The Puritan Period (1620-1670) - PDF

The Puritan Period - > First English immigrants – coldest part – - Importance of God in the daily life New England (Massachusetts) - *During this time, Renaissance was declining*...

The Puritan Period - > First English immigrants – coldest part – - Importance of God in the daily life New England (Massachusetts) - *During this time, Renaissance was declining* (1620-1670) - > They intended to settle in the South of - They write in Plain Style (no flowery language) - Literature often reveals a culture’s attitudes Virginia - First poet: Anne Bradstreet and beliefs - > Winds blew their ship North – bleak and - > First-person POV - Are a group of people who wanted to purify desolate - Use and write about fear to guide people back the church - > They went down on their knees to thank to God - > Who went to America for religious freedom God for keeping them safe - Puritan Literature: - Believes that the church gives salvation to you - Fall of Adam and Eve – “Every man is born a - 1) Birth of the Moral Nature of Men - Saw themselves as the persecuted minority - sinner” - 2) The Age of Milton > built a community - Intense devotion to God; intense fear of the - 3) The Age of Observation - Puritans believed the church could be saved Devil - 4) The Age of Analysis of Facts, Feelings, and and purified, “Puritans” - Believe in predestination: One cannot choose Ideas - “God gives forgiveness as a gift, and all human salvation, it is a privilege of God - > Simple modes of recreations & amusements beings are naturally evil” - Believe in severe punishments were banned - Puritan protestants, the God’s children, - No hierarchy in the church – all people should - English Literature - Two Figureheads: believed that the church needed reformation - dress modestly; grey & dark brown - 1) William Shakespeare (Renaissance) > adhere back to its biblical foundations - Dancing, enjoyment, & theaters are sinful - 2) John Milton (Puritan) - Intense protestants vs. Catholics - Sunday is the Lord’s Day – spent on religious - Themes(?): - > Puritans are the extremists studies - 1) Love, Hate, Fear, & Jealousy - > They do not give high regard to the church - Do not believe in slavery – they are superior - 2) Steadfastness & Purpose - Protestants were accused of worshipping the (Religious) - > Regarded the world as trivial and bible by the Catholics - Are highly educated, both men and women; momentary; what was important was the - The church were accused of not paying the America’s first schools like Harvard State of the Soul bible the respect it deserved by the - Piety determines their leader, not Property - Biographies began to be written, including protestants - Men are superior to women Autobiography - Protestari – bear witness - Their written works are for God only: - 3 Concepts: - Puritans were “Godly protestants” - 1) Diaries: Spiritual Adventure - Diaries and Journals were meant for the - > First voice of America - 2) Journey to salvation with the Bible as the explanation of Feelings & Intimate Thoughts - > Came to the new world in 1620 model - Realism was preferred - > Ship: Mayflower - 3) Writing was for religious writing - In Satires, the common people were the ones - 4) Not entertainment ridiculed  The Romantic Period - A response to the Industrial Revolution (1815- [People of Literature] 1843) – rapid growth due to technological - Samuel Richardson & Lawrence Stern England (1798-1832) innovations, affecting nature via factories - > Novelists who portrayed life in the lower and Global (1750-1900) middle class - Age of Feelings, Nature, and Fantasy [Literature] - Oliver Goldsmith - Poet who wrote about - Finding beauty in your everyday experiences - Sublime works; Invoked great emotion; Gave praising the rural life - Everyday surroundings inspiring a strong emotion a way to escape average life - Thomas Gray - Discovered the common man. in a person, such as delight or passion - Highlighted on nature: God could be found in “Ignorance is Bliss” - Highlights: Nature, the beauty of the world; anything (trees, rocks, societies) – Pantheism - William Blake – saw that all men are equal and innocence of children - Some romantics became atheists all things deserve a man’s affections > Leaves - > Instead taking comfort in nature of Grass – homosexuality [The Romantic Period] - A return to the medieval world in a fight - Robert Burns – expressed a deep sympathy to - Romantic denotes love against the modern world the common men and delighted in their - >highlights individual thought and personal feeling speech > colloquial language of common men that rebel against authority & tyranny [The Romantic Period] Movement: - Inspired by the American revolution (1775-1783) - Percy Bysshe Shelley (followed the beauty of [Lyric Poetry] – (British Colonies) & French revolution (1789- Emotions and Feelings) - Lyric poem – is intended to be sung 1799) - William Wordsworth (followed the beauty of - Today, refers to any poem that expresses the - Also known as the Age of Revolution -> many Nature) poet’s personal feelings & emotions places in the world were fighting for independence - Samuel Taylor Coleridge (followed the beauty - Most important kinds: (growth of nationalism) of supernatural aspects of life; Fantasy) - 1) Song – intended to be sung - Emphasized personal feeling - William Wordsworth (1770-1850) – England’s - 2) Elegy – theme: death & mourning - Demonstrated a strong sense of delight in nature greatest poet of Nature (has a sister named - 3) Ode – honoring an object or a person in an & beauty of the world Dorothy) exalted or grand, dignified manner - Display a deep sympathy for the obscure, humble, - 3 Prominent things in his poems: - 4) Sonnet – a poem of 14 lines and underprivileged people and; - 1) He loved to be alone and was never lonely - 5) Ballad – simple tale in old simple verse, - A vivid imagination of fantastic dream worlds with nature passed down oral in tradition by folk people - Analytic of the Sublime -> Immanuel Kant - 2) He felt the presence of some living spirit in (Folk Songs) - > You feel afraid without being really afraid nature. It was companionable though silent. - 6) Idyll – a descriptive poem of rural or pastor - Was a response to the Age of Enlightenment in the - His words were familiar and similar to our own character – expression of the poet’s feeling 17th-18th century (Europe on logic & reason) about his landscape  [Romantic Literature] Victorian Period [Darwinian Theories] - Exploring self-growth through nature (1873-1901) - Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution - Most popular genre: Poetry “Golden Age of the English Novel” challenged traditional religious views of - Gothic romanticism was explored (darker side [The Abolition of Slavery] of humanity: Necrophilia) - Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 creation, sparking debates about science and - Edgar Allan Poe & Nathaniel Hawthorne – - > Influenced the social and political climate religion short story writers (Most well-known, - > Debates over the rights of the working class [The Rise of Aestheticism] (Art for Art’s Sake) Americans) (continued to evolve) - Other significant authors: [The Reign of Queen Victoria] - If I like it, I like it. If it has a message for me - 1) Ralph Waldo Emerson - Queen Victoria of England (1837 – 18yo) and it doesn’t have a message for you, then it - 2) Margaret Fuller - > Ruled for 64 years has a message - 3) Thomas Paine - People became pious once again after the - 4) Henry David Thoreau – “don’t let go of the French Revolution [Shifting of Literary Focus] fashion you have now” [The Rise of Industrial Revolution] - Emotional -> Political - Intellect and materialism -> Industrial - Poetic -> Reform Revolution - > Side effects: Child labor & Prostitution - Strong sense of Morality (especially with the [Jack the Ripper] rise of child labor and prostitution) - Killings in London’s Whitechapel district - Spread of education and the rise of the middle - The killer was never identified class (Old vs. New money) - Conspiracy theory: It was Jose Rizal as he - Social reality is highly reflected in social matches the details of the Killer’s Profile problem novels - > Short; +he was in London during the time - > Depiction of Realism in literature [Suffrage: The Right to Vote] - Novel made its entry and became popular - NUWSS – National Union of Women’s Suffrage - Realism became a strong force in literature Societies - Novels became a commodity - WSPU – Women’s Social and Political Union, - London became the center of literature led by Emmeline Pankhurst  [Themes during Victorian Period] Eng 2nd Qt. Coverage [Literary Pieces] - Birthplace: East Windsor, Connecticut, British America - 1) Romanticism, Othello - Deathplace: Princeton, New Jersey, British - 2) Sexuality, America - 3) Crime, - Iago - 4) Politics, - Emilia - Spouse: Sarah Pierpont - 5) Power, - Othello - Alma Mater: Yale College - 6) Gothic, - Desdemona - Children: - 7) Poverty, and - Brabantio - 1) Sarah - 8) Gender - Michale Cassio - 2) Jerusha - Roderigo - 3) Esther [Well-Known Authors of Victorian Period] - Montano - 4) Mary - Bianca - 1) Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist; The Tale of - Lodovico - 5) Lucy - Gratiano - 6) Timothy Two Cities - 7) Susannah - 2) Charlotte Bronte – Jane Eyre On His Blindness - 8) Eunice - 3) Emily Bronte – Withering Heights - 9) Jonathan - John Milton (12/09/1608 – 11/08/1674) - 10) Elizabeth - 4) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock Holmes - Greatest poem - 11) Pierpont - 5) Thomas Hardy – Tess of the D’Urbervilles Epic: Paradise lost - 1652 – completely blind The Indian Serenade [Novels of Victorian Period] - 1653: On His Blindness - 1) Pride and Prejudice – Jane Austen - My Light – Vision - Percy Bysshe Shelley - Maker – God - > August 4, 1792 – July 8, 1822 - 2) Little Women – Loisa May Alcott - Thousands – Angels - Birthplace: Field Place, Sussex - 3) The Picture of Dorian Gray – Oscar Wilde Lines: - Deathplace: Gulf of La Spezia, Kingdom of - 4) Dracula – Bram Stoker - Octave & Sestet Sardinia Moral: - One of the major English Romantic Poets - Be optimistic in life - No fame in his lifetime *Putting restraint to emotion and tempering it - Have faith in God - Recognition of his achievements in poetry Rhymed verse followed after his death with reason* Tone/Mood - He had 6 children - Acceptance - Spouses: - 1) Harriet Westbrook Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - 2) Mary Shelley - He died at a boating accident at 29 - Jonathan Edwards - He was a poet, dramatist, essayist, & novelist - > October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758 - Studied at Oxford, Eton College - Revivalist, Preacher, and Novelist - Mad Shelley – Atheist; he wanted people to - Congregational Theologian believe - 3rd President of Princeton University, New - Was born wealthy; was disowned Jersey  Theme: Intense longing & emotional suffering - Magnus Opus (Masterpiece): The Prelude 2) Reflective caused by unrequited love (1850) 3) Nostalgic Tone: Tender, Passionate, & Dreamlike - He debuted as a writer in The European 4) Admiration Rhyme scheme: Magazine - ABCBADCD - In 1795, he won £900 legacy from Raisley A Poison Tree - ABCBADCD Calvert – a sonnet in 1787 - ABCBADCD - Deathplace: Rydal Mount due to Pleurisy - William Blake Mood: Longing & sadness - Burial place: St. Oswald’s Church, Grasmere - > November 28, 1757 – August 12, 1827 Moral: Learn to let go - He was an English Engraver, Artist, Poet, and She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways Visionary (his careers) Ozymandias - Spouse: Catherine Boucher - William Wordsworth > Met in 1781 and got married in August 18, 1782 - Percy Bysshe Shelley - Annette Vallon (French) – Wordsworth’s lover - This was published in his Songs of Experience - Harriet Westbrook - Child: Caroline (1792) in 1794 - Mary Godwin (maiden name) - Financial problems & Britain’s tense relations - It talks about anger management and why you - > Wrote Frankenstein with France forced him to return to England should control it; the consequences if you let Themes: - Peace of Amiens – allowed travel to France in your anger loose - 1) No glory is immortal 1802 - Makes use of an extended metaphor - 2) Inevitable decay of all creations - Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited - It is an allegory for the dangers of bottling up - 3) Time humbles human pride & arrogance Annette and Caroline in Calais emotions and the damage it can cause Line: Sonnet - Reason: to prepare Annette for the fact of his Lines: 16 Tone: forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson Tone: - 1) Irony - Lyrical Ballads – famous collection of poems by 1) Secretive - 2) Solemnity Wordsworth and Samuel – 1798 2) Self-satisfied - 3) Awe & Despair - The Lucy Poems – are a series of five poems Moral Lessons: by Wordsworth 1) Addressing anger and not letting it fester I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud - I Traveled Among the Unknown Men – this 2) Dangers of manipulation was the only work unpublished (1800 edition) - William Wordsworth - Lucy’s identity has been the subject of much Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard - > April 7, 1770 – April 23, 1850 speculation - Birthplace: Wordsworth house, Cockermouth, Central Message: The seemingly unremarkable 1750 (Finished) – 1751 (Published) Cumberland (Cumbria) impact one person can have on another - Siblings: - Thomas Gray Themes: - 1) Richard (Eldest) - > December 26, 1716 – July 30, 1771 1) Death - 2) Dorothy (His inspiration to most his works) - English poet, letter-writer, & classical scholar 2) Love - 3) John at Cambridge University 3) Nature - 4) Christopher (Youngest) - Published only 13 poems in his lifetime Stanza: 3 Quatrains - Wife: Mary Hutchinson - Buried beside his mother in the churchyard of Poet: William Wordsworth - Launched the Romantic Period with STC the Church St. Giles, Stoke Poges Rhyme Scheme: ABAB (Samuel Taylor Coleridge) - Partly inspired by the death of his close friend Tone: - > Lyrical Ballads (1798) – Joint Publication & poet 1) Melancholic - > Richard West – 1742 - “Stanzas Wrote in a Country Churchyard” – - Arthur Quiller-Couch gave the name Invictus was the original title - > Latin for unconquerable, invincible, and - Was written in: St. Giles Parish Church (a such churchyard) Themes: - Was sent to: Horace Walpole, whom 1) Suffering and Resilience popularized this in London 2) Free Will vs. Fate - > Forced to publish this on February 15, 1751 3) Agnosticism: to avoid an unlicensed print copy refers to doubt in the existence of celestial beings Two versions (different approaches to death): Literary Devices: - 1) Stanzas – Stoic Response 1) Metaphor - 2) Elegy – Contains Epitaph 2) Simile - Elegy – serious reflection, lament of 3) Allusion someone’s death 4) Personification - Epitaph – phrase or form of words written in Structure: memory of a person who have died ABAB Rhyme Scheme Theme: Each line contains 8 Syllables - 1) Inevitability of Death - 2) The value of commemorating the dead - 3) Anonymity vs. Fame Tone: - 1) Reflective - 2) Somber - 3) Contemplative Mood: Melancholy Invictus - William Ernest Henley - Was an English poet, writer, critic, and editor - > August 23, 1849 – Gloucester (Birthplace) - > July 11, 1903 (53yo) – Tuberculosis - He already had tuberculosis at the age of 12 - Had to amputate a leg - He didn’t want the other to get amputated so he went to Edinburgh for treatment - It ultimately had to get amputated due to his tuberculosis worsening in an accident (?) - Invictus was written in 1875 and published in 1888 - First volume of poetry in “Book of Verses” - Initially had no title