End Of Semester Exam Revision Questions CZZ102 PDF

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (50 MARKS) Question 1. Which of the following is the contractile unit of a cardiac myocyte? A) Desmosome B) Gap junction C) Nucleus D) Sarcomere Question 2 During atrial contraction which of the following occurs? A) Aortic pressure > atrial pressure...

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (50 MARKS) Question 1. Which of the following is the contractile unit of a cardiac myocyte? A) Desmosome B) Gap junction C) Nucleus D) Sarcomere Question 2 During atrial contraction which of the following occurs? A) Aortic pressure > atrial pressure > ventricular pressure B) Atrial pressure > ventricular pressure > aortic pressure C) Ventricular pressure > aortic pressure > atrial pressure D) Ventricular pressure > atrial pressure > aortic pressure Question 3. Which of the following transports deoxygenated blood from the digestive organs to the liver? A) Ductus arteriosus B) Foramen ovale C) Hepatic portal vein D) Hypophyseal portal system Question 4 An increase in venous return causes an increase in blood pressure. In response, what will the baroreceptor reflex cause? A) Constrict the peripheral blood vessels B) Increase parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity C) Increase sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity D) Increase ventricular contractility Question 5 Which if the following is NOT found in the respiratory membrane? A) Simple squamous alveolar epithelium B) Basal lamina C) Endothelium D) Pleura Question 6 A decrease in arterial PCO2 will result in which of the following? A) Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors only and an increase in ventilation B) Stimulation of central chemoreceptors only and a decrease in ventilation C) Stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and an increase in ventilation D) Stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and a decrease in ventilation Question 7 An increase in PCO2 will have which of the following effects on haemoglobin (Hb)? A) An increased affinity between PO2 and Hb, shifting the dissociation curve to the right B) An increased affinity between PO2 and Hb, shifting the dissociation curve to the left C) A decreased affinity between PO2 and Hb, shifting the dissociation curve to the right D) A decreased affinity between PO2 and Hb, shifting the dissociation curve to the left Question 8 You conduct an experiment and record the following lung volume data for two subjects: Tidal Expiratory Reserve Inspiratory Reserve Residual Volume volume (ERV) Volume (IRV) volume (RV) (TV) Subject 520ml 1020ml 3300ml 1200ml A Subject 500ml 1000ml 3350ml 1150ml B Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Subject A has a larger total lung capacity than Subject B B) Subject B has a larger vital capacity than Subject A C) Inspiratory capacity is equal in both subjects D) The volume of the normal breath is higher in Subject A Question 9. Where is the submandibular salivary gland located? A) Beside the ear B) Under the jaw C) Under the tongue D) Within the tongue Question 10 Which of the following options CORRECTLY pairs the enzymes with its substrate? A) Lipase: Carbohydrate; Amylase: Protein; Protease: Fat B) Lipase: Fat; Amylase: Protein; Protease: Carbohydrate C) Lipase: Protein; Amylase: Carbohydrate; Protease: Protein D) Lipase: Fat; Amylase: Carbohydrate; Protease: Protein. Question 11 What is the name for the inner layer of the gastrointestinal tract? A) Mucosa B) Submucosa C) Muscularis Interna D) Serosa Question 12. What ion is responsible for the low pH of the stomach? A) Pepsinogen B) H+ C) Cl- D) Na+ Question 13 Which of the following is an example of the unconditioned salivary response? A) Salivating in response to the smell of an unfamiliar food B) Salivating in response to your favourite food C) Salivating in response to food in your mouth D) Salivating in response to the thought of food Question 14 Which of the following options has the phases of swallowing in the CORRECT order? A) Buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal B) Pharyngeal, buccal, esophageal C) Buccal, esophageal, Pharyngeal D) Pharyngeal, esophageal, Buccal Question 15 Which of the effects do you expect to see during the cephalic phase of digestion? A) Decreasing intestinal motility B) Decreasing gastric pH C) Increase in pancreatic secretions D) Decreasing gastric motility Question 16 Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas? A) Amylase B) Lipase C) HCO3- ion D) Bile Question 17 Which of the following hormones primarily trigger bile release? A) CCK (cholecystokinin) B) Gastrin C) Secretin D) Acetylcholine Question 18 The intestinal phase of digestion is triggered by? A) Emptying of the stomach B) The presence of chyme in the duodenum C) Stretch of the duodenum D) Stretch of the pyloric sphincter Question 19 Aside from peristalsis, what is the name of the other common type of movement performed in the small intestines? A) Sensation B) Segmentation C) Absorption D) Filtration Question 20 The final digestion of lactose is performed where in the gasstrointestinal tract (GIT)? A) Stomach B) Duodenum C) Brush border D) Pancreas Question 21 Which of the following describes the sum of all biochemical processes within the body? A) Metabolism B) Catabolism C) Anabolism D) Homeostasis Question 22 Amino acids in the nutrient pool of a human cell are generated from which of the following? A) Lipids B) Triglycerides C) Carbohydrates D) Proteins Question 23 Which of the following are anabolic reactions? A) Glycogenolysis and lipogenesis B) Glycogenesis and lipolysis C) Glycogenesis and lipogenesis D) Glycogenolysis and lipolysis Question 24 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Anaerobic metabolism maximises energy production during exercise. B) A healthy 80 year old woman will have a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) than a healthy 20 year old woman. C) During exercise, muscular activity increases and consumes more oxygen and nutrients to fulfil metabolic needs. D) Stroke volume decreases during exercise to ensure that oxygen reaches metabolically active tissues. Question 25 Which of the following occurs when the temperature of the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting? A) Axillary and inguinal sweat glands are inhibited B) Blood flow to the skin increases C) Non-shivering thermogenesis is activated D) Shivering thermogenesis is activated Question 26 Which of the following is an example of conduction? A) The release of heat from your head. B) The release of sweat onto the surface of your skin. C) The direct transfer of heat from your warm hand to a cold handrail. D) The movement of heat from your warm arms to cool air moving across your body. Question 27 Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney? A) Major calyx B) Collecting duct C) Minor calyx D) Nephron Question 28 Which of the following options CORRECTLY completes the following statement? Renin is released from _______ when blood pressure ________ A) Juxtaglomerular cells; decreases B) Juxtaglomerular cells; increases C) Macula densa; increases D) Macula densa; decreases Question 29 What is the network of blood vessels that surrounds the Loop of Henle deep in the renal medulla called? A) Cortical capillaries B) Glomerular capillaries C) Peritubular capillaries D) Vasa recta Question 30 Which of the following is never permeable to water? A) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle B) Collecting duct C) Descending limb of the loop of Henle D) Distal convoluted tubule Question 31 Which of the following occurs if the afferent arteriole suddenly constricts? A) Net filtration processes would remain unchanged B) Net filtration would decrease C) Net filtration would increase D) Renal blood flow would increase Question 32 Which of the following options CORRECTLY completes the following statement? The collecting ducts are ______________ to water when __________ is absent. A) Impermeable; anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) B) Impermeable; aldosterone C) Permeable; anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) D) Permeable; aldosterone Question 33 Which of the following cells directly participates in the filtration process in the kidney? A) Intercalated cell B) Juxtaglomerular cell C) Podocyte D) Principal cell Question 34 Which of the following does angiotensin II directly stimulate? A) Insertion of aquaporins in the collecting ducts B) Increased sodium (Na+) reabsorption in the distal nephron C) Increase water reabsorption in the distal nephron D) Vasoconstriction of arterioles Question 35 The majority of Na+ reabsorption typically occurs in which of the following? A) Collecting duct B) Distal convoluted tubule C) Loop of Henle D) Proximal convoluted tubule Question 36 Which of the following pH readings would be classified as alkalosis? A) 7.30 B) 7.36 C) 7.42 D) 7.48 Question 37 Which of the following is the most important extracellular buffer? A) Albumin B) Bicarbonate C) Haemoglobin D) Phosphate Question 38 Which of the following conditions would be associated with a state of acidosis in the human body? A) Prolonged vomiting B) Hyperventilation C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) Excessive antacid intake Question 39 Which hormone stimulates secretion of androgens from interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells of the testis? A) Activin B) Androgen-binding protein (ABP) C) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) D) Luteinising hormone (LH) Question 40 Which of the following statements about the ductus deferens is CORRECT? A) It is only found in the spermatic cord B) It is the main storage site for spermatozoa C) It is the shortest part of the male reproductive duct system D) Its thick muscle wall is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system during ejaculation Question 41 The parasympathetic nervous system brings about which response during sexual arousal in people identified male at birth? A) Contraction of the smooth muscle within the epididymis and ductus deferens B) Contraction of the smooth muscle within the seminal vesicles and prostate gland C) Vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels within the penis D) Vasodilation of the blood vessels within the corpus cavernosa of the penis Question 42 The liquefication enzyme, that de-clots semen, originates from which gland/organ? A) Bulbourethral gland B) Ductus epididymis C) Prostate gland D) Seminal vesicles Question 43 The external urethral sphincter surrounds which portion of the urethra in a person with testes? A) Membranous urethra B) Penile (spongy) urethra C) Pre-prostatic urethra D) Prostatic urethra Question 44 At which time during a woman’s lifespan does “initial recruitment” of follicles occur? A) At birth until puberty B) Before birth until menopause C) Before birth until puberty D) From puberty until menopause Question 45 During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, which cell type predominantly has receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH)? A) Granulosa cells B) Primary oocyte C) Theca externa cells D) Theca interna cells Question 46 What accounts for the acidic pH in the vagina? A) Endocervical glands producing a highly acidic mucus that lines the vagina B) Lactobacillus bacteria converting glucose from vaginal epithelial cells to hydrochloric acid C) Lactobacillus bacteria converting glycogen from vaginal epithelial cells to lactic acid D) Oestrogen stimulating the release of hydrogen and chloride ions from the vaginal epithelial cells Question 47 The withdrawal of which hormone induces menstruation? A) Follicle stimulating hormone B) Human chorionic gonadotrophin C) Luteinizing hormone D) Progesterone Question 48 What are the respective ovarian and uterine (menstrual) phases that occur on Days 5-14 of the normal menstrual cycle? A) Follicular and proliferative phases B) Follicular and secretory phases C) Luteal and proliferative phases D) Luteal and secretory phases Question 49 Non-permanent surgical sterilisation in people identified as female at birth involves surgical intervention on which organ? A) Cervix B) Uterine cavity C) Uterine tubes D) Vagina Question 50 Surgical sterilisation in people identified as male at birth involves which organ? A) Ductus deferens B) Ductus epididymis C) Ejaculatory duct D) Penile urethra SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (50 MARKS) QUESTION 1 (5 MARKS) Mohammed loves to go swimming all year round and particularly enjoys swimming underwater. He tries to swim at least four times a week at his nearby swimming centre. a) When Mohammed swims, his cardiac output increases to ensure adequate blood flow to the muscle. Explain how this increase in cardiac output occurs. (2 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) After his swim, Mohammed’s blood pressure will be high which will need to be restored as he rests. Briefly describe the homeostatic reflex that enables this to occur. (3 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 2 (5 MARKS) a) Briefly describe the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood plasma from the metabolically active tissues to the lungs. (1.5 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) Explain how respiration is restored when a decrease in pH levels is detected in the carotid artery and cerebrospinal fluid. (3.5 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 3 (5 MARKS) In lipid digestion, describe how a typical fat is transported from the enterocytes and eventually forms a low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 4 (5 MARKS) Describe the regulation of gastrin and its actions on the stomach. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 5 (5 MARKS) Calvin is holidaying in Northern Queensland and forgot to wear a hat or sunglasses when he set off on a long walk in the middle of the day. About two hours into his walk, he starts to feel very hot and has to stop to rest under a shady tree. The slight breeze helps him to feel cooler. a) Explain the thermoregulatory mechanisms that would be maintaining Calvin’s core body temperature during his walk. (3 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) Explain why the slight breeze under the tree made Calvin feel cooler. (1 mark) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ c) If Calvin’s thermoregulatory responses became impaired, he could end up with heat stroke resulting in an increase in body temperature to 41°C. What general effect would this increased temperature have on Calvin’s cellular functions? (1 mark) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 6 (5 MARKS) Edward has been feeling unwell lately and goes to see his doctor. Edward is diagnosed with a medical condition where his circulating protein levels have decreased, and this is affecting his kidney function. Explain the forces that determine net filtration pressure in the glomerulus and how Edward’s medical condition would alter filtrate formation. In your answer, ensure you name each force and describe its effects on filtrate formation. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 7 (5 MARKS) In response to a large drop in systemic blood pressure: a) Briefly describe what would happen to glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? (1 mark) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) What would be the status of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)? In your answer, ensure you list each hormone involved and describe the specific action of each hormone in kidney function. (4 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 8 (5 MARKS) Lena had some bad milk with her breakfast and has been vomiting regularly for the past 24 hours. a) Describe and justify the kind of acid-base disorder you would expect to be present in Lena’s body. (1 mark) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) Explain the status of the buffer, respiratory, and renal systems as they respond to try and correct Lena’s acid-base disorder. (4 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 9 (5 MARKS) Jerry, a male friend of yours has recently significantly increased in muscle mass. You see him at the gym, and he seems angry when dealing with people. You pull him aside and have a chat and he discloses that he’s been abusing steroids (testosterone). He says that he’s happy with his muscle development, but he’s concerned about the significant reduction that he’s seen in the size of his testicles. He’s concerned that it may affect his fertility. Using your understanding about the normal role, and homeostatic control, of testosterone, explain the relationship between Jerry’s abuse of testosterone and the size of his testes. Is there any cause for concern over Jerry’s fertility? Explain why or why not. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 10 (5 MARKS) Your friend Aimee texts you urgently to come over to her room. You make your way over and Aimee is in tears – their period/menses is four days late. On the table, you can see that Aimee has bought a home pregnancy kit. They want your support while they go into the bathroom and takes the test. They return from the bathroom and must wait five minutes for the test to complete. “C’mon,” they say “Distract me while we wait, tell me how pregnancy tests work.” Answer Aimee’s questions below: a) What hormone is being tested in a pregnancy test, where does this hormone come from and what is its specific role in the reproductive tract? (3 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) Aimee asks: “In a normal menstrual cycle, when someone doesn’t get pregnant, what should have happened to the uterus that then leads to menstruation?” [That is, what happens in the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle that leads into menses?] (2 marks) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________