Envi Sci Midterms Reviewer.pdf

ECOLOGY VS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - Student of Aristotle - ECOLOGY: 5. Pomponius Hela - Biotic + Abiotic Factors...

ECOLOGY VS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - Student of Aristotle - ECOLOGY: 5. Pomponius Hela - Biotic + Abiotic Factors - Geographer - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: - Climate Zone System - Biotic + Abiotic Factors + Social Factors + Economical Factors + Cultural - Hela classified the world into climate and environmental zones Conditions 6. Pliny the Elder/Gaius Plinius Secundus - In short: NATURAL + SOCIAL SCIENCES - 37-volume encyclopedia: “Naturalis Historia” (Natural History) - Compiled knowledge of the natural world HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 7. Muslim Scholars 1. Thales of Miletus - Translated works from Greek and Latin to Arabic - Started PHILOSOPHY (“Love of Wisdom”) - By preserving, synthesizing, and expanding the knowledge of ancient - Sought natural explanations for phenomena civilizations, particularly the works of Greek, Roman, Indian, and - His contributions are not directly tied to environmental protection Persian scholars, Muslim intellectuals laid important foundations for - His philosophy and scientific approach laid foundational ideas that modern scientific thought, including early environmental awareness have long-term implications for environmental protection 8. James Ussher 2. Hippocrates - Concluded the Earth was created in 4004 BCE - Made significant contributions to the understanding of the environment's - An Irish archbishop and scholar influence on human health 9. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - His book: “On Airs, Waters, Places” - Discovered the microscope - Hippocrates argued that environmental factors such as climate, water - Father of Microbiology quality, geography, and seasonal changes play a critical role in - Has works and observations on food chain and population regulation influencing human health 10. Rene Reamur - He suggested that living conditions, diet, and environmental - known for his extensive studies on insects exposures could affect a person’s well-being and susceptibility to - French naturalist and entomologist diseases 11. Charles Darwin 3. Aristotle - Studied evolution - His book: "Historia Animalium" (History of Animals), 12. Ulysses Grant - Detailed observations of plants, animals, and their habitats, classifying - Established the first natural park organisms based on their characteristics - Yellowstone National Park - His book: “Meteorology" - Has sulfur-rich ecosystem - About natural phenomena, including the water cycle 13. Theodore Roosevelt 4. Theophrastus - His administration was the Golden Age of Conservation in the US - Father of Botany SPECIFICALLY ON ES: - His observations and classifications of plants are key milestones in 14. Rachel Carson the development of environmental science, particularly in - Mother of Environmental Movement understanding plant life and ecosystems - Studied the effect of pesticides on the environment  - Which triggered most environmental activists during that time - 1970 - Green Revolution - Boom of the use of DDT (pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) 15. 1969 - Oil Spill in Sta. Barbara - Cuyahoga River Fire (in Cleveland, Ohio) - This was the year of major environmental issues becoming very public - Events during this time collectively started EARTH DAY and EARTH HOUR EVERYTHING CHANGES PHILIPPINES ○ All processes in nature are dynamic - keep on changing 16. 1970s ○ There will always be a succession of events or conditions following certain - PD 1151 National Environmental Policy changes in the environment - The Philippine environmental policy enacted in 1977 EVERYTHING MUST GO SOMEWHERE - On water and air quality management ○ Materials in the ecosystem are continually recycled and used repeatedly - Environmental protection and management ○ Restates the Law of Thermodynamics - In nature, there is no final waste, 17. 1999 matter and energy are preserved, and the waste produced in one ecological - RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act) process is recycled in another 18. 2000 OURS IS A FINITE EARTH - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 ○ Some resources that we depend on nowadays are extracted excessively but - Republic Act No. 9003 are slow to replace 19. 2004 ○ Increasing population decreases the amount of resources available to each - Philippine Clean Water Act person - Republic Act No. 9275 NATURE IS BEAUTIFUL AND WE ARE STEWARDS OF GOD'S CREATION _________________________________________________________________________ ○ Suggests how a Human-Creator relationship is translated into our attitude toward creation ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES ○ Humans are the stewards of all creation NATURE KNOWS BEST ○ Different religions from Islam to Buddhism to Christianism to indigenous ○ Any major man-made change in a natural system is likely to be detrimental to animism express the belief of caring for the earth, including all creatures that system ALL FORMS OF LIFE ARE EQUALLY IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC METHOD ○ Every living thing in this world has a purpose. a. Observation /collection of info EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED TO EVERYTHING ELSE b. Formulation of hypothesis ○ The ecosystems are complex and interconnected c. Research design ○ Small perturbations in one place may have large, distant, long-delayed d. Materials & methods effects somewhere e. Conduct f. Compare data  g. Conclusion Understand how the environment affects humans and vice versa h. Publication Helps us understand our relationship with the environment and informs our attempts to solve and prevent problems 4 LAWS OF ECOLOGY Helps us find balanced solutions to environmental problems for sustainable Everything is connected to everything else; development Everything must go somewhere; Enhance our knowledge and help us in addressing current environmental issues and Nature knows BEST concerns There is no such thing as a free lunch ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE) DPSIR FRAMEWORK Refers to the organized efforts to teach how natural environment functions, DPSIR (Drivers - Pressures - State - Impact - Response Model of intervention) specifically, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystem to live Is a flexible framework that can be used to assist decision-makers in many steps of sustainably the decision process. It can help in relating human activities to the state of the It is a process by which people develop awareness, concern, and knowledge of the environment environment and learn to use this understanding to preserve, conserve and utilize DRIVING FORCES the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of present and future ○ Human influences and natural conditions driving environment change generations PRESSURES It is the process of learning by giving all perspectives of knowledge and awareness ○ Stresses that human activities and natural conditions place on the of the environment. environment It sensitizes society about environmental issues and challenges interested STATE individuals to develop skills and expertise providing appropriate solutions ○ State or condition of the environment It is vital to impart an inherent respect for nature and society and t o enhance public IMPACTS environmental awareness. (UNESCO) ○ Biological, economic and social effects of environmental change RESPONSES ROLE OF EE ACCORDING TO UNESCO IN SAFEGUARDING FUTURE GLOBAL ○ Responses by government and society to the environmental situation DEVELOPMENTS OF SOCIETY AND SOCIETAL QUALITY OF LIFE (QOL) 1. The protection of the environment 2. Eradication of poverty 3. Minimization of inequalities and 4. Insurance of sustainable development FOCUS OF EE ACCORDING TO UNESCO Engaging citizens of all demographics to: _________________________________________________________________________ 1. Think critically, ethically, and creatively whenever cating environmental issues; 2. Make educated judgment about those environmental issues; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 3. Develop skills and a commitment to act independently and collectively to sustain Looks into how the natural world works and enhance the environment; and  4. To enhance their appreciation of the environment; resulting in positive environmental 4. Help address "nature deficit disorder". behavioral change - Lack of involvement with nature causes mental and emotional effects GOALS OF EE ACCORDING TO UNESCO PRINCIPLES OF EE The MAIN goal is to develop concern and awareness among world population about 1. Appreciate the gift of nature the total environment and its associated problems 2. Understand the following: SPECIFIC GOALS a. Immediate environment a. To improve the quality of the environment; b. Biotic and abiotic environment b. To create awareness among the people o n environmental problems and c. Inter-dependence of life at different trophic level conservation. d. Effects of unchecked population growth o r unplanned resource utilization of c. To create an atmosphere so that people participate in decision-making and the world develop the capabilities t o evaluate the developmental programs. 3. Develop interest in the: a. Flora and fauna of the environment OBJECTIVES OF EE b. Community and the problem of the people and society 1. Acquire an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its allied 4. Develop tolerance towards different casts, creeds, races, religions and cultures problems. 5. Examine trends in the population growth and interpret them for the socio-economic 2. Gain a variety of experiences and acquire a basic understanding of the environment development of the country. and its associated problems. 6. Evaluate the utilization of the physical and human resources and to suggest remedial 3. Acquire a set of values and feelings of concern for the environment and the measures. motivation for actively participating in environmental improvement and protection. 7. Diagnose the different causes of the following suggest remedial measures: 4. Acquire skills for identifying and solving environmental problems , a. Environmental pollution 5. To provide social groups and individuals with an opportunity to be actively involved at b. Social tensions all levels working towards the resolution of environmental problems. 8. Promote the value and necessity of local, national and international cooperation in the prevention of solutions t o environmental problems. AIMS OF EE 9. Value integrity, liberty, fraternity, truth and justice. 1. To provide different groups of people as well as graduates in a variety of professional 10. Love the neighbors and mankind as a whole. fields with the knowledge needed t o develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment and the rational utilization of its richness. 2. To make use of these knowledge and skills to preserve, conserve and utilize the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of present and future generations. IMPORTANCE OF EE 1. Increase student engagement in science 2. Improves students activities in core subjects areas; 3. Provides critical tools for a 21st century workforce; and Environmental Ethics - We must strive to use resources responsibly and with an eye to preserving - it is the discipline of philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings ecosystems and biodiversity to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human 4. Human Responsibility contents - We are responsible for our own actions and decision and their consequences for the - it is a field of study that seeks to understand human obligations to protect and environment preserve the environment 5. Human Equity - It is a branch of ethics that recognizes the intrinsic value of nature, the - We must strive for a just world where the rights and needs of human, animals, and interconnection of all living things, and the responsibility of humans to act in plants are respected and protected. accordance with ethical principles 6. Precautionary principle - We should take precautions against environmental harm, even when scientific Categories of Environmental Ethics evidence is inclusive 1. LIBERTARIAN EXTENSION 7. Right to Know - This concept also stresses that an individual should not impose their own values on - Individuals have the right to access information about environmental issues other and should instead respect the choices of others 8. Right to Participate - IT PROMOTES AN INDIVIDUAL'S RIGHT TO USE THE NATURAL - Citizens have the right to participate in environmental decision-making 2. ECOLOGICAL EXTENSION - A type of environmental ethics that focuses on preserving the natural environment 4 Important Questions You Need to Consider when Faced with an Ethical Choice and its resources in order to maintain the balance and health of the ecosystem for 1. What Is The Ethical Question? future generation - The ability to see the ethical dimensions of a given situation - ENCOURAGES HUMANS TO WORK 2. What Are The Relevant Facts? 3. CONSERVATION ETHICS - Scientific facts are important, and they provide a critical link between bioethics and - A type of environmental ethics that focuses on preserving the natural resources for biology future generations by ensuring that current resources are not depleted or damaged 3. Who or what could be affected by the way the questions get resolved? beyond repair - Think of the range of individuals,groups,or institutions that may have a stake in t h e - It encourages individuals to use natural resources responsibly and judiciously so outcome of ethical situation and how these stakeholders may be affected by the there will be enough for the future generations decision - EMPHASIZES SUSTAINABLE USE O F NATURAL RESOURCES 4. What Are The Relevant Ethical Considerations? - Respect for persons and fairness Principles of Environmental Ethics 1. Respect for the intrinsic value of nature PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES - Nature should not be treated as a commodity or resource to be exploited and 1. ANTHROPOCENTRISM discarded - This is a human centered ethics 2. Interdependence of Species and Ecosystem - It is the view that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests - Humans depend on nature and natural system alone - We must recognize our role in preserving and protecting the environment - It believes that everything else in the physical word should be considered as objects 3. Ecological Sustainability that exist for the purpose of satisfying man's needs and wants - Mankind Examples: a. Treatment of Animals - Humans are at the top of the animal hierarchy - Human characteristics are utilized to categorize other animals b. Eco Consciousness - Continue to value human life above ecological preservation - Failure to make changes as a species to preserve ecological balance 2. BIOCENTRISM - It's The Second Theory Of Moral Responsibility - It is also known as LIFE CENTERED environmental ethics - Recognizes that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist. - It puts intrinsic value on nature apart from the value it acquires when humans put it into use. - All living beings 3. ECOCENTRISM - Ecosystem-centric - Nature-centered (all living beings and non-living things) - The whole planet