Energy Sources PDF

FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS Prepared by: LEMUEL A. ARANGORIN SHS Special Science Teacher 1 (2024) LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, I should be able to: 1. describe how fossil fuels are formed. (S11ES-Id-10) Fossil fuels are presently the world’s primary...

FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS Prepared by: LEMUEL A. ARANGORIN SHS Special Science Teacher 1 (2024) LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, I should be able to: 1. describe how fossil fuels are formed. (S11ES-Id-10) Fossil fuels are presently the world’s primary energy source. Fossil refers to the remains or traces of living things from previous geologic eras.  Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms (mostly plants).  Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons comprised primarily of the following elements: carbon and hydrogen and some sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and mineral matter. Coal is a black combustible rock made up of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and varying amounts of sulfur. Coal can be extracted from the earth thru mining. Once coal has been extracted, it can be used directly (for heating and industrial processes) or to fuel power plants for electricity. In coal-fired power plants, coal is burned. The heat produced by the combustion of the coal is used to convert water into high-pressure steam, which drives a turbine, which produces electricity. The Masinloc Power Plant is a coal-fired thermal power plant located in Zambales.  Over millions of years ago, many plants and animals died in wetlands, and were buried under oxygen-poor conditions, producing layers upon layers of partially decayed organic matter called peat.  As more rocks, dirt, and sediments pile on top, the layers of peat start to become compressed and heated. Water is squeezed out, and a soft, brownish coal called lignite begins to form.  The incredible heat and pressure from continued burial causes lignite to be transformed into coal: bitumen (“bi·chuh·muhn”) or anthracite. First, lignite becomes sub-bituminous coal, then bituminous coal, and finally the highest quality anthracite (metamorphosed coal). Coalification is a geological process of formation of materials with increasing content of the element carbon from organic materials that occurs in a first, biological stage into peats, followed by a gradual transformation into coal by action of moderate temperature (about 500 K) and high pressure in a geochemical stage. Coal formation goes through four stages, namely, peat, lignite, bitumen, and anthracite. Petroleum comes from the Latin words petra which means “rock”, and oleum which means “oil”. It is a naturally-occurring liquid composed of complex hydrocarbons and is found in geologic formations underneath Earth’s surface.  Natural gas is a hydrocarbon mostly made up of methane (CH4). Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This gas is lighter than air and is highly flammable.  Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from large quantities of microscopic aquatic organisms such as algae and planktons.  Dead marine organisms sink to the seafloor and become buried with other sediments. The organic matter in these organisms transform into a waxy material known as kerogen and eventually into hydrocarbons (catagenesis). How Oil and Gas Forms At a depth of 2,000 meters, when the temperature reaches 100°C, kerogen starts to release hydrocarbons: Between 2,000 and 3,800 meters, it turns into oil. This depth interval is known as the oil window. When the source rock sinks further, to between 3,800 and 5,000 meters, production of liquid hydrocarbons peaks. The liquids produced become increasingly lighter and gradually turn into methane gas, the lightest hydrocarbon. This depth interval is known as the gas window. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Prepared by: LEMUEL A. ARANGORIN SHS Special Science Teacher 1 (2024) LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, I should be able to: 1. explain how heat from inside the Earth (geothermal) is tapped as a source of energy for human use. (S11ES-Ie-11) Geothermal energy literally means heat from the earth. The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). As you descend deeper into the Earth's crust, underground rock and water become hotter. The heat inside the Earth is intense enough to melt rocks forming magma. Subsurface magma heats overlying rocks and groundwater, creating steam and hot water. The hot, less dense water rises through fissures and cracks in the ground.  STEAM The steam comes from reservoirs of hot water found a few miles or more below the earth's surface. HOT SPRINGS GEYSERS  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY has two primary purposes: ELECTRICITY GENERATION HEATING AND COOLING  People Can Harness GEOTHERMAL ENERGY through: GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS  Thermal energy, contained in the earth, can be used directly to supply heat or can be converted to mechanical or electrical energy. When a geothermal resource is available at temperatures above 120ºC, electricity can be generated.  Power plants use the steam produced by geothermal reservoirs to produce electricity. Bac-Man Geothermal Power Plant between Bacon, Sorsogon City and Manito, Albay in the Bicol region Energy Development Corporation Geothermal Power Plant in Tongonan, Kananga, Leyte  TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS At a small depth (from 12 to 40 feet) below the surface of the earth the temperature is constant throughout the year. TYPES OF HEAT PUMPS HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Prepared by: LEMUEL A. ARANGORIN SHS Special Science Teacher 1 (2024) LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, I should be able to: 1. explain how flowing water (hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of energy for human use. (S11ES-Ie-11) Hydroelectric energy is a form of renewable energy that uses the power of moving water to generate electricity. HYDROPOWER PLANTS Widely used for decades, hydropower plants are the world’s leading renewable energy source, producing 83% of renewable power.  Hydropower provides benefits beyond electricity generation by providing flood control, irrigation support, and clean drinking water. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY works with two mechanisms: WATER FLOW GRAVITY Faster-moving water has more kinetic energy. The kinetic energy generated by moving water has been used by humankind for centuries, to drive watermills that produce mechanical energy. Modern hydropower, sometimes referred to as “white coal," is harnessed in hydropower plants where electricity is generated. COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS have three main components: DAM PENSTOCK POWERHOUSE  DAM A dam can be opened or closed to control water flow, and contains a reservoir where water is stored.  PENSTOCK It channels water from its natural environment (river or lake) to supply the dam reservoir. It may be an open channel, a tunnel or pipeline.  POWERHOUSE It houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the generator driven by the turbines.  DAM PENSTOCK POWERHOUSE SN Aboitiz Power (SNAP)’s Magat is the largest hydropower plant in the Philippines with a capacity of 360 MW/940 GWh. TYPES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS TYPES OF HYROPOWER PLANTS IMPOUNDMENT FACILITY RUN-OFF RIVER FACILITY PUMPED STORAGE FACILITY Southern Leyte Electric Cooperative (SOLECO) First Gen Corp. ‘s 20-MW Pumped Storage Hydropower Facility in Nueva Ecija SN Aboitiz Power (SNAP)’s Magat is the largest hydropower plant in the Philippines with a capacity of 360 MW/940 GWh.