English Plinth to Paramount by Neetu Singh PDF

https://sscstudy.com/ https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ from Plinth to Paramount Indispensable for-...

https://sscstudy.com/ https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ from Plinth to Paramount Indispensable for- All Competitive Exams By Neetu Singh (Director) Paramount Coaching Centre Pvt. Ltd. Delhi Published by: Paramount Reader Publication 704, 1st floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ First Edition – May 2012 Second Edition –February, 2013 Price: ` 300 /- All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author and the publishers. The publishers have taken utmost precaution in publishing the book, yet if any mistake has inadvertently crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same. https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Dedicated to my beloved son whose time I stole to write this one https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ PREFACE To the First Edition This book ‘ English for General Competitions- from Plinth to Paramount’ is my gift to the aspirants of competitive exams who will surely be benefited by the approach of this book alongwith the numerous questions given at the end of every chapter carefully picked from different question papers of various competitive exams. The solution of every question has detailed explanation for easy understanding. All the latest questions especially of Passive Voice and Narration have been incorporated to help the students know the lattest pattern of the questions being asked in different competitive exams. In nutshell, I would like to say that this book is an attempt to fill the void that aspirants of Hindi Medium felt when it came to preparing English for Competitive Exams. I earnestly thank the students of Paramount Coaching Centre Pvt. Ltd. who helped me detect all the typographical and other mistakes, that might have crept inadvertently, had they not detected them with their keen sight. Our students’ constructive feedback and suggestions are most welcome which have always remained and will remain our guiding light. I will be highly obliged if you message/mail me your feedback or suggestion on 8860330003 or on [email protected]. Neetu Singh May 31, 2012 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Contents 1. VERB (BASIC)................................................................................................................................. 01 – 24 2. TENSE............................................................................................................................................... 25 – 40 3. PASSIVE VOICE............................................................................................................................. 41 – 75 4. NARRATION.................................................................................................................................. 76 – 109 5. QUESTION TAG............................................................................................................................ 110 – 112 6. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT.................................................................................................... 113 – 126 7. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE....................................................................................................... 127 – 133 8. VERB (ADVANCE)......................................................................................................................... 134 – 148 9. NOUN............................................................................................................................................... 149 – 165 10. PRONOUN....................................................................................................................................... 166 – 185 11. ADJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................... 186 – 201 12. CONJUNCTION............................................................................................................................. 202 – 215 13. ARTICLE........................................................................................................................................... 216 – 230 14. PREPOSITION................................................................................................................................ 231 – 269 15. ADVERB........................................................................................................................................... 270 – 283 16. WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED & MISUSED.............................................................................. 284 – 294 17. VOCABULARIES............................................................................................................................ 295 – 318 18. SYNONYMS (PRACTICE SET).................................................................................................... 319 – 328 19. ANTONYMS (PRACTICE SET).................................................................................................... 329 – 338 20. ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION..................................................................................................... 339 – 356 21. ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION (PRACTICE SET)..................................................................... 357 – 366 22. IDIOMS & PHRASES- 1................................................................................................................ 367 – 380 23. IDIOMS & PHRASES- 2................................................................................................................ 381 – 396 24. IDIOMS & PHRASES (PRACTICE SET).................................................................................... 397 – 416 bl fdrkc esa iz;qDrabbreviations S/ Sub Subject P Pronoun V1 First Form of Verb O/Obj Object S.P Singular Pronoun V2 Second Form of Verb V Verb P.P Plural Pronoun V3 Third Form of Verb S.V Singular Verb Adj. Adjective Aux. Verb Auxilliary Verb P.V Plural Verb Adv. Adverb U.N Uncountable Noun N Noun Prep Preposition S.C.N. Singular Countable Noun S.N Singular Noun H.V Helping Verb P.C.N. Plural Countable Noun P.N Plural Noun M.V Main Verb https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Verb (Basic) 1 VERB (BASIC) CHAPTER Verb verb 'doing word' Verb Helping Verb Main Verb Main verb ds vUrxZr ge mu Modals Primary Auxiliary Verbs (Be, Do, Have) verbs dks ikSrk bR;kfn esa) English – from Plinth to Paramount 249 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Preposition Enrage at (a thing, an act).................................... (fdlh phT+k@ ?kVuk) ls xqLlk gksuk Enrage with (a person).......................................... (fdlh O;fDr) ls xqLlk gksuk Enlarge upon/on.................................................. T;knk dguk ;k fy[kuk Enamoured with (a person)................................... eksfgr gksuk@vklfru ***F*** Failed in............................................................... esa vliQy gksuk Failure of............................................................. dh vliQyrk Faithful to............................................................ ds izfr oiQknkj gksuk False to (promise)................................................. (okns dk) >wBk Familiar to........................................................... ls voxr gksuk Familiar with (a subject)...................................... (fdlh fo"k;) ls voxr gksuk Famous for (something)........................................ (fdlh dkj.k) izfl¼ gksuk Fatal to (life/ future prospects etc.)...................... ?kkrd gksuk Fatigued with....................................................... ls FkdkoV gksuk Favourable to....................................................... ds vuqdwy gksuk Fearful of............................................................. ls Mjuk Fertile in.............................................................. esa mitkÅ gksuk Fond of................................................................. ilan gksuk Fondness for........................................................ ilan Foreign to............................................................ ls vutku gksuk Fought against..................................................... ls yM+uk Free from (worries)............................................... (fpUrk) ls eqDr gksuk Free of cost.......................................................... fcuk dher ds Full of.................................................................. ls Hkjk gksuk False of (heart)..................................................... ls >wBk Fascinated by (a thing)......................................... fdlh pht ls eksfgr Fascinated with (a person)................................... fdlh O;fDr ls eksfgr Fly into (anger)..................................................... vpkud xqLls esa vkuk Feed on (live on)................................................... ij ftank jguk For lack of............................................................ dqN (deh) ds dkj.k For short of.......................................................... dqN (deh) ds dkj.k For want of........................................................... dqN (deh) ds dkj.k ***G*** Get at (the truth).................................................. (lp) rd igq¡puk Get on (with a person).......................................... ls vPNk rkyesy gksuk Get out of (gate etc.)............................................. ls ckgj tkuk Get over (the difficulty)......................................... (dfBukbZ) ls mcjuk Gifted with........................................................... ls le`¼@/uh gksuk 250 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Preposition Good at (English/singing etc)................................ esa vPNk Grateful to a person............................................. ds izfr ÑrK~ gksuk Greedy of (wealth etc.).......................................... dk ykyph gksuk Guilty of (an offence)............................................ dk nks"kh gksuk Grieve for (a person)............................................. fdlh (O;fDr) dk ekre eukuk Grieve over (a thing)............................................ fdlh (pht) dk ekre eukuk Grieve at (an event)............................................. fdlh (?kVuk) dk ekre eukuk Guard against (mistakes, temptations)................ xyrh@yqHkkou ls lpsr djuk Guard from (a danger, a thing etc.)....................... fdlh [krjs@pht ls cpkuk Glance at (someone etc.)...................................... ij ,d utj Mkyuk Glance through (letter etc.).................................. iko Lohdkj djus dks........... rS;kj Willing to accept a suggestion. 54. Amiable........... nksLrkuk................................... Pleasant and friendly behaviour. 55. Angst............... fpUrk..................................... Great anxiety. 56. Anguish........... osnuk] O;Fkk............................... Extreme unhappiness. 296 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Vocabularies 57. Annotate......... fVIi.kh.................................... To add a brief explanation. 58. Anonymous..... xqeuke.................................... Made/done by someone unknown. 59. Antecedent...... iwoZxkeh................................... Something/someone existing before. 60. Apathy............. mnklhurk................................. Lack of interest/enthusiasm/ emotion. 61. Appalling......... cgqr Hk;kog.............................. Very bad and shocking. 62. Appeasement.. rq"Vhdj.k................................. The act of giving advantage to one party. 63. Archives.......... ,sfrgkfld@ ljdkjh nLrkost tgk¡. j[kk Place where historical records are tk, kept. 64. Argumentative cgl djus okyk......................... Often arguing or ready to argue. 65. Articulate........ vPNk oDrk............................... A good orator. 66. Asceticism...... lU;kl@ oSjkX;............................ Religious beliefs and avoidance of life of pleasure. 67. Assault............ ekjihV djuk............................. A violent attack. 68. Asset............... lEifÙk.................................... Valuables. 69. Atrocities........ tqYe...................................... Violent and cruel act. 70. Attenuate........ 'kkUr djuk............................... To calm or soothe. 71. Attrition.......... lfu?k"kZ.k................................. The gradual weakening of something. 72. Augment.......... cus esa eqf'dy........... Hard to understand. 7. Abundance.............. vkf/D;@ izpqjrk............. A quantity that is more than enough. 8. Accentuate.............. tksj nsuk...................... Give more force or importance to. 9. Accomplice.............. lg&vijk/h.................. Helper in a wrong deed or crime. 10. Acronym.................. izFkek{kjh................ uke Word formed from initial letters of a name. 11. Addendum............... ifjf'k"V....................... Thing to be added at the end of a book, etc. 12. Advertisement........ foKkiu....................... A public notice offering or asking for goods, services, etc. 13. Afforestation........... oukjksiu...................... The act of forestation by planting many trees. 14. Agenda.................... ?kks"k.kk i=k.................... Items of business for consideration at a meeting. 15. Aggressor................ vkØe.kdrkZ.................. Someone who attacks first. 16. Agnosticism.............. tks bZ'oj ds vf'rRo ij 'kadk djs-- Doubtful about the existence of God. 17. Alien........................ xSj ukxfjd................... One who belongs to different country, race of group. 18. Alimony................... rykd i'pkr~ dh thou o`fr. Allowance fixed after divorce to a wife. 19. Allegory................... izrhd dFkk................... Story in which ideas are symbolized as people. 20. Alliteration............. vuqizkl....................... Commencement of adjacent words with the same letter. English – from Plinth to Paramount 339 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 21. Altruist.................... ijksidkjh...................... One who lives and works for the welfare of others. 22. Amateur.................. xSj is'ksoj..................... Lacking professional skill or expertise. 23. Ambassador............. jktnwr......................... A diplomatic representative of one country in another. 24. Ambidextrous.......... nksuksa gkFkksa ls fuiq.k.......... Equally skillful with each hand. 25. Ambiguous.............. vLi"V@ nks vFkksZ.......okyk Having more than one possible meaning 26. Amnesia.................. foLej.k....................... Partial or total loss of memory. 27. Amnesty.................. vijk/{kek................... A general pardon of political offenders. 28. Amphibian.............. mHk;pj....................... Animals which live both on land and in water. 29. Amphitheatre.......... v[kkM+k@ jaxHkwfe.............. A designated section of seats in any part of a theater. 30. Analgesia................ nnZ dh vuqHkwfr...... u gksuk The loss of ability to feel pain while still conscious. 31. Anarchist................ vjktd....................... One who wishes to destroy all established government's law and order. 32. Anarchy................... vjktdrk..................... The absence of government in a country. 33. Anecdote................. fdLlk......................... Short amusing story about some real person or event. 34. Anniversary............ lky fxjg.................... Yearly return of the date of an event. 35. Annual..................... lkykuk........................ That which happens once in a year. 36. Anomaly.................. vlk/kj.k..................... Deviation or departure from common rule or standard or what is normal. 37. Anonymous............. xqeuke........................ A book or a work of art whose author is not known. 38. Antagonist.............. fojks/h......................... One that opposes other. 39. Antidote.................. tgj&uk'kd.................. A medicine to cure the effect of poison. 40. Aphasia................... okpk?kkr...................... Loss of ability to understand speech. 41. Apostate.................. /eZ R;kxh..................... One who abandons his religious faith. 42. Aquatic.................... tyh;......................... Animals which live in water. 43. Arbitrator/ Arbiter.. eè;LFk........................ Someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed issue. 44. Aristocracy.............. dqyhu ra=k.................... A government by the nobles. 45. Armistice................ ;q¼ fojke.................... The cessation of warfare before a treaty is signed. 46. Ascetic..................... lU;klh........................ One who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline. 340 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 47. Assassination.......... jktuSfrd dkj.k ls gR;k.... Killing or murder for political reasons. 48. Astrology................. T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k................. Science of the influence of the stars on human affairs. 49. Astronomy.............. [kxksy foKku................. Science of universe with sun, moon, stars and planets. 50. Atheist.................... ukfLrd....................... A person who does not believe in the existence of God. 51. Audience................. Jksrk x.k..................... An assembly of listeners. 52. Autobiography........ vkRe thouh.................. The life-history of a man written by himself. 53. Autocracy................ ,dra=k........................ A government by one person. 54. Avaricious............... ykyph........................ One who is greedy. 55. Bachelorhood.......... dqokajkiu...................... The state of being unmarried (of a man). 56. Bankrupt/Insolvent. fnokfy;k...................... A person unable to pay his debts. 57. Bay.......................... [kkM+h.......................... A part of the sea/ lake enclosed by a wide curve of the shore. 58. Beach...................... leqnz rV...................... A stretch of sand/ stones along the edge of the sea/ lake. 59. Bellicose................. yM+kdw......................... A person who is fond of fighting. 60. Belligerent.............. ;q¼jr......................... Engaged in war/fight. 61. Benefactor.............. /eksZidkjh..................... One who gives financial help to a school, hospital, etc. 62. Bibliophile.............. iqLrd izseh................... One who loves and collects books. 63. Biennial.................. f}o"khZ;........................ That which happens once in two years. 64. Bigamy.................... nks fookg izFkk................ The custom of having two wives or two husbands. 65. Bigot........................ dV~Vj......................... One who is filled with narrow and prejudiced opinion. 66. Bilingual................. f}Hkkf"k;....................... One who can speak two languages. 67. Biography................ thouh......................... The life-history of a man written by someone else. 68. Biped....................... nksik;k......................... Animal with two-feet. 69. Blaspheme.............. bZ'oj ds f[kykiQ cksyuk..... Speaking irreverently about God or sacred things. 70. Bliss........................ pjelq[k...................... Perfect happiness. 71. Bohemian................ LosPNkpkjh.................... One who does not follow the usual norms of social life. 72. Bookworm/Bibliophilic fdrkch dhM+k................ One who is interested in reading books and nothing else. English – from Plinth to Paramount 341 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 73. Boorish.................... xaokj..........................Person who is rough and ill mannered. 74. Botany..................... ouLifr foKku...............The science of vegetable life. 75. Brittle..................... Hkaxqj...........................A thing which can be easily broken. 76. Bureaucracy............ ukSdj'kkgh.....................A government by the officials. 77. Cabaret................... dScjs u`R;.....................A series of cabre dance/ acts at a night club. 78. Cabby, Cabdriver..... VªSDlh pkyd................. The driver of a taxi cab. 79. Cacophony.............. Jqfr dVqRo................... Harsh sound. 80. Cajole...................... [kq'kken djuk................ Persuade by flattery. 81. Calligraphy............. lqys[ku........................ Art of beautiful hand writing. 82. Cannibal.................. ujHk{kh........................ The man who can eat human flesh. 83. Cannibal.................. ujHk{kd@ jk{kl.............. One who eats human flesh. 84. Capsize.................... iyVuk........................ Overturn in water. 85. Carnage................... gR;kdkaM...................... Killing of large numbers of people. 86. Carnival.................. euksjatu esyk................ Public merry making and feasting. 87. Cartographer........... ekufp=kdkj................... A person who draws maps and charts. 88. Cartography............ ekufp=k dyk................ Art of map making. 89. Catalogue............... iqLrd lwph................... List of books and other articles. 90. Celibate.................. czãpkjh....................... One who has taken a vow not to have sex. 91. Cemetery................ dfczLrku...................... The place for corpses to be buried. 92. Centenary............... 'krkCnh........................ Hundredth anniversary. 93. Chronological......... le; ds Øekuqlkj........... According to sequence of time. 94. Circumlocution....... ?kqek&fiQjk ds ckr.... djuk A roundabout way of expression. 95. Cloakroom.............. eky xksnke................... The place for luggage at a railway station. 96. Coerce..................... etcwj djuk.................. Compel to a course of action. 97. Cognate................... ,d gh mRifÙk............ ds Having the same source or origin. 98. Colleagues.............. lgdehZ....................... Persons working in the same department. 99. Collusion................ diV lfU/................... Secret agreement for a fraudulent purpose. 100. Conflagration.......... Hkh"k.k vfXudkaM............. Huge destructive fire. 101. Congregation.......... /eZ&laxfr.................... Gathering of worshippers. 102. Congruent............... lokZaxle...................... Identical in all respect. 103. Connoisseur............ dyk dk ikj[kh.............. One who is well-versed in any subject/ art. 104. Conscription........... vfuok;Z lSfud lsok.......... Compulsory enlistment for military or other services. 342 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 105. Contagious.............. laØked...................... Which spreads by physical touch or contact. 106. Contemporary......... ledkyhu.................... Of the same time. 107. Contiguous............. lehiLFk...................... Two countries or States touching a common boundary. 108. Contrite.................. i'pkÙkkih..................... Showing deep sorrow for wrong doing. 109. Convalescence........ iqu%LokLF; izkfIr.... ds ckn The period of gradual recovery of health after illness. 110. Conventicle............ xqIr o xSjdkuwuh /eZlHkk.... Secret and illegal religious meeting. 111. Coquette................. fnyiQsad efgyk.............. A seductive woman who uses her sex appeal to exploit men. 112. Coronation.............. jkT;kfHk"ksd.................... Ceremony of crowning a king. 113. Cosmopolitan.......... iwjh nqfu;k dk fuoklh........ A person who regards the whole world as his country. 114. Credulous............... vk'kqfo'oklh.................. One who is simple and easily believes whatever is told. 115. Crematory............... 'ke'kku ?kkV.................. The place for corpses to be burnt. 116. Cripple.................... viax@viax cukuk............ Someone who is unable to walk normally because of an injury or disability to the legs or back. 117. Curfew..................... dÝZ;w.......................... An order that certain activities/ movement are prohibited. 118. Cynosure................. vkd"kZ.k&fcUnq................ Centre of attraction. 119. Dead........................ e`r@ csdkj@............ cstku A language that is no longer spoken. 120. Demagogue............. tuksÙkstd..................... Political leader who delivers sentimental speeches. 121. Democracy.............. yksdra=k....................... A government by the people, of the people, and for the people. 122. Denizen................... fuoklh........................ A person, an animal or a plant that lives, grows or is often found in a particular place. 123. Depraved................. pfj=k Hkz"V.................... Morally bad or evil. 124. Deprecate................ fojks/ djuk.................. Express earnest disapproval of. 125. Dermatology........... Ropk foKku.................. The medical study of the skin and its diseases. 126. Despondency........... fujk'kk......................... Loss of complete hope. 127. Destitution............. vHkkoxzLrrk.................. Lacking basic necessities of life. 128. Detrimental............ gkfudj....................... Causing harm or damage. 129. Dexterous............... dq'ky......................... Skilful at handling things. 130. Diatribe................... dVq&fuUnk..................... Bitter and violent attack in words or writing. English – from Plinth to Paramount 343 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 131. Dictatorship............ rkuk'kkgh@ fujadq'krk......... Government carried on by an absolute ruler. 132. Diplomacy............... dwVuhfr....................... The skill and policy of a country’s statesmen and politicians/ skill in dealing with people. 133. Discrepancy............ folaxfr....................... Difference between two things that should be the same. 134. Dissimulate............ fNikuk........................ To hide or disguise. 135. Diurnal.................... nSfud.......................... Of the daytime. 136. Draper..................... tqykgk........................ A shopkeeper selling cloth and clothing. 137. Draw........................ vfuf.kZr...................... The result of the match where neither party wins. 138. Dwarf....................... ckSuk........................... A person, plant or animal who/which is below the usual size. 139. Dynasty................... oa'k............................ Succession of rulers belonging to one family. 140. Eavesdropper.......... pqids ls futh okrkZyki..... One who witnesses secretly to private 141. Economical............. fdiQk;rh...................... One who is careful in the use of money/ fuel etc. 142. Edible...................... [kkus ;ksX;..................... That which is fit to be eaten. 143. Effeminate.............. vkSjrkuk xq.k............gksuk A man who is womanish in his habits. 144. Egalitarianism........ lerkokn...................... Belief that all people are equal and have the same rights and opportunities. 145. Egoist...................... LokFkhZ@ vgadkjh.............. A lover of one’s ownself/supercilious. 146. Eligible................... ;ksX;........................... Fit to be chosen; qualified. 147. Emergency.............. vkikrdky................... A sudden serious situation requiring immediate action. 148. Emeritus................. llEeku lsokeqDr O;fDr.... One who is honourably discharged from service. 149. Emigrant................. izoklh......................... A person who goes to another country to live. 150. Emissary................. xqIrpj@ tklwl............... A person sent on a mission (usually official). 151. Epicure.................... vPNk [kkus dk 'kkSdhu...... Person fond of delicious food. 152. Epidemic................. laØked jksx.................. Disease affecting many people at the same place and time. 153. Epilogue.................. ukVd ds ckn dk Hkk"k.k..... A speech or a poem recited at the end of a play. 154. Episode................... dM+h@ dFkka'k................. Part of story (especially T.V. or Radio show story) 344 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 155. Episodic.................. dHkh&dHkh gksus okyh ?kVuk only some times and. Happening irregularly. 156. Epistle..................... /eZi=k@ dkO;i=k............. A letter. 157. Epitaph................... dcz ij bafxr 'kCn........... Words which are inscribed on the grave. 158. Epithet.................... mikf/ fo'ks"kd............... Adjective added to a person’s name usually to criticise or praise him. 159. Epitome.................. lVhd mnkgj.k............... A perfect example. 160. Epitomize............... lVhd mnkgj.k gksuk......... To be a perfect example. 161. Equanimity............. /S;Z............................ Calmness of mind and temper. 162. Erotica.................... v'yhy xzUFk................. Books, pictures, etc. intended to arouse sexual desire. 163. Erudite.................... fo}ku iq#"k................... A learned or scholarly person. 164. Espionage............... tklwlh........................ Practice of spying. 165. Eternal.................... vuar.......................... Existing for ever — without any beginning or end. 166. Etymology.............. 'kCn fuekZ.k foKku........... The science which deals with derivation of words. 167. Euphemism............. vkMacj 'kSyh.................. Bombastic style of writing. 168. Euphonious............. lqjhyk......................... Sounding pleasant. 169. Euphoria................. vR;Ur [kq'kh.................. A strong feeling of happiness. 170. Evanescent............. vLFkk;h....................... Of a very short duration or period. / Ephemeral/Transient 171. Explicable............... foospukRed.................. That which can be explained. 172. Extempore.............. fcuk rS;kjh dk Hkk"k.k........ A speech delivered without any preparation. 173. Extravaganza.......... vfr'k;h ukVd............... Public activity which takes place in a very elaborate, colourful and expensive way. 174. Fallacy.................... Hkze............................ False or mistaken belief. 175. Fanatic.................... dV~Vj......................... One who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm. 176. Fastidious............... u[kjsckt...................... One who is hard to please. 177. Fatal or mortal........ tkuysok....................... Resulting in death. 178. Fatalist................... HkkX;oknh...................... One who believes in destiny. 179. Fauna...................... izkf.ktkr...................... Animals of a certain region. 180. Feminist.................. ukjhoknh....................... One who works for the welfare of women. 181. Fiasco...................... iw.kZ vliQyrk................ Complete failure. 182. Flagstaff.................. èotn.M...................... A long pole on which a flag is flown. 183. Flora........................ ouLifr....................... All the plants of a particular area or period of time. English – from Plinth to Paramount 345 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 184. Fluke....................... vkdfLed liQyrk.......... Stroke of good luck. 185. Forgery.................... tkylkth..................... Counterfeiting of document. 186. Fratricide................ Hkzkr`gR;k...................... Killing/killer of one’s brother. 187. Frenzy..................... mUekn......................... A state of extreme excitement. 188. Frostbite................. 'khrna'k........................ Injury to the nose, fingers or toes, caused by extreme cold. 189. Gallery.................... izn'kZuh LFky.................. A room or building for showing works of art. 190. Gamble.................... tqvk.......................... To play games of chance, etc. for money. 191. Gastronomy............ mÙke vkgkj foKku.......... Science and art of preparing and appreciating good food. 192. Genocide................. tu lagkj..................... Extermination of a race or community. 193. Geology................... HkwxHkZ.................. foKku The science of earth’s history and rocks. 194. Germicide............... thok.kq uk'kd................ A substance that kills germs. 195. Glutton.................... isVw............................. One who eats too much. 196. Gobble..................... ykyph dh rjg [kkuk....... Eat fast, noisly and greedily. 197. Gratis/Gratuitous... fu%'kqYd...................... Done or obtained without payment. 198. Gregarious.............. lewg esa jgus okys........... Animals that live in flocks. 199. Hallucinogen........... Hkzfer djus dh..........nok A drug that causes one to hallucinate. 200. Hedonism................ lq[kokn........................ Belief that the most important thing in the world is pleasure. 201. Henchman............... lsod.......................... Faithful supporter. 202. Herbivorous............ 'kkdkgkjh...................... Animals which feed on vegetation. 203. Herculean............... vfr ijkØeh................. Having enormous strength or size. 204. Heterogeneous........ fo"ke.......................... Things which contain elements of different nature. 205. Hexagon.................. "kV~dks.kh;..................... A plane figure with six sides and angles. 206. Holocaust................ iw.kkZgwfr....................... Large scale destruction by fire. 207. Homicide................. ekuo gR;k................... Murder or murderer of a man. 208. Homogeneous......... lekax.......................... Things which contain elements of the same nature. 209. Honorary................. voSrfud..................... A post for which no salary is paid. 210. Horticulture............ ckxokuh....................... Art of growing vegetables, fruit, etc. 211. Hospitable............... esgekuuokt.................. Fond of entertaining guests. 212. Hypochondria.......... dkYifud chekjh............. Imaginary ailments. 213. Iconoclast............... xSj&ijEijkoknh............... One who opposes established institutions or beliefs. 346 English – from Plinth to Paramount https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ One Word Substitution 214. Idolatry................... ewfrZ iwtu..................... The worship of idols or images. 215. Illegal...................... voS/.......................... Contrary to law. 216. Illegible.................. viBuh;...................... Incapable of being read. 217. Illicit....................... voS/.......................... A trade or act prohibited by law. 218. Illiterate................. vuiwBk I;kj 175. Judas kiss.............................................. False love. 176. Jump to a conclusion.... fcuk lksps&le>s urhts ij To come to a conclusion......... igq¡p tkuk......................... prematurely. 177. Kangaroo court............. xSj -dkuwuh U;k;ky;............. An illegal court. 178. Keep one’s cards close.. fdlh ckr dks fNikuk........... Hiding something. to one’s chest 179. Keep one’s fingers crosses fdlh vPNh ?kVuk ds gksus. Todh wait expectantly. dkeuk djuk 180. Keep one’s word............ izrhKk iwjh djuk................ To keep one’s promise. 181. Keep the ball rolling..... tkjh j[kuk....................... To maintain the progress of a project or plan. 182. Keep the wolf from the door nfjnzrk ls la?k"kZ djuk To avert poverty/ starvation............ 183. Kill two birds with one stone ,d dk;Z djds nks leL;kvksa ls two things at the same Doing fuiV ysuk....................... time while effort is made for one 184. Kith and kin.................. cU/q&ckU/o...................... Blood relations. English – from Plinth to Paramount 373 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Idioms Ans Phrases - 1 185. Knit one’s brow............. R;kSfj;k¡ pnkjh ls dke djuk)& If you play your cards well, you will get selected.. 253. Play the fool (to act foolishly, csodwiQh djuk)& Why do you play the fool when it comes to spending money? 254. Pocket an insult (to bear insult, vieku lgu dj ysuk)& Indians had to pocket much insult during their fight for Independence. 255. Poison one’s ears against (to set a person against another, fdlh ds fo#¼ dku Hkjuk)& She has poisoned the ears of my mother-in-law. 256. Past master (an expert, fdlh {ks=k dk fo'ks"kK)& He is a past master in cheating others. 257. Pour oil on troubled waters (to pacify the anger of others, Øks/ dks 'kkUr djus dk iz;Ru)& He solved the matter by pouring oil on troubled waters with his good behaviour. 258. Pull the string (to exercise secret influence, fNis :i ls izHkko Mkyuk)& When I saw extreme level of red-tapism in the organization, I had to pull my strings to get my work done. 259. Pull to pieces (to criticise severely, dVq vkykspuk djuk)& The leader of opposition has pulled the ruling party to pieces. 260. Put an end to (to finish, lekIr dj nsuk)&She has put an end to her unfeasible ideas. 261. Put pen to paper (to start writing, fy[kuk vkjEHk dj nsuk)& In my board examination I put my pen to paper without wasting a second. 262. Put the saddle on the right horse (to blame the really guilty person, lgh vijk/h ij vkjksi yxkuk)The court put the saddle on the right horse and passed the right order. English – from Plinth to Paramount 393 https://sscstudy.com/  https://sscstudy.com/ Idioms And Phrases - 2 263. Put to the sword (to kill, ekj nsuk)& Nadir Shah put even children to the sword. 264. Put up with (to tolerate, lgu djuk)& Maharana Pratap could not put up with insult. 265. Rank and file (lower middle class people, lk/kj.k Js.kh ds yksx)& The extra-ordinary speeches of the great orators cannot be appreciated by the rank and file. 266. Red rag to a bull (something that will surely produce a violent reaction, fuf'pr gh mÙksftr djus okyh ckr)&The racial comments against the Indians proved to be a red rag to a bull and the riot took place. 267. Rise to the occasion (to show that you can deal with a difficult situation, ;s fn[kk nsuk fd vki eqf'dy gkykr dk lkeuk dj ldrs gS)&Mahatma Gandhi rose to the occasion and dared the British. 268. Roll up one’s sleeves (to be prepared for hard work, dM+h esgur ds fy;s rS;kj jguk)&We will have to roll up our sleeves as the time of examination has come. 269. Rub shoulders with (to meet and spend time with, fdlh ds fudV lEidZ esa vkuk)& He claims to have rubbed shoulders with Salman Khan during his journey to Sydney. 270. Run down (reduced in health/to criticize, LokLF; esa fxjkoV@ fuUnkI djuk)& was worried because she looked run down. Do not run down your friends in public. 271. Run short/ Hard up (not proving sufficient, shortage of money/ something, fdlh pht@ iSls dh deh)& I am running short of money these days. If you are hard up, you can come to me. 272. Scratch one’s head (to be perplexed, ijs'kku gks tkuk)& I scratched my head when I saw the puzzles in the PO exam. 273. Screw up one’s courage (to gather courage, lkgl c