Environment Unit 3 PDF

CO-CURRICULAR PAPER (Human Values and Environment Studies) UNIT-III BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT The lecture is designed to enable you to understand  Ecology: Brief Concept  Ecosystem Structure and Functions  Environmental Pollution:Causes, Effects and its Control  Energy R...

CO-CURRICULAR PAPER (Human Values and Environment Studies) UNIT-III BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT The lecture is designed to enable you to understand  Ecology: Brief Concept  Ecosystem Structure and Functions  Environmental Pollution:Causes, Effects and its Control  Energy Resources Department of Botany, National P.G.  Ecology: Brief Concept The word ecology is derived from Greek words ‘Oikos’ meaning house, habitat or place of living and ‘Logos’ meaning to study. Ecology is defined as the study of inter relationship and interaction of different organisms with each other and with their environment. It is concerned with the general principles that apply to both animals and plants. The meaning of the word ecology was given by German Biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Importance of Ecological Studies It is important for humanity to understand its environment because we have the ability to modify the environment through the use of technology. Therefore, ecology is more than just the understanding of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment; it also has social, political, economic and technological dimensions. It also is a study of evolutionary development of organisms, the biological productivity and energy flow in the natural system. To develop mathematical models to relate interaction of parameters and to predict the effects. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Classification of Ecology Based on study area : Autecology : It deals with the study of an individual species of organisms and it’s population. The ecologists study the behaviour and adaptations of particular species to the environmental condition at every stage of that individual’s life cycle. It is also called the Species ecology. Synecology : It deals with the study of communities, their composition, their behaviour and relation with the environment. It is also called as Ecology of communities. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Based on Environnent or habitat The study of interaction of organisms Aquatic ecology : in the water Marine water ecology - Ocean, Deep Sea, Estuary Freshwater Ecology - Lotic (Running water) – River, Stream, Spring & Lentic (Standing Water) –Pond, Lake. Terrestrial Ecology : on land surfaces divided as grassland ecology, forest ecology and desert ecology. Department of Botany, National P.G.  ECOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OR ECOLOGICAL HEIRACRCHY Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G. Biosphere is also known as Ecosphere. Earth is a Giant Ecosystem Department of Botany, National P.G.  ECOSYST EM Ecosystem is a biological community where the living and non-living components interact with each other as their physical environment. It is the functional unit of nature and varies greatly in size. Sir Arthur G. Tansley coined the term ecosystem in 1935. Types of Ecosystem 1. Natural ecosystem a)Aquatic Ecosystem. Eg- Running water, standing water, Marine ecosystem b)Terrestrial Ecosystem. Eg- Grassland, forest, desert ecosystem. 2. Artificial ecosystem - Man made ecosystem – operated and maintained by man himself Department of Botany, National P.G. STRUCTURE (or) COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem has two major components: Biotic (living) components Abiotic (non living) components Department of Botany, National P.G. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Biotic components: The living organisms (or) living members in an ecosystem collectively form its community called biotic components (or) biotic community. Examples:-Plants (producers),animals (consumers) and micro-organisms (decomposers). The members of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped in to three, based on how they get food. Producer (Plants) Consumer (Animals) Decomposers or Reducers or Nature’s Scavengers or Microconsumers (Micro- Department of Botany, National P.G. Producers (Autotrophs) Make their own food from compounds that are obtained from their environment. They are the source of all food in an ecosystem. On land, most producers are green plants. In freshwater and marine ecosystems, algae and plants are the major producers near shorelines. In open water, the dominant producers are phytoplankton (most of them microscopic) that float or drift in the water. Most producers capture sunlight to make carbohydrates (such as glucose) by photosynthesis. Eg Photosynthesis The green pigments called chlorophyll, present in the leaves of plants, converts CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight into carbohydrates. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Consumers (Heterotrophs) Get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains Primary consumers or herbivores : Are those that eat producers (plants) as a source of food. Secondary consumers or carnivores : Eat other animals. Tertiary Consumers : Large Carnivores which feed on secondary consumers. Quaternary Consumers : Largest Carnivores that feed on tertiary consumers. They are not eaten by any animals. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Decomposer/ Nature’s Scavengers (Microconsumers- due to their small size): Mostly certain types of bacteria and fungi are specialized consumers that recycle organic matter in ecosystems. They do this by breaking down (biodegrading) dead organic material to get nutrients and releasing the resulting simpler inorganic compounds into the soil and water, where they can be taken up as nutrients by producers. Decomposers are also called as reducers because they are able to remove or degrade the dead bodies of organisms Abiotic components Consists of Non-living chemical & physical components such as water, air, nutrients in the soil or water & Solar Energy. Physical & chemical factors that influence living organisms in land (terrestrial) ecosystem & aquatic life zones. Abiotic factors can act as limiting factors that keep aof population Department atP.G. Botany, National a certain level. Abiotic Components are mainly of two types they : 1)Climatic Factors: which include rain, temperature, light, wind, etc. 2)Edaphic Factors: refers to factors of soil which include soil pH, Topography, Mineral composition, etc. Department of Botany, National P.G. Trophic Levels Trophic level is the relative position of an entity in the food chain. It forms the feeding positions in a food web or chain. All food webs and chains have at least two or three trophic levels. Their number is limited as there is a loss of energy at every level. Ecological Pyramids An ecological pyramid depicts how energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Types of Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers In this type of ecological pyramid, the number of organisms in each trophic level is considered as a level in the pyramid. The pyramid of numbers is usually upright except for some situations like that of the detritus food chain, where many organisms feed on one dead plant or animal. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Pyramid of Biomass In this particular type of ecological pyramid, each level takes into account the amount of biomass produced by each trophic level. The pyramid of biomass is also upright except for that observed in oceans where large numbers of zooplanktons depend on a relatively smaller number of phytoplanktons. Terrestrial Vs. Aquatic Ecosystem Aquatic Department of Botany, National P.G.  Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of energy is the only type of ecological pyramid, which is always upright as the energy flow in a food chain is always unidirectional. Also,there withis aevery increasing and only trophic 10% of thelevel, total some environme At each trophic level of a food chain, loss of energy energy is lostenergy into entering the a nt. particular trophic level is available for transfer to the next trophic level. Therefore, the pyramid of energy is always upright with a broad base and a tapering apex. [Ten Percent Law] Department of Botany, National P.G. Ecological Pyramid Importance They show the feeding of different organisms in different ecosystems. It shows the efficiency of energy transfer. The condition of the ecosystem can be monitored, and any further damage can be prevented. Limitations Department of Botany, National P.G. Functions of Ecosystem or Ecosystem Dynamics Ecosystems are complex dynamic system. They perform certain functions. Functions of Ecosystem: (i)Productivity, (ii)Decomposition, (iii)Physical (energy flow), (iv)Biological (food chains, food web, ecological succession),and (v)Biogeochemical (nutrient cycling) processes Department of Botany, National P.G. Productivity Constant input of solar energy is the basic requirement (Ultimate Source) for any ecosystem to function and sustain. Primary productivity: Amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis. i)Gross Primary Productivity: Rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis. ii)Net Primary Productivity: Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses (R). Department of Botany, National P.G.  Equation for gross productivity and net productivity Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – Respiratory Losses (R) Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  (II) DECOMPOSITIO N Decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients and the process is called decomposition. Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remain of animals, including fecal matter, constitute detritus, which is the raw material for decomposition. Detritivores (e.g., earthworm) break down detritus into smaller particles. This process is called fragmentation. Department of Botany, National P.G. (III) Biological (food chains, food web, ecological succession) (A)Food Chain The transfer of food energy from the producers, through a series of organisms (herbivores to carnivores to decomposers) with repeated eating and being eaten, is known as food chain. In nature, basically two types of food chains Department of Botany, National P.G.  Detritus food Grazing food chain chain https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-detrital-and-grazing-food-chain/ Department of Botany, National P.G. Food webs: A complex network of interconnected food chains of different tropic levels in a Biotic community is termed as a food web. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Energy flow All eco-systems are energy driven complexes. The energy concerned to eco-system is light energy, chemical energy, heat energy and the source of all these energies is “solar energy”. This energy gradually transfers to light, chemical and heat energy. 1% of total energy falling on plants used for photosynthesis and this is only source of energy for proper functioning of the eco-system. The fixation of solar energy by the plants and its utilization in the form of food by living organisms obey the 2 laws of thermodynamics. 1st law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only transfer from one form to another. 2nd law: It states that every transformation of energy is accompanied by a simultaneous degradation ofBotany, Department of energyNationalfrom P.G. concentrated form to Department of Botany, National P.G. BIOGEOCHEMICAL The term biogeochemical is derived from “bio” meaning biosphere, “geo” meaning the geological CYCLES components and “chemical” meaning the elements that move through a cycle. All elements in the earth are recycled time and again. The major elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulphur are essential ingredients that make up organisms. Biogeochemical cycles refer to the flow of such chemical elements and compounds between organisms and the physical environment. Nutrient cycles are of two types: (a) gaseous and (b) sedimentary. The reservoir for gaseous type of nutrient cycle (e.g., nitrogen, carbon cycle) exists in the atmosphere Department of Botany, National P.G.  Nitrogen Cycle https://www.careerpower.in/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/08/19113854/Nitrogen -Cycle.png Department of Botany, National P.G. ENERGY RESOURCES Energy resources are something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity, the capacity produce an effect to do some work. The demand for energy resources are increasing day by day in the development of industries, transportation and agricultural activities Department of Botany, National P.G.  TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES On the basis of sources energy are classified into categories, renewable energy resources and non renewable energy resources. i) Renewable energy resources: These energy resources are also known as non conventional energy resource, which can be regenerated continuously. It can be used again and again in an amount. manner endless For solar energy, because wind energy, these resources arebio-fuels, available hydro energy, in large example, geothermal energy, wave & tidal energy. ii) Non renewable resources: These energy resources are also known as conventional (traditional) energy resources. It cannot be replenished when these sources are exhausted because these resources are present in limited amount and take a long period of Department of Botany, National P.G. Department of Botany, National P.G.  SOLAR ENERGY It is also a renewable energy resource. In this case we get electricity directly from the sun light, contains radiation like ultraviolet, visible and infrared etc. India received 4–8 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day which is equal to 5000 trillion kWh per year. In order to give a boost to the solar energy sector, India saw the advent of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (launched in 11 January, 2010). This ambitious solar mission aims to install 100 GW grid-connected Department solar power plants by of Botany, National P.G. Advantage of solar energy i) It is renewable source of energy. ii) Low cost of maintenance. iii) Solar energy is non polluting sources of energy. Disadvantage of solar energy i) Installation cost is high. ii) Lots of space is needed to install the solar panels. iii) During cloudy days and winter season energy production is lower down. Department of Botany, National P.G.  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY The term geothermal comes from Greek word Geo means Earth and Thermos means Heat. Energy which obtained from the earth’s core is known as geothermal energy. In earth’s core geothermal energy continuously produce due to collision of tectonic plates and due to decay of radioactive materials. Department of Botany, National P.G.  BIOGAS It is formed by the bacterial degradation of biomass under anaerobic condition (airtight digesters). Biogas mainly contains methane (50-70%), carbon dioxide and trace amount of water, sulfur and hydrogen sulphide. Biogas generation The biogas generated by anaerobic digestion of organic waste (animal waste, plant residue, crops) in biogas plant, mainly involve three steps: hydrolysis, acid formation and gas production. Advantage of biogas i) Produce organic waste ii) Burn without smoke iii) Renewable iv) Help to reduce waste. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Environmental Pollution Environmental pollution: types, causes, effects and controls; Air, water, soil and noise pollution Nuclear hazards and human health risks Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste. Pollution case studies. Department of Botany, National P.G.  POLLUTI Definition ON Pollution is an change in undesirable chemical and biological physical, characteristics of our land, air or water caused by excessive accumulation of pollutants (i.e. Substances which cause pollution). KINDS OF POLLUTION The pollution is of four major types namely air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and noise pollution. In terms of origin it may be natural or anthropogenic (man-made). Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  AIR Degradation of air andPOLLUTION natural condition constitute quality air atmospheric pollution. The air pollutant may be a gas or particulate matter. Air pollutants and their effects Particulate matter – it comprises of small suspended particles such as soot, dust, pesticides, etc., and biological agents such as spores, pollen and dust mites. It causes respiratory ailments such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, etc., Carbon monoxide – is a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles. It is highly poisonous to most animals. When inhaled, carbon monoxide Department Kavita reducesof Botany, the oxygen National P.G.  Air pollutants and their effects Hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons such as methane, are evolved from soil microbes (methanogens) in flooded rice fields and swamps. They are also generated during the burning of coal and petroleum products. Sulphur dioxide – is released from oil refineries and ore smelters which use the sulphur containing fuels. It causes harmful effects on plants and animals. It causes chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll) and necrosis (localised death of tissues). In human, it causes health problems such as asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. KavitaNitrogen oxides – It causes Departmentreddish brown of Botany, National P.G.  Secondary effects of air Photochemicalpollution smog – Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. It is formed in the atmosphere under the influence of sunlight by the photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and oxygen, resulting in the formation of PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate). PAN is a secondary pollutant because it is formed in the atmosphere after the emission of primary pollutants which is a part of smog that causes air pollution. PAN damages the chlorophyll and thus reduces photosynthesis and growth. It also causes acute irritation of eyes and throat. Visibility of the surrounding is reduced due to smog. Acid rain – gases such Department Kavita as Sulphur di oxide and of Botany, National P.G.  Greenhouse The greenhouse effect is the riseEffect in the earth's global average temperature. The greenhouse effect occurs when gases in the Earth's atmosphere capture the sun's heat. This process warms the Earth significantly more than it would be without an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the factors that contribute to Earth being a desirable place to live. Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. Water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Such gases in the atmosphere act as a blanket, trapping/absorbing some of the infrared radiation emitted by the earth and releasing some of it to it. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  Effects of Increased Greenhouse Global Warming: This is the gradual rise in the Gases average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere. The main cause of this environmental problem is the increased production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane from the combustion of fossil fuels, as well as emissions from vehicles, industries, and other human activities. Ozone Layer Depletion: The ozone layer protects the earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. It can be found in the stratosphere's upper reaches. The depletion of the ozone layer allows harmful UV rays to enter the earth's surface, which can cause skin cancer and drastically alter the climate. The accumulation of natural greenhouse gases such as chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, and others is the primary cause of this phenomenon. Smog and Air Pollution: Smog is created when smoke and fog combine. It can be caused by both natural and man-made factors. Smog is caused by the accumulation of more greenhouse gases, such as nitrogen and sulphur oxides. Automobile and industrial emissions, agricultural fires, natural forest fires, and Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G. chemical reactions are the major  Control of air 1. The particulates emitted by industries should be controlled pollution by devices such as scrubbers, precipitators and filters. 2. Use of unleaded or low sulphur fuel is to be encouraged. 3. Shifting to non-conventional sources of energy (e.g solar energy, hydel energy, tidal energy, etc.,) in order to reduce the dependance of conventional sources. 4. Smoking in public places should be prohibited, because the cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as benzopyrene. An average smoker runs the risk of developing heart and lung diseases. 5. Planting of trees along the road sides and around industrial areas. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  WATER Water pollution is POLLUTION defined as the adding of unwanted substances or the change of physical and chemical characteristics of water in any way which makes it unfit for human consumption. It is caused by waste products of industries (effluents), domestic sewage, oil spillage, agricultural and industrial run off etc., Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  Sources and effects of water Industrial pollution wastes –The industrial effluents containing heavyasmetals such arsenic, and chemicals cadmium, copper, mercury, zinc, bodi nickel, such asetc. es lakes, ponds and rivers directly without released properintotreatment. the water These wastes contaminate the water bodies and make them unsuitable for human consumption. Hot water is another noted pollutant Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  Sources and effects of water 1. pollution.. Many industries use water as a coolant for the machinery and release of hot waste water into the water bodies causing thermal pollution which affect both the plantsurface 2. The and animal life. run off - the fro surface run off agricultural m landand pesticides isresidues of wit contaminated inorganic fertilizers. h 3. The run off from urban and industrial are rich in organic and inorganic Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  Sources and effects of water 4. Oilpollution... spills – An oil spill is an accidental discharge of petroleum products in oceans and estuaries from capsized oil tankers, offshore drilling and exploration operations. It can cause drastic damage to the marine and coastal bio diversity. 5. Domestic Sewage – It is rich in organic 6 matter and detergents. Availability of excess Decomposition nutrients. of organic bloom results inmatter onthe increases resultingthe in nutrient surface algal content of water of the water bodies. the Oxygen Demand). deficiency of This in(BOD oxygen turn– leads to thecontent aquaticdeath of organisms. This is known Eutrophica process Biologicalas Kavita tion. Department of Botany, National P.G.  Control of water 1. Sewage treatment plants installe should treatbe pollutiond to sewage before releasing into water bodies. 2. Excessive use of agrochemicals such as pesticides, 3. Biological control of insect pests herbicides and fertilizers, should be and organic farming is to be avoided. followed in order to reduce the dependence on pesticides and inorganic fertilizers. 4. By legislation and strict enforcement. 5. By creating social awareness among people about the water Kavita pollution Department of Botany, National P.G.  SOIL Soil pollution POLLUTION is the unfavorable alteration of soil by the addition or removal of substances which decrease soil productivity and ground water quality. human dumping It usuallylike activities results from of differentuse of waste, chemic agro als, Kavita mining and Department of Botany, National P.G. SOIL POLLUTION : Causes and Theeffects industrial solid waste and sludge contain toxic organic and inorganic compounds as well as heavy metals. The radio active waste from nuclear power plants and nuclear explosions also contaminate the soil. Fly ash contains fine particulates which are released from thermal power plants. It settle on the The hospital ground and cause contains pollution. a waste varietyof The domestic waste is rich in pathogens seriously organic matter and  SOIL POLLUTION : Causes and Agrochemicals effects such as pesticides, insecticides and inorganic fertilizers may pollute drinking water and can change the chemical properties of the soil adversely affecting the soil organisms. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  CONTROL OF SOIL Management POLLUTION of soil wastes include collection and categorization of wastes. Recovery of resources like scrap metals, plastics, etc., for recycling and reuse and safe disposal with a minimum environmental hazards is to be followed. Other notable methods of waste disposal include incineration (burning in the presence of oxygen) and pyrolysis (burning in the absence of oxygen). Afforestation and reforestation should Kavitabe undertaken on Department a largeof Botany, scale to P.G. National  RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION The emission of protons, electrons and electromagnetic radiations released by the disintegration of radioactive substances such as radium, thorium, uranium, etc,. Effects :- cause air, water and land pollution. The ionising radiations can cause mutations. Strontium-90 accumulates in bones causing bone cancer. Iodine-131 can damage bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and can cause leukemia (blood cancer). Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION: PREVENTIVE MEASURES Care should be taken theprevent to of substan leakage radioactive ces from Radioac reactor wastes should s. disposed tive off besafely. nuclear Strict measures should be infollowed the construction and maintenance of nuclear power plants to prevent nuclear accidents. of Control or nuclear prevention tests. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  NOISE POLLUTION Noise may defined be as and an unwanted unpleasant sound that may have adverse effects on animals and humans. The unit of sound level is decibels (db). Noise level above 120 Kavita db is considered Department of Botany, National P.G.  NOISE Sourc POLLUTION.. The different sources associated es with noise pollution industrial are machinery, road, transp rail and air ort, loudspeakers, construction househ equipments, appliances, old Effects crackers, etc,. Noise seriously affects breathing, heartbeat, cause and can constriction of blood It can cause headache, sleeplessness, vessels. irritability and may seriously affect the productive performance of human. Loud noises (above 130 db) can cause loss Kavita of hearing Department of Botany, National P.G.  NOISE POLLUTION: Control measures The industries should be established away from residential areas. Trees should be planted along roadside or highways to The machinery and motor vehicles reduce noise levels. maintained industrial in order to should beminimize properlythe noise. The use of loudspeakers and bursting of crackers should be restricted. Effort must be made to create awareness among people about the harmful effects of noise and the need to control it. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? Solid or semi-solid material WASTE is a any Thrown (including gases and liquids in material, regarded away” containers) which are non as useless unwanted soluble in nature are solid waste. Solid and certain time at includes and place waste demolition agricultural waste, waste, refuse, residues,industrial garbage,mining sewage municipal sludge, etc. be Bio-degradable: paper, wood, fruitsdegraded and others) Non-biodegradable: Cannot be old can degraded Plastics, - Bottles, Machines etc. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G. Department of Botany, National P.G.  TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: Household waste or municipal waste: includes food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc. Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris from construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc. Biomedical waste or hospital waste: Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Agricultural waste: includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals. Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper disposal. Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials, gases etc. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  New Delhi: Capital of India Department of Botany, National P.G.  E-waste E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods which are not fit for their originally intended use such electronics goods may be television, radios, computers, printers etc. 3 3 Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  TOXIC CHEMICALS IN E-WASTE Lead – Affects Central and Peripheral Nervous system, Kidney Damage, Inhibits oxygen carrying capacity of blood Cadmium – Toxic, stores in Kidney, Neural damage Mercury – Chronic damage to brain, Respiratory and skin disorders Chromium – DNA disorders, Asthma Barium – Muscle weakness, kidney damage Beryllium – Lung cancer, beryllicosis, skin diseases Kavita PVC – Hormonal Department problems, of Botany, National P.G. Reproductive  Massive awareness to consumers Setting up of more collection centers and collection points Manufactures responsibility to provide good standard materials and assurance for recycling Fair Trade principles More recycling units by providing subsidized financial supports Proper training to Workers dealing recycling units Ban on importing e-waste from other countries Proper monitoring and evaluation system by the regulators in all levels Sell or dump of e-waste only to government authorized recyclers Green and energy efficient devices by the manufactures Department of Botany, National P.G.  Composting Harnessing natural decomposition to transform organic material into compost Materials such as plants, food scraps, and paper products can be decomposed into the organic matter. The organic matter that is produced from recycling can be agricultural uses. Usually this method of recycling is done by putting the materials in a container and let to stay there until it decomposes. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  ADVANTA DISADVANTAGES Convenient GES There are three main direct Inexpensive public health risks from ocean Source of dumping: Occupational injuries nutrients for accidents, and fishes and exposures marine exposure toxic of the materials hazardous washed up on mammals. public beach to sand. or human of Vast amount of consumption marine space is available. organisms that contamin All type of have been Highly by dangerous forated wastes are ocean disposal. aquatic life. disposed. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G.  Recycl It is basically o conversion processing of a ingr waste item into usable forms. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, manag and everyelectronics. kind of But ing recycling waste is not a solution to materi al. items plastic wrap, like margar container For plastic yogurt cups,etc. bags, ine many recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe. Kavita Department of Botany, National P.G. Japan - probably the most successful recycling programs in the world Department of Botany, National P.G.  MAIN ISSUES ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT UNWILLINGNESS TO INTRODUCE PROPER COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS Kavita LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Department TOWARDS of Botany, National P.G. Thank You Department of Botany, National P.G.