ES Lesson 1 - Earth and Earth Systems.pdf

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT |FIRST SEMESTER, AY 2024-2025 EARTH SCIENCE LESSON 1 EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEMS LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES & SEQUENCE By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life; and 2....

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT |FIRST SEMESTER, AY 2024-2025 EARTH SCIENCE LESSON 1 EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEMS LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES & SEQUENCE By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life; and 2. explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. Energy, Matter, Life-supporting and Systems Features of the Earth 1 2 3 4 Earth as a System and Synthesis its Subsystems  1 ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS WHAT IS ENERGY? I Wonder… How do you know if something has energy? Can energy be created and destroyed? By answering these prompts, TRY TO DEFINE ENERGY!  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS WHAT IS ENERGY? Definition of Energy The quantitative property which pertains to the ability or capacity to do work. Definition of Work Ԧ and the displacement (𝑥) Work (W) is the product of an applied force (𝐹) Ԧ of an object. One object can do work on another object. Formula of Work 𝐹Ԧ 𝑊 = 𝐹Ԧ 𝑥Ԧ 𝑥Ԧ  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS WHAT IS ENERGY? Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change from one form to another. The main forms of energy are: POTENTIAL POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY ENERGY Potential energy is energy If you set an object in stored by virtue of its motion, it has the energy position. An object with of movement. An object in stored energy has the motion is capable of work. potential of doing work.  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS WHAT IS MATTER? I Wonder… What is matter made of? Can matter be created? Can matter be destroyed? By answering these prompts, TRY TO DEFINE MATTER!  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS WHAT IS MATTER? Definition of Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space. Fundamentally, all matter are made up of particles (i.e., atoms and molecules). Also, matter undergo changes: PHYSICAL CHEMICAL Law of Conservation of Mass CHANGE CHANGE Mass can neither be created nor A change in which the matter A change in the composition of destroyed. The same amount of & involved is structurally the matter by breaking and forming matter exists before and after a same before and after the chemical bonds during a change. This includes chemical reaction. A product change. changes in texture, shape, cannot be easily reverted to its and state. original state after changing.  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS ENERGY & MATTER I Wonder… How are energy and heat related? Are heat and temperature the same? Why does matter need heat? By answering these prompts, HOW IS ENERGY TRANSFERRED?  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS ENERGY & MATTER Energy Transfer Energy can be transferred through several means. Heat is one way energy is transferred. What is Heat? KEY IDEA #1 KEY IDEA #2 KEY IDEA #3 All matter are made up of These molecules are These molecules collide atoms. These atoms always moving. Therefore, and transfer energy with combine to form molecules. they have energy. each other. O O C O O C O O C O C O C O O  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS ENERGY & MATTER Definition of Heat Macroscopic Perspective: Heat is the transfer of energy from a body of a hotter object to a colder object. Atomic/Molecular Perspective: Heat is the transfer of energy between colliding particles. AREN’T HEAT AND TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE HEAT THE SAME? A quantity that indicates the Heat is energy in transit NO! hotness or coldness of an from a body of higher object through the average temperature to one of kinetic energy of the lower temperature. molecules of that object. O C O O C O O C O  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS ENERGY & MATTER Modes of Heat If you touch a hot pan, energy enters your hand because the pan is warmer than your hand. The opposite applies when you touch ice. However, direct contact is just one way heat can be observed. There are three modes of heat: A. CONDUCTION A B C B. CONVECTION Energy is transferred through a Energy is transferred in fluids as substance or from one groups of molecules move in currents. substance to another by direct contact of atoms and molecules. Take Note! C. RADIATION The movement of energy occurs from regions Energy is transferred through of high temperature to low temperature. electromagnetic waves..  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS ENERGY & MATTER Heat and States of Matter We know that matter can change. When matter is subjected to heat, it can change into different states. The three primary states of matter are: SOLID LIQUID GAS Particles are tightly Less tightly packed Particles are far apart packed. than solids. from each other. Fixed shape and No fixed shape. No fixed volume. volume. Fixed Volume. No fixed shape. Rigid.  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS SYSTEMS I Wonder… What systems are you familiar with? Why are the systems you know considered systems? By answering these prompts, WHAT IS A SYSTEM?  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS SYSTEMS Definition of a System A system is any group of interacting parts or portion of the universe that can be observed, analyzed, and isolated from its other components. Systems are enclosed by a boundary. The nature of this boundary determines the type of a system. KEY IDEA #1 KEY IDEA #2 KEY IDEA #3 Any group of interacting A portion of Systems are enclosed by a parts. the universe boundary. that can be O C O O C O observed, C analyzed, O O and isolated.  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS SYSTEMS Examples of Systems Examples of systems include, but are not limited to: CELLS ANATOMICAL ECOSYSTEM BIOMES SYSTEMS  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS TYPES OF SYSTEMS Since systems are either (1) composed of matter or (2) is matter itself, systems can undergo changes. We know that for matter to undertake any form of change, energy must be involved. However, not all systems allow the exchange of matter and energy with its surroundings and other systems. KEY IDEA #1 KEY IDEA #2 KEY IDEA #3 Systems are either Any form of change Not all systems allow the composed of matter or requires energy. exchange of matter and matter itself. energy. Thermal Energy Thermal Energy  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS TYPES OF SYSTEMS There are three (3) types of systems: ISOLATED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM CLOSED SYSTEM MATTER MATTER MATTER ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY  ENERGY, MATTER, AND SYSTEMS TYPES OF SYSTEMS The Earth is a good example of a CLOSED SYSTEM closed system. Energy, in the form of radiation, can enter MATTER Earth. ENERGY Meanwhile, energy from the Earth also gets released to space in the same manner. However, the matter that enters Earth is quantitatively too immaterial relative to the total mass of the whole planet.  2 EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH IS A CLOSED SYSTEM As a closed system, energy CLOSED SYSTEM in the form of radiation from MATTER space can enter the Earth, ENERGY and the Earth radiates energy back to space. Meanwhile, the matter that enters earth, such as space debris, are too infinitesimal to be worth considering.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH IS A CLOSED SYSTEM As a system, it is composed of numerous and various interacting parts. However, the four main components that make up Earth’s system are known as subsystems.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH IS A CLOSED SYSTEM The Earth is composed of four basic subsystems: atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE HYDROSPHERE GEOSPHERE GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere It is the Earth’s life-supporting, gaseous envelope that is comprised predominantly of nitrogen and oxygen. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 The atmosphere serves as The atmosphere stretches Made up of 78% nitrogen, a barrier from space as far as 10,000km from 21% oxygen, and traces debris, cosmic rays, and Earth’s surface, and has of other gases. The solar winds. five (5) layers. abundance of oxygen helps life flourish.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Exosphere The uppermost layer that blends with what is considered outer space. The pull of Earth’s gravity is weak enough that molecules of gas escape into outer space.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Thermosphere Located below the exosphere. Not much is known about the thermosphere except that temperatures increase with altitude. The high temperature is caused by solar radiation.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Mesosphere The coldest temperatures are near the top of the mesosphere. The atmosphere is thin, but thick enough for meteors to burn up as they pass through. The upper boundary is called the mesopause.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Stratosphere Strong, non-turbulent, winds. Ideal for aircraft. Contains the ozone layer.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Stratosphere – The Ozone Layer Consists of molecules made of three (3) oxygen atoms. The amount of ozone is declining steadily. Linked to chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Troposphere Almost all weather develop here. This includes seasonal weather patterns, such as El Niño and La Niña. Water vapor, dust, and ash are mostly in this layer. It is where the greenhouse effect occurs.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Troposphere – Greenhouse Effect  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Atmosphere: Troposphere – Greenhouse Effect  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Hydrosphere The subsystem that includes the all the Earth’s water, such as streams, lakes, underground water, oceans, and even ice and snow. The presence of liquid water is essential for life on Earth. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 The hydrosphere is all Approximately 70% of the Water moves through the water in a planet existing Earth’s surface is water. hydrosphere in a cycle, in different states: liquid, ≈ 3% of Earth’s water is known as the Water vapor (gas), and ice (solid). fresh water. ≈ 1% of all Cycle. fresh water is drinkable.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Hydrosphere: The Water Cycle EVAPORATION CONDENSATION Driven by the sun. Gas changing back to liquid. The process of a liquid changing to gas. Water vapor condenses around tiny particles Oceans, lakes, or rivers evaporate and becomes called cloud condensation nuclei (i.e., dust, water vapor. salt, pollutants) Water vapor is also a greenhouse gas. For snow, the process is deposition. RUNOFF PRECIPITATION Runoff occurs when there is more water than Any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth land can absorb. because of condensation/deposition in the The excess liquid flows across the land and into atmosphere. nearby bodies of water. One way water is cycled from the atmosphere Carries nutrients and harmful materials. to the earth or ocean.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere It is the solid part of the Earth consisting primarily of rocks and regolith. It is composed of the lithosphere (i.e., crust and mantle), the outer core, and inner core. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 The outer shell of the It is composed of Internal geologic Earth is called the naturally occurring solid processes resulted in the lithosphere. Two types: aggregates of minerals, creation and Continental lithosphere organic material, rocks, maintenance of the and Oceanic lithosphere. and regolith. Magnetosphere.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere: The Lithosphere The outer shell of the Earth is called the lithosphere: Granite Composed Mantle of silica and aluminum. Basalt Composed of iron and The oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust due to the magnesium. difference in their chemical composition. Basalt is heavier than granite.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere: Plate Tectonics It is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. Subduction Lateral Sliding Spreading Plate movements are caused by the Earth’s internal heat. Along with other geological processes, these continuously alter the shape of the solid surface of the Earth.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere: Magnetosphere Earth has a magnetosphere or a geomagnetic field which is closely associated with Earth’s geosphere. Earth has a magnetic north pole and magnetic south pole; not to be confused with the geographic north and south poles  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere: Magnetosphere A planet must meet several requirements to have its own geomagnetic field: ROTATION INTERIOR FLUID CONDUCTIVE ENERGY The planet should The interior must The interior fluid The core must have a be rotating fast have a fluid must be able to source of energy to enough. medium. conduct electricity. propel convection.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Geosphere: The Earth’s Core Magnetosphere The motion of the materials in the Earth’s outer metallic core results in the generation of a magnetic field. The Earth’s magnetosphere is the atmosphere’s primary defense against deterioration. Without our atmosphere, which protects us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation and traps heat, life wouldn't be possible.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Biosphere This subsystem comprises all life-forms on Earth, including the human subsystem called anthroposphere. It also includes any organic matter not yet decomposing. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 Exists in the zone where Various flora and fauna This led to a complex the interaction among were able to evolve and exchange of nutrients the different subsystems adapt to various and energy known as the is most dynamic. environments over time. food chain and the food web.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Biosphere: Nutrients and Energy in the Biosphere The food chain is a linear sequence where nutrients and energy are transferred from one organism to the other. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Detritivore Carnivore Detritus Food Chain – This begins with dead Detritus or organic material. Nutrients and energy from food “Dead material” pass into decomposers and detritivores, which are further eaten by smaller carnivores. Grazing Food Chain – This starts with green Plants or plants, passes through herbivores, and then to Vegetation carnivores. Energy in the lowest trophic level is acquired from photosynthesis. Herbivore Carnivore  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Biosphere: Biosphere Reserves People play an important part in maintaining the flow of energy in the biosphere. Sometimes, however, people disrupt the flow (e.g., oil spills, and deforestation). In the early 1970s, the United Nations established a project called Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), which promotes sustainable development. A NETWORK biosphere reserves exists to establish a working, balanced relationship between people and the natural world.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS The Biosphere: Biosphere Reserves Each biosphere reserve consists of three interconnected zones: Core Transition Areas They comprise a strictly protected zone that The transition area is where contributes to the conservation of landscapes, communities foster socio-culturally ecosystems, species and genetic variation. and ecologically sustainable economic and human activities. Buffer Zones They surround or adjoin the core area(s) and are used for activities compatible with sound ecological practices that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training and education.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS SCAN ME TO EXPLORE Albay, Palawan, and Puerto Galera biosphere reserves! The Biosphere: Biosphere Reserves Along with Albay, Palawan, and Puerto Galera, Apayao is Philippines’ 4th UNESCO biosphere reserve.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS I Wonder… How do these subsystems interact with one another? Let’s strengthen your understanding through a FORMATIVE ACTIVITY: EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS MATRIX  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Feedback Mechanisms The Earth’s four subsystems are dynamic and interconnected. An alteration in one may trigger a chain reaction that will affect another. The interactions of the Earth’s subsystems bring about changes in the environment. These changes may result from the inputs and outputs of a system: Outputs Inputs Losses of Additions each system in each system (e.g., precipitation). (e.g., rainwater).  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Feedback Mechanisms As a response, a system adjusts to these changes through feedback mechanisms. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 A modification or control It either brings the It occurs when the output of a system in response to system to a new state or of a system also serves the products or results of returns it to its original as its input. that system’s processes. state.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Feedback Mechanisms There are two (2) types of feedback: Take Note! POSITIVE NEGATIVE Not all positive feedback are beneficial FEEDBACK FEEDBACK and not all negative feedback are detrimental In the context of feedback Enhances or amplifies Also known as the & mechanisms. some initial changes in a balancing feedback. It system by causing further stabilizes a system by For an example, let’s look at Global increase or decrease in lessening the fluctuations Warming and the feedback mechanisms its input or output. in its output. involved in it.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Feedback Mechanisms - Global Warming Here is an example of Feedback Mechanisms. Context: Human activities increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In turn, this raises POSITIVE NEGATIVE global temperature. FEEDBACK FEEDBACK Snow Cover Reduction Cloud Cover – Increased & Result: Consequently, rising and Permafrost Meltdown: evaporation means temperatures may lead to changes in Both of these events increased condensation. the atmosphere, land, and bodies of further increase the More clouds means more water that may increase (i.e., positive warmth of our planet. cover from radiation. feedback) or reduce (i.e., negative feedback) the warming of the Earth.  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS I Wonder… How do these subsystems interact with one another? Let’s strengthen your understanding through a FORMATIVE ACTIVITY: CONSTRUCTING FEEDBACK  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Formative Activity: Constructing Feedback Instructions Study the images and answer the following questions: 1. How do the Earth’s subsystems interact to produce the scenario in the images? 2. How do you think the reduction of ice cover affects the surrounding landmasses? What about Earth as a whole? 3. Is the increase in global temperatures a positive feedback or a negative feedback? Explain.  3 LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS I Wonder… What are the unique features of the Earth that enable it to support life? Let’s strengthen your understanding through an FORMATIVE ACTIVITY: WORD CLOUD  EARTH AS A SYSTEM AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS I Wonder… Write on the board concepts from subsystems that will support life on Earth. LIFE ON EARTH  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH Characteristics of the Earth that are Necessary to Support Life While there are a myriad of factors that make the Earth habitable, the following are the primary ones. KEY IDEA #1 KEY IDEA #2 KEY IDEA #3 The protection that the Existence and composition The presence of liquid magnetosphere provides. of the atmosphere. water due to the habitable zone.  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH The Protection of the Magnetosphere The magnetosphere acts a shield against powerful, yet harmful, gamma radiation. Without the magnetosphere the atmosphere is vulnerable. To know more, let’s watch the following video!  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH Existence and Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere contains the air that most organisms require for respiration. Moreover, the chemical composition of the atmosphere protects us from harmful radiation. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 The abundance of oxygen The atmosphere also It houses the ozone layer on Earth helps life to influences surface which is responsible for flourish. temperature, weather, and blocking the harmful climate which are ultraviolet radiation. essential to biodiversity.  ! HOWEVER…  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH ! HOWEVER,… Earth is currently experiencing climate change. These are complex shifts in climate currently affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems. Hydrometeorological THE hazards (i.e., Typhoons) IMPACT Melting polar ice and rising sea levels Displacement of organisms  ! In the Philippines… The country records an annual mean of 24 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³) for fine particulate matter, significantly surpassing the recommended maximum level of 5 µg/m³.  ! In the Philippines… Air pollution in the Philippines stems from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Considering that 53% of the population is without access to clean fuels and technology for cooking.  ! In the Philippines… And considering that many vulnerable communities make charcoal as a living (AROMA and ULINGAN SLUMS). Approximately 400 families live in the ULINGAN SLUMS.  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH The Presence of Liquid Water Water existing in a liquid state enables many processes on the Earth to happen. Moreover, many organisms on the Earth depend on liquid water as a habitat. KEY KEY KEY IDEA #1 IDEA #2 IDEA #3 Approximately 70% of the Water is needed in order for Water enables many Earth’s surface is water. many natural weather biological processes to ≈ 3% of Earth’s water is events to happen. Without happen. This includes body- fresh water. ≈ 1% of all water, the humidity and rain temperature regulation. fresh water is drinkable. wouldn’t be possible.  ! HOWEVER…  LIFE-SUPPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LIFE ON EARTH ! HOWEVER… Many human activities influence the quality and availability of water on Earth. These activities result in several environmental concerns. Climate change and THE increasing/decreasing precipitation IMPACT Eutrophication, acidification, Introduction of invasive changes in water flow, and species – Impacts biodiversity wastewater mismanagement It’s worth noting that Mesopotamia, the first known human civilization, thrived because of water… It’s worth noting that Mesopotamia, the first known human civilization, thrived because of water…  ! Similarly, yet sadly, urban communities near bodies of water exist today.  ! However, the water near these communities can neither be consumed nor used for sanitation!  ! 11 million Filipino families lack access to clean water (National Water Resources Board)!  4 SYNTHESIS LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES & SEQUENCE By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life; and 2. explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. Energy, Matter, Life-supporting and Systems Features of the Earth 1 2 3 4 Earth as a System and Synthesis its Subsystems  EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEMS SYNTHESIS ACTIVITY What did I Learn? To wrap up this lesson, we will have your first graded written work. Let’s check what you learned from this lesson through a WRITTEN WORK: CONCEPT MAP Guidelines will be posted on Blackboard!