Review of Structure of English PDF

Technical Writing Review the Structure of English Prepared by: Ms. Maybhel C. Hernandez, LPT  How new words are born by Andy Boodle 1. DERIVATION The commonest method of creating a new word is to add a prefix or suffix to an existing one. Example: LOVE 2....

Technical Writing Review the Structure of English Prepared by: Ms. Maybhel C. Hernandez, LPT  How new words are born by Andy Boodle 1. DERIVATION The commonest method of creating a new word is to add a prefix or suffix to an existing one. Example: LOVE 2. BACK-FORMATION The inverse of the above: the creation of a new root word by the removal of a phantom affix. Some linguists propose a separate category for lexicalization, the turning of an affix into a word (ism, ology, teen), but it’s really just a type of back- formation. Example: behavior - behaviorism 3. COMPOUNDING Typically, compound words begin life as separate entities, then get hitched with a hyphen, and eventually become a single unit. Example: nobody daydream 4. REPURPOSING Taking a word from one context and applying it to another. Example: computer mouse was named after the long-tailed animal. 5. CONVERSION Taking a word from a one-word class and transplanting it to another. Example: friend, which can now serve as a verb as well as a noun (“Why didn’t you friend me?”). 6. EPONYMS Words named after a person or place. Example: Diesel San Isidro 7. ABBREVIATIONS An increasingly popular method. There are three main subtypes: clippings, acronyms, and initialisms. Example: taxi/cab (both from Taximeter cabriolet) 8. LOAN WORDS Foreign speakers often complain that their language is being overrun with borrowings from English. Example: Russian (mammoth), Mayan (shark), Gaelic (slogan) 9. ONOMATOPOEIA The creation of a word by imitation of the sound it is supposed to make. Example: Split! Boom! 10. REDUPLICATION The repetition, or near-repetition, of a word or sound. Example: flip-flop, goody-goody, boo-boo 11. NONCE WORDS Words pulled out of thin air, bearing little relation to any existing form. Example: on-fleek, slay 12. ERROR Misspellings, mishearings, mispronunciations, and mis-transcriptions rarely produce new words in their own right but often lead to new forms in conjunction with other mechanisms. Example: Scramble, for example, seems to have originated as a variant of Scrabble; but over time, the two forms have taken on different meanings, so one word has now become two. 13. PORTMANTEAUS Compounding with a twist. Take one word, remove an arbitrary portion of it, then put in its place either a whole word or a similarly clipped one. Example: newscast (news + broadcast) - television or radio show about current events Grammatical Categories NOUN The definition of a noun includes anything that can be classified as a person, place, or thing. Within this last item, things such as events or ideas are also included. Example: John, Birthday, Candaba Types of Nouns Singular Noun A singular noun refers to a noun that there is only one of and is simple to use in language Examples of singular nouns include: table, woman, frame, car, street, and dress. 2. Plural Noun Plural nouns express a noun where there is more than one of. These can be difficult to use because there are some specific rules. Some examples of these irregular plural nouns are: mice, teeth, leaves, or tomatoes. 3. COMMON NOUN A noun referring to a group of objects, or ideas. Examples: Baby Teacher 4. PROPER NOUN A specific person, place, or thing. Examples: Philippines DHVSU-Candaba Campus 5. CONCRETE NOUN A noun that can be perceived through the five senses. If you can see it, touch it, or hear it, then it is a concrete noun. Example: Hair Voice 7. ABSTRACT NOUN A noun that can't be perceived through the five senses. Examples: Sadness Love Courage 8. COLLECTIVE NOUNS A specific group of people, places, or things. Examples: Bouquet Buffet 9. COMPOUND NOUNS Consist of two proper nouns. Examples: Christmas Tree Ballpen Grammatical Categories 2. PRONOUNS Pronouns are short words we swap in for other nouns to make our writing and speech faster and more varied. Examples: They I You Who PERSONAL PRONOUNS Personal pronouns are pronouns that refer to specific individuals and groups. Examples: I/me She/her He/him 2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative pronouns are another class of pronouns. They connect relative clauses to independent clauses. Examples: that what which 3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS That, this, these, and those are demonstrative pronouns. They take the place of a noun or noun phrase that has already been mentioned or is clear through context, either in written or verbal communication. 4. INDEFINITE PRONOUN Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person or thing that doesn’t need to be specifically identified. Some common indefinite pronouns are one, other, none, some, anybody, everybody, and no one. 5. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves: Examples: Myself Yourself 6. INTENSIVE PRONOUN Intensive pronouns can help you express pride, shock, disbelief, credulousness (or incredulous ness), or any other strong emotion Example: I built this house myself. 7. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show possession. Examples: My Your 8. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, what, which, and whose. Examples: Who wants a bag of jelly beans? What is your name? 9. RECIPROCAL PRONOUN There are only two reciprocal pronouns: Example: Each other One another Grammatical Categories 3. ADVERBS An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase, with the exception of determiners and adjectives, that directly modify nouns. Examples: very loudly softly Adverbs normally help paint a fuller picture by describing how something happens, such as: When? She always arrives early. How? He drives carefully Where? They go. everywhere together. In what way? She eats slowly. To what extent? It is terribly hot.  Grammatical Categories 4. CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions are invariable grammar particles, and they may or may not stand between items they conjoin. Example: AS BECAUSE FOR BUT OR NEITHER NOR SO EITHER Subordinating Conjunction Subordinating conjunctions are parts of speech that join dependent clauses with independent clauses. Sometimes referred to as subordinators or subordinate conjunctions, these important words and phrases may also introduce adverb clauses. Examples: We looked in the metal canister, where Ginger often hides her candy. Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air. 2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION As suggested by their name, correlative conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. EXAMPLES: 1. She is both intelligent and beautiful. 2. I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV. 3. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION Coordinating conjunctions coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts of speech that are of the same syntactic importance. Also known as coordinators, coordinating conjunctions are used to give equal emphasis to a pair of main clauses. F = FOR A = AND N = NOR B = BUT O = OR Y = YET S = SO Examples: This batch of mushroom stew is savory and delicious. The red dress looked good on you but the black one suits you. Grammatical Categories 5. INTERJECTION An interjection is a part of speech that reveals the emotions of the speaker. An interjection is typically punctuated with an exclamation point. Example: Oh! Wait! No! Good grief! Ah ha! Wow, you look great today! Duh, that’s an easy question. Grammatical Categories 6. PREPOSITION A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time, and locations of a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. Examples: I prefer to read in the library. He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof. Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract. Go down the stairs and through the door.  Grammatical Categories 7. ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Example: They live in a big, beautiful city. Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless. Grammatical Categories 9. VERBS Verbs are words that express physical actions (e.g., to jump), mental actions (e.g., to guess), or states of being (e.g., to exist). Physical actions: to swim, to write, to climb Mental actions: to think, to ponder, to consider States of Being: to be, to exist, to seem