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Lectures 1,2 Definition of a Sentence A sentence is a group of words that: 1. Contains at least one subject and one verb. 2. Starts with a capital letter and ends with punctuation. 3. Expresses a complete thought. Types of Sentence Structures 1. Simple Sentences: Contain a single independent cl...

Lectures 1,2 Definition of a Sentence A sentence is a group of words that: 1. Contains at least one subject and one verb. 2. Starts with a capital letter and ends with punctuation. 3. Expresses a complete thought. Types of Sentence Structures 1. Simple Sentences: Contain a single independent clause. Example: "I drink tea." Must include a subject and a verb. 2. Compound Sentences: Formed by joining two or more independent clauses using coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) or a semicolon. Example: "She was in class, but she arrived late." 3. Complex Sentences: Combine an independent clause with a dependent clause. Example: "I washed the dishes after I ate breakfast." Subordinating conjunctions like "after," "because," "although" are used. 4. Compound-Complex Sentences: Include at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. Example: "The assignment was completed, but he felt the reference list was not complete, even though he had spent two hours compiling it." Common Sentence Problems 1. Sentence Fragments: Incomplete sentences missing a subject, verb, or complete thought. Example: "Although the course was well organized" (needs an independent clause to complete it). 2. Run-on Sentences Two independent clauses incorrectly joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions. Example: "Overindulgence in fast food can lead to weight gain it can also cause health problems." 3. Comma Splices: Similar to run-on sentences but use a comma instead of appropriate punctuation. Example: "Overindulgence in fast food can lead to weight gain, it can also cause health problems." Corrections for Sentence Issues Use a semicolon: "Weight gain; it can also..." Add a conjunction: "Weight gain, and it can also..." Use a period: "Weight gain. It can also..." Lecture 3 Key Concepts on Paragraph Writing 1. Definition of a Paragraph: A paragraph is a group of sentences centered on the same topic. The main idea is often introduced in the first sentence, called the topic sentence. The topic sentence limits the scope of the paragraph, with supporting sentences elaborating on it. 2. Features of a Good Paragraph: Topic Sentence: Introduces the main idea and sets the focus. Supporting Sentences: Provide examples, explanations, or details related to the topic sentence. Concluding Sentence: Summarizes the paragraph or provides closure. 3. Common Mistakes with Topic Sentences Avoid phrases like "I want to tell you about..." or "This paragraph is about..." as they express intent rather than introducing the topic. Topic sentences must be clear and directly related to the paragraph's focus. Examples of Poor and Good Paragraph Structure: Poor topic sentence: "Physical therapy is a great way to relax and have fun." Issue: Misleads the reader; the paragraph focuses on recovery, not relaxation. Corrected topic sentence: "Physical therapy helps people recover from injuries and improve their movement." Topic Sentence Essentials: Complete Sentence: A topic sentence must be a complete thought, not a title or announcement. Two Parts: Topic: The general subject of the paragraph. Controlling Idea: Specifies the paragraph’s focus or angle on the topic. Examples of Topic and Controlling Ideas: "One of the most serious problems in today’s public schools is overcrowded classrooms." Topic: Overcrowded classrooms. Controlling Idea: Highlights the specific issue related to public schools. Lecture 4 Components of Medical Terms: Medical terms are built from three basic components: 1. Root: The core of the word providing the main meaning. Examples: cardi (heart): Cardiovascular, Cardiology. muscul (muscle): Musculoskeletal, Muscular. oste (bone): Osteopathy, Osteoporosis. 2. Prefix: Comes before the root and modifies its meaning. Examples: hyper- (over): Hypertension, Hyperglycemia. hypo- (under): Hypothermia, Hypotension. 3. Suffix: Follows the root, often indicating a condition or procedure. Examples: -itis (inflammation): Arthritis, Bronchitis. -pathy (disease): Neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy. -logy (study of): Biology, Neurology. Examples of Medical Terms: 1. Epigastric: Prefix: epi- (above). Root: gastr (stomach). Suffix: -ic (pertaining to). Definition: Refers to something located above the stomach. 2. Pericarditis: Prefix: peri- (around). Root: card (heart). Suffix: -itis (inflammation). Definition: Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart. 3. Neuropathy: Root: neuro- (nerve). Suffix: -pathy (disease). Definition: Disease or dysfunction of peripheral nerves. 4. Oliguria: Prefix: oligo- (few). Root: ur (urine). Suffix: -ia (condition of). Definition: A condition characterized by reduced urine production. 5. Dysphagia: Prefix: dys- (difficulty). Root: phag (eating/swallowing). Suffix: -ia (condition of). Definition: Difficulty in swallowing.