-accidents, we can correct those elements before an accident occurs. In contrast, surveillance techniques require us to wait until after an accident occurs to identify it. The immediate hazard reporting process allows employees to report hazardous conditions or practices as they notice them. This procedure allows for prompt reporting and subsequent corrective action without waiting for the next round of regular inspections. Hazards can be reported verbally or by filling a simple form available at bulletin boards or other conspicuous places. The following is an example of such a form. Figure 1.25 Form Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 39 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices 1.3 Emergency Procedures (Level 3) 1.3.1 Emergency Conditions An emergency is a serious, unexpected, often dangerous situation that requires immediate action.. Emergencies may be natural or manmade. These may include emergencies such as a chemical explosion, a chemical spill, a fire, a critical injury or a natural disaster. The emergency procedure is a plan of actions to be conducted in a certain order or manner, in response to an emergency event. Organizations are frequently required to have written emergency procedures in place. Before preparing a procedure, carry out a risk assessment, estimating an emergency event to occur and if it does, how serious or damaging the consequences would be. An emergency procedure identifies the responsibilities, actions and resources necessary to deal with an emergency. An emergency procedure can be revised and reissued. 1.3.2 Emergency & Evacuation Procedures a. Use of Emergency Equipment Employees may need to use personal protective equipment (PPE) to evacuate during an emergency based on the potential hazards. Personal protective equipment may include items such as the following:  Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields for eye protection  Hard hats and safety shoes for head and foot protection  Proper respirators  Chemical suits, gloves, hoods, and boots for body protection from chemicals  Special body protection for abnormal environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures  Any other special equipment or warning devices necessary for hazards unique to your work site b. Applying First Aid Procedures A well-trained medical emergency response team may help save an employee’s life. First Aid  Provide your employees with a written emergency medical procedure to minimize confusion during an emergency.  If an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not close to your workplace, ensure that onsite person(s) have adequate training in first aid.  Treatment of a serious injury should begin within 3 to 4 minutes of the accident.  Consult with a physician to order appropriate first-aid supplies for emergencies. The best emergency action plans:  include employees in the planning process, Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 40 of 41  Ethiopian Aviation Academy Revision No. 0 Aviation Maintenance Training December 2017 ET-GC06: Workshop Practices  specify what employees should do during an emergency, and  ensure that employees receive proper training for emergencies. If there are 10 or fewer employees, communication may be done orally. Figure 1.26 First aid Issue No. 0 ET-GC06.1 Page 41 of 41