ENVR107 Fall 2023 Midterm Lab Practical Review PDF

Review Sheet: Midterm Lab Practical (In-person) ENVR107: Fall 2023 The Midterm Lab Practical will be in-person during lab (MAS-011). You will have 2m30s to complete each station/question, with 30s to move between stations/questions, unless otherwise organized in advance (i.e., ALERT form). The exam...

Review Sheet: Midterm Lab Practical (In-person) ENVR107: Fall 2023 The Midterm Lab Practical will be in-person during lab (MAS-011). You will have 2m30s to complete each station/question, with 30s to move between stations/questions, unless otherwise organized in advance (i.e., ALERT form). The exam will consist of 25 questions, each worth 4 marks. There will be a mixture of multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer questions. This exam will be closed-book. There will be 4 questions from every lab (Labs 1-6). There will be 1 question relating to the thematic concept (Graphing). Lab 1 – Scientific Method + Graphing Vocabulary Quantitative data – Measure the quantity rather than the quality. Qualitative data – Describing the quality of the data. Observation – Define the act or instance of noting a fact for a scientific purpose. Hypothesis – Explanation made based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Prediction – Someone thinks will happen, what’s observed under specific conditions. Concepts Describe possible sources of error, given a description of an experiment. Identify graph types (e.g., line graphs, X-Y scatterplots, bar graphs, pie charts). Differentiate between examples of quantitative and qualitative data. Give examples of quantitative and qualitative data. Develop a hypothesis, given a description of an experiment. Lab 2 – Human Populations Vocabulary Growth rate - a measure that indicates the increase or decrease of a quantity over time. Net population change – refers to the overall increase or decrease in the total population of an area over a specific time period. Birth rate - a measure that indicates the number of births per 1,000 individuals in a population over a specific time period. Death rate - a measure that indicates the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population over a specific time period. Net migration rate - a measure that indicates the difference between the number of immigrants (people moving into a country) and the number of emigrants (people leaving a country) per 1,000 individuals in a population over a specific time period. Median age - a statistical measure that represents the age at which half of the population is older and half is younger. GDP - stands for Gross Domestic Product. It is a commonly used economic indicator that measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, usually a year. Per capita - refers to a measurement that calculates the average amount or value of something per person in a specific population. It is commonly used in economics and statistics to provide a more accurate understanding of individual levels or shares within a larger group. Altruism - refers to the selfless concern and care for the well-being of others, often without expecting anything in return. It involves acts of kindness and generosity towards others, with the intention of promoting their welfare or happiness. Concepts Identify if a population is rapidly growing, staying the same, or decreasing, given a population growth rate. Predict how median age of a population will change, given a population growth rate. Solve for growth rate and net population change, given demographic data. Identify local “commons”. Relate local “commons” to the idea of “tragedy of the commons”. – An economic problem where one individual consume resources at the expense of society. It results in over consumption and harms all others. Identify natural resources and global commons. Lab 3 – Soils Lab Vocabulary Soil - a natural resource that forms on the surface of the Earth through the weathering of rocks, organic matter decomposition, and the accumulation of minerals, water, and air. Weathering - the process by which rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface break down and undergo physical and chemical changes. It is a natural process that occurs due to exposure to various elements of the Earth's atmosphere and environmental conditions. Permeability - refers to the ability of a material or substance to allow the flow of fluids or gases through it. It is a measure of how easily a substance can transmit or conduct these substances. Loam - a type of soil that is considered ideal for plant growth due to its balanced combination of sand, silt, and clay particles. Arable land - refers to land that is suitable for growing crops or agricultural purposes. Concepts Identify the different components of common fertilizers. Nitrogen (Ni), phosphorus (ph) and potassium (k). Recall the size difference between sand, silt, and clay. – Clay is the smallest and sand is the biggest. Relate the size of sand, silt, and clay to their permeability. – The most permeable is sand.Clay is the least permeable. Determine a soil’s texture using the soil textural triangle. – removal of trees and forests weather/climate conditions, how fertile the soil is, the amount of rainfall and the altitude and slope of the land. Determine a soil’s texture using the soils texture flow chart. Identify factors that affect land use. Lab 4 – Freshwater Species Assessment & Watersheds Vocabulary Watershed - refers to an area of land where all the water, such as rain, snowmelt, and groundwater, drains into a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean. Non-point source pollution - refers to pollution that does not come from a single, identifiable source but rather originates from multiple diffuse sources. Pervious surface - refers to a surface that allows water to pass through it and infiltrate into the underlying soil or drainage system. Impervious surface - refers to a surface that does not allow water to pass through it, resulting in runoff rather than infiltration into the ground. Point source pollution - refers to the release or discharge of pollutants from a single identifiable source into the environment. Parameters - refer to measurable characteristics or variables that define or describe a system, process, or situation. Nitrates - chemical compounds that contain the nitrate ion (NO3-). They are commonly found in the environment and have various roles in biological and chemical processes. Dissolved oxygen - refers to the amount of oxygen gas (O2) that is present and dissolved in a liquid, typically water. pH - a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution and is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. 14 Basic and 0 Acidic. Phosphates - chemical compounds that contain the element phosphorus (P) and oxygen (O). Eutrophication - a natural or human-induced process that occurs when excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, enter a body of water, leading to an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants. Hypoxia - a condition characterized by low oxygen levels in the environment or a specific part of the body, leading to potential harm to living organisms. Anoxia - a condition characterized by the complete absence or severe depletion of oxygen in the environment or a specific part of the body, which can have detrimental effects on living organisms. Macroinvertebrates - small organisms without a backbone that are visible to the naked eye and live in aquatic environments. Concepts Differentiate between point source pollution and non-point source pollution. Describe how eutrophication occurs. Describe how wetlands reduce pollution and eutrophication. – Sediment trapping, nutrient removal and chemical detoxification. List measures used to increase permeability of areas and reduce surface runoff. – Replace paved areas with raingardens and retention ponds. Use a macroinvertebrate sample to determine stream health, given the macroinvertebrate index table. Lab 5 – Plant Species Richness Vocabulary Ecosystem - refers to a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with their physical environment (abiotic factors) within a specific geographic area. Biotic factor - living components of an ecosystem that influence and interact with other organisms within the same environment. Abiotic factor - non-living components of an ecosystem that have an impact on the organisms and their environment. Biodiversity - refers to the variety and variability of living organisms in a specific area or on the entire planet. Disturbance - refers to any event or process that disrupts or alters the structure and function of an ecosystem. Species richness - refers to the number of different species present in a specific area or habitat. Concepts Differentiate between biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic is living and Abiotic isn’t living. Identify biotic and abiotic factors, given a landscape photo. Dead abotic alive biotic. Tally species richness, given a landscape photo or diagram. – check off living things in a photo. List the equipment used to find plant species richness in this lab. – data sheet, field indentification guide, measure tapes and pvc quadrants. Lab 6 – Temperature, Precipitation, and Biomes Vocabulary Weather - refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific location. Climate - refers to the long-term average weather patterns in a specific region. Biomes - large ecological regions characterized by distinct climate patterns, vegetation types, and animal communities. Rainshadow effect - refers to the phenomenon where a region experiences reduced rainfall on the leeward side of a mountain range due to the blocking of moisture by the mountains. Concepts Describe the difference between weather and climate. Compare two biomes based on their temperature and precipitation, given the categorization table. Explain how biomes follow an elevational gradient. Interpret climatograms. Compare climatograms. Thematic concept: Graphing Identify the following graph components: axis titles including units & descriptive graph title. Create axis titles and descriptive graph titles, given environmental data. Make a line graph, given latitude vs. length data. Make a bar graph, given species richness data.