English Reviewer PDF

**ENGLISH REVIEWER** **RELEVANCE AND TRUTH** - RELEVANCE: Appropriateness of something is to what is being said - TRUTH: something that has been proven by facts or sincerity ***HOW TO SPOT FACTUAL/TRUTHFUL INFORMATION*** 1. *CONSIDER THE SOURCE* - Investigate the site/reference 2. *RE...

**ENGLISH REVIEWER** **RELEVANCE AND TRUTH** - RELEVANCE: Appropriateness of something is to what is being said - TRUTH: something that has been proven by facts or sincerity ***HOW TO SPOT FACTUAL/TRUTHFUL INFORMATION*** 1. *CONSIDER THE SOURCE* - Investigate the site/reference 2. *READ BEYOND* - Read and look for details such as statistics, date, name, etc. - FOCUS on the whole 3. *CHECK THE AUTHOR* - Do a quick search for reliability and credibility 4. *VERIFY SUPORTING SOURCES* - Determine if the given information supports the story. 5. *CHECK YOUR BIASES* - Consider your own beliefs if it will affect your judgement **INFORGRAPHIC** - VISUAL REPRESENTATION of information or data. - Collection of imagery, charts, and minimal texts. - Easy to understand overview **OPINION VS ARGUMENT** - ***ARGUMENT* --** Asserted reasons why one believes so. - *CONSISTS OF*: a. CONCLUSION (Indicators): - Therefore - Hence - Implies that - It follows that - So - Thus - Consequently b. *PREMIS*E (indicators) - Since - For - Given that - For the reason that - As - Is shown by the fact that *ARGUMENT IS VALID AND SOUND* **LOGICAL FALACIES** - Errors in reasoning that can be accidental or intentional. - Can be valid but not sound - Requires careful consideration and avoidance. 1. *HASTY GENERALIZATION* - Making assumptions about a whole group based on an inadequate sample. - Don't make a claim made from an evidence or two. 2. *POST HOC* - Stressing that two events are related in the sense that one causes another but they're actually not. 3. *SLIPPERY SLOPE* - Claiming a sort of chain reaction will take place by exaggerating without enough evidence. 4. *APPEAL TO AUTHORITY* - attempt to validate an by citing an authoritative source. - a claim is true simply because an authority figure made it **ISSUE** - A subject that people discuss about. ***TYPES OF ISSUES:*** 1. *SOCIAL ISSUES:* - Involves people in the society - The public recognizes the situation as a problem - Public considers it as a valid concern - Situation can be alleviated through joint actions of the citizens - Common problems that many people strive to solve. *(overpopulation, gender inequality, poverty, homelessness)* 2. *MORAL ISSUES:* - Internal concerns involve determining one\'s own values, beliefs, feelings, and learnings, which are often subjective and focus on self-discovery of morality. - Against the values, beliefs, and preferences. - Involves behavior patterns that bring conflicts. - Actions that have potential to harm - Morally and Illegaly wrong. - Violates the law of land - Done by a person, group, organization entrusted with authority *(corruption, manipulation, prostitution, extra marital/premarital relationship, psychical/mental abuses)* 3. *ECONOMIC ISSUES* - Being faced by the whole economy/regions of countries *(Prospects for growth, inflation, energy & the environment, inequality, labor issues, emerging markets, impact of new technology)* **TYPES OF JUDGEMENTS:** 1. *FACTUAL JUDGEMENTS:* - Based on observed facts or quantitative analysis. - Defined as the truths of the physical world. 2. *VALUE JUDGEMENTS:* - All moral judgements are value judgements - Not accessible via senses - Derived through one's own subjective reasoning *(FACTUAL JUDGEMENTS ARE CONVERSELY TRUE, BUT VALUE JUDGEMENTS MAY VARY DUE TO PERSONAL REFERENCES AND RELATIVE DEFINITION OF VIEWPOINTS* - *FACTUAL: Simon Riley is 6'10* - *VALUE: Simon Riley is tall)*