Buddhism PDF

Buddhism Life and Teachings of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th or 5th century BCE. The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are fundamental teachings of Buddhism. Theravada and Mahayana are major branches of Buddhism with distinct character...

Buddhism Life and Teachings of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th or 5th century BCE. The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are fundamental teachings of Buddhism. Theravada and Mahayana are major branches of Buddhism with distinct characteristics. Nature of Buddhism Buddhism is nontheistic, focusing on ethics and self-understanding for salvation. Example: Buddha's miraculous birth and encounters with suffering in his early life. The religion emphasizes personal spiritual growth and enlightenment. Spread and Characteristics of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Theravada, the oldest Buddhist sect, emphasizes monastic life and meditation. Mahayana, known as the 'great vehicle,' aims to help all beings attain enlightenment. Comparison of the spread and influence of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Sacred Texts and Teachings Tripitaka and Pali Canon are sacred texts of Theravada Buddhists. Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes the importance of Sutras for attaining enlightenment. Nagarjuna's writings on the concept of emptiness in Mahayana Buddhism. General Features of Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism is nontheistic and emphasizes ethics and morality. It originated in Northern India and spread to China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. Accessibility of spiritual liberation to all individuals in Mahayana Buddhism. Key People Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha): The founder of Buddhism, who attained enlightenment and shared his teachings to help others achieve the same. Emperor Ashoka: An Indian emperor who played a significant role in the spread of Buddhism across Asia. Key Teachings Teaching Description Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering (Dukkha). 2. Suffering is caused by desire (Tanha). 3. Suffering can be overcome. 4. The path to the end of suffering is the Eightfold Path. | | Eightfold Path | A set of principles to guide ethical conduct and mental development: Right Understanding, Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration. Key Branches of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism: The oldest surviving branch, emphasizing monastic life and the teachings of the Buddha as the only path to enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhism: Known as the 'Great Vehicle,' it emphasizes the role of Bodhisattvas and the potential for all beings to achieve enlightenment. Key Sacred Texts Text Description Tripitaka The traditional scriptures of Theravada Buddhism, consisting of three Facts to Memorize The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism: 1. The truth of suffering (Dukkha) 2. The truth of the cause of suffering (Samudaya) 3. The truth of the end of suffering (Nirodha) 4. The truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering (Magga) The Eightfold Path: 1. Right Understanding 2. Right Intent 3. Right Speech  4. Right Action 5. Right Livelihood 6. Right Effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right Concentration Major sects of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Reference Information Theravada Buddhism is dominant in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Mahayana Buddhism is widespread in China, Tibet, Mongolia, Japan, and Korea. The Tripitaka is the sacred text of Theravada Buddhists, while Mahayana Buddhists primarily refer to the Sutras. Hindu Religion and Its Origin Establishment and Followers The Hindu religion is characterized by the worship of many gods and sacred texts. Worshiping gods in temples is a significant aspect of Hindu practices. Hinduism dates back to around 4,000 years ago. It has approximately 900 million followers, making it the third-largest religion globally. Hinduism originated in the Indus Valley between 2300 and 1500 BCE. Hindu Sacred Texts Key Hindu sacred texts include the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad-Gita. The Vedas contain the literary and academic records of the Indo-Aryan civilization. The Vedas are divided into four parts: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads. Each part of the Vedas serves different purposes, from hymns of praise to mystical and philosophical teachings.  The Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda are the four classifications of the Samhitas. Hindu Deities Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that worships several gods, including Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Brahma is the God Creator, Vishnu the God Preserver, and Shiva the God Destroyer. Other prominent deities include Lakshmi, Ganesh, and Hanuman. Worshiping multiple gods allows Hindus to connect with different aspects of spirituality and seek blessings for various purposes. Hindu Deities and Their Attributes Brahma (the God Creator) Brahma is known as the creator in Hinduism. He is often depicted with four heads, symbolizing the four Vedas. Brahma is associated with knowledge, creation, and the universe's expansion. His consort is Saraswati, the goddess of wisdom and learning. Brahma's role emphasizes the importance of creation and the cyclical nature of existence. Vishnu (the God Preserver) Vishnu is revered as the preserver and protector of the universe. He is depicted with blue skin and four arms holding symbolic objects like a conch shell and a discus. Vishnu incarnates in different forms (avatars) to restore cosmic order and righteousness. His consort is Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Vishnu's worship emphasizes the preservation of dharma (righteousness) and balance in the world. Shiva (the God Destroyer) Shiva is the god of destruction and transformation in Hinduism. He is often depicted with a third eye, a trident, and a crescent moon on his head.  Shiva symbolizes the cyclical nature of creation, preservation, and destruction. His consort is Parvati, representing power and fertility. Shiva's worship focuses on liberation, inner transformation, and the cycle of life and death. The Upanishads Significance and Themes Part of the Vedas, focusing on the ontological connection between humanity and the cosmos Also known as Vedanta, foundational texts in Hindu theological discourses Present a vision of an interconnected universe with a single, unifying principle Teach the homology between human individuals and heavenly beings Emphasize the presence of Brahman in the atman Hindu Deities and Concepts Trimurti and Major Deities Trimurti consists of Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer) Brahma embodies intellect and creation, Vishnu as the preserver, and Shiva as the destroyer Vishnu and Shiva are considered supreme gods in Hinduism Each deity plays a crucial role in maintaining cosmic balance Lakshmi is the eternal consort of Vishnu, associated with wealth and prosperity Monism, Dharma, and Puja Monism doctrine states that everything in the universe is of one essence, Brahman Dharma encompasses duty, virtue, morality, and sustenance of the universe Puja is a ritual involving offerings and worship of deities Puja includes lighting incense, offering fruits and flowers, and other rituals Worship is directed at shrines dedicated to various deities Key People Krishna: An avatar of Vishnu, central to the Bhagavad Gita, where he imparts wisdom to Prince Arjuna. Brahma: The creator god in Hinduism, representing intellect and the source of all creation. Shiva: The destroyer god, part of the Trimurti, responsible for transformation and regeneration. Vishnu: The preserver god, also part of the Trimurti, who maintains cosmic order. Key Sacred Texts Text Description The oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, containing hymns, rituals, and philosophical Vedas teachings. Philosophical texts that explore the nature of reality and the relationship between Upanishads humanity and the cosmos. Bhagavad A dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, discussing duty, righteousness, and the nature Gita of reality. Key Deities Deity Description Brahma The creator god, responsible for the creation of the universe. Vishnu The preserver god, who maintains the order of the universe. Shiva The destroyer god, who facilitates transformation and regeneration. Lakshmi Goddess of wealth and purity, consort of Vishnu. Parvati The wife of Shiva, representing love and devotion. Key Concepts of Worship Puja: Rituals performed to honor deities, involving offerings of food, flowers, and incense. Temples: Places of worship where Hindus gather to perform rituals and offer prayers to their gods. Festivals: Celebrations such as Diwali and Holi that honor various deities and mark significant events in Hindu mythology. Facts to Memorize Hinduism is the world's oldest religion, dating back to approximately 4,000 years ago. The three principal deities are Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver), and Shiva (the Destroyer). The four parts of the Vedas are Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads. Moksha is the liberation from the cycle of reincarnation (samsara). Dharma refers to duty, virtue, and morality in Hinduism. Cause and Effect Cause Effect Arrival of Indo-Aryans in the Fusion of Indo-Aryan beliefs with local traditions, leading to the Indus Valley formation of Hinduism. Establishment of a religious and philosophical framework that guides Development of the Vedas Hindu practices. Allows for diverse expressions of faith and personal connection to Worship of multiple deities the divine. Provides a moral and ethical framework for individuals and society in Concept of Dharma Hindu culture. Key Terms/Concepts Hinduism: A polytheistic religion considered the world's oldest, characterized by the worship of many gods, particularly Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Moksha: The liberation from the cycle of reincarnation (samsara), representing the ultimate goal of Hindu life. Monism: The doctrine that all things in the universe are made of one essence, specifically Brahman. Dharma: Refers to duty, virtue, and morality, essential for sustaining the universe and society. Puja: A ritual performed by Hindus to worship deities, involving offerings and prayers. Confucianism Definition and Origins Confucianism is both a religion and a way of life. Focuses on self-cultivation to achieve social order and harmony. Confucius, also known as Kung Chiu, belonged to a noble family that later became poor. Believed in bringing back ancient traditions and old ways through teaching. Emphasized the importance of tradition and social harmony. Sacred Texts and Teachings The Five Classics: Includes the Book of History, Book of Poetry, Book of Changes, Book of Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals. The Four Books: Consist of the Analects, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, and Mencius. Major Elements: Focus on Ti’en (Heaven) as an absolute moral power, self-cultivation, human community, and appreciation of nature. Five Basic Relationships: Ruler to subject, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Older Brother to Younger Brother, Older Friend to Younger Friend. Filial Piety: Emphasizes respect, support, and care for parents, maintaining good character, and avoiding actions that bring shame to the family. Influence and Reflection Confucianism emphasizes the importance of family values and social harmony. The belief in Confucianism shapes one's perspective on family structure and relationships. Filial piety is a core virtue that influences behavior towards parents and family members. If Confucianism influenced the Philippines, it would likely impact family dynamics and societal values. Confucianism promotes virtues that contribute to a harmonious society. Taoism Overview and Principles Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religion originating from East Asia. Central belief revolves around the Tao, meaning 'the way'. Lao Tzu, a prominent figure, composed the Tao Te Ching and emphasized the importance of the Tao. Tao Te Ching challenges Confucian ideas of structure and hierarchy. Taoism promotes values such as simplicity, harmony with nature, and following the 'way'. Life of Lao Tzu and Taoist Texts Lao Tzu, a statesman during the Zhou Dynasty, lived a reflective and quiet life. Tao Te Ching, written by Lao Tzu, translates to 'Classic Way of Power'. Tao Te Ching emphasizes respect for the Tao and simplicity in human interactions. Taoism values introspection, nature, and following the natural order of the universe. Lao Tzu's wisdom continues to inspire followers of Taoism. Influence and Reflection Taoism promotes principles of simplicity, harmony, and following the natural order. Understanding the Taoist belief system can lead to a deeper appreciation of nature and simplicity. Lao Tzu's teachings encourage individuals to reflect on their actions and live in harmony with the Tao. Taoism challenges conventional societal structures and emphasizes individual spiritual growth. Applying Taoist principles can lead to a more balanced and harmonious life. The Tao The Tao, as per Tao Te Ching, emphasizes respect for the natural order of the Universe. It is described as the way of the Universe, beyond human comprehension. Tao is formless, without attributes like shape, color, or weight. Contrary to being a deity, Tao is not to be worshipped. "The Tao that can be spoken of is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name." - Lao Tzu Adherents of Taoism often follow other religions while embracing Taoist principles. Taoists are found across East Asia and regions with descendants from the area. Master Zhuang and Other Taoist Texts Master Zhuang, a key Taoist thinker, is believed to have lived during the same period as Mencius, a prominent Confucian philosopher. 'Book of Chuang Tze' advocates a life aligned with the Tao, emphasizing its natural, fulfilling, and rejuvenating essence. Other significant Taoist texts include I Ching, Hua Hu Ching, Tao Tsang, and the Four Books and the Five Classics. Shintoism Overview of Shintoism Shintoism involves the worship of numerous gods known as kami. Originating in the 2nd or 3rd century BCE in Kyushu, it was officially recognized as a national religion in the 18th century. Shintoism is characterized by its openness to other beliefs, practical nature, and worship in Shinto shrines. Sacred Texts and Deities 'Kojiki' guides worshippers in rituals, customs, and contains myths and historical records. 'Nihongi' is the official history of Japan, detailing myths about Shinto gods and early emperors. Kami, the gods of Shintoism, are believed to reside in natural elements and include abstract powers, family ancestors, and souls of the deceased. Key Shinto Deities Amaterasu, the sun goddess, is considered the most important deity. Izanagi, the creator of Japan, is revered as the father of many kami. Homusubi, the fire god, and Susanoo, the storm god, are also significant figures in Shinto mythology. Unique Aspects of Shintoism  Shinto's belief in multiple gods contributes to its uniqueness. The practical and open nature of Shintoism distinguishes it from other religions. Worship in Shinto shrines is a central practice for followers. Judaism The Forefathers of Judaism Abraham: Considered the father of the three great monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). Made a covenant with Yahweh and was blessed for his obedience. Moses: The Law-Giver who led the Israelites out of Egypt. Received the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai. God's Covenant with Abraham: Included becoming the father of the Canaan nation, circumcision, and the sacrifice of Isaac. Passover: The tenth plague where the angel of death spared Israelite firstborns. The Israelites crossed the Red Sea with God's help. Ten Commandments: Given to Moses at Mount Sinai, outlining moral and ethical principles for the Israelites. Comparison of Abraham and Moses: Contrasting characteristics of the founder and the law-giver of Judaism. Jewish Sacred Scriptures Tanakh: Hebrew Bible divided into Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim. Talmud: Composed of Mishnah (oral Torah) and Gemara (commentaries on Mishnah). Importance: Tanakh and Talmud serve as sacred scriptures providing laws, teachings, and interpretations for Jews. General Features of Judaism Establishment: Originated in the Land of Canaan, a monotheistic religion. View of God: Monotheistic belief in Yahweh, with the expectation of a future Messiah. Followers: Known as Jews, Israelites, or Hebrews, considered 'God's chosen people.' Inclusivity: Anyone can convert to Judaism through a religious court process. Christianity Jesus Christ: The Founder Role: Founder of Christianity, worshipped as the Son of God. Establishment: Jesus' teachings and disciples laid the foundation for the Christian religion. Catholic Faith: Key elements include the belief in the Holy Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) and the importance of sacraments. How Christianity Was Established Monotheistic: Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity worships only one God. Historical Context: Emerged from the teachings and crucifixion of Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Spread: Rapid expansion through missionary work and the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine. Features of the Christian Religion Symbolism: Objects and rituals in Christianity hold symbolic significance for believers. Practice of Faith: Objects aid in worship, prayer, and religious ceremonies. Unity: Christians are united by their faith in Jesus Christ as the Savior and the core tenets of the religion. Founding of Christianity Jesus Christ founded Christianity and was sent by God to redeem mankind from sin and death. He was born through the Immaculate Conception by Mary and put to death on the cross by Pontius Pilate. Established Christianity by preaching about the kingdom of God and using parables like the parable of the prodigal son. Taught about happiness through the Beatitudes and how to pray through The Lord’s Prayer. Performed miracles, such as the one at the wedding at Cana. Spread of Christianity Jesus called 12 apostles to be his followers, including Simon Peter, Andrew, James, John, and others.  He also called 72 other followers to assist in his ministry. Established churches in various ancient world locations like Corinth, Ephesus, and Thessalonica. Appointed Peter as the head of His Church on Earth according to the Catholic Church. Christianity branched into different sects like the Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church, and Eastern Orthodox Church. Christian Beliefs and Practices Sacred text: The Bible, divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament contains the teachings of Jesus Christ, gospels by Evangelists, and epistles by Paul and others. Christians believe in the Holy Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Moral laws are guided by the Ten Commandments and the New Testament. Baptism removes original sin, committed by Adam and Eve. Islam Origin and Development of Islam Founding: Established in the 7th century by Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula. Monotheism: Belief in one God, Allah, and following the teachings of the Quran. Five Pillars: Core practices including Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage). Major Beliefs of Islam Oneness of God: Central tenet of Tawhid, emphasizing the monotheistic nature of Islam. Prophets: Belief in various prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and the final prophet, Muhammad. Judgment Day: Belief in resurrection, accountability, and the Day of Judgment. Origin and Life of Prophet Muhammad Islam began with Muhammad ibn Abdallah, a merchant living in Mecca. Archangel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, delivering messages from God.  Muhammad started preaching Islam after two years of receiving messages. Islam means 'submission' and is a monotheistic religion. The Muslim population is around 1.8 billion worldwide, with duties and ways of worship outlined in the Five Pillars. The Birth of Islam Preaching of Islam Muhammad started preaching Islam after receiving messages for 2 years. Islam means 'submission'. Muhammad offered the first prayer in a newly built mosque. The Threat Quran appealed to the poor and needy, leading to persecution by the wealthy. Abû Jahl, Muhammad's opponent in Mecca, was angered by his tribe's refusal to listen. Hijra Muslims journeyed from Mecca to Medina in an event known as 'hijra' or emigration. Muhammad and his followers were welcomed in Medina. Hajj To establish peace, Muhammad returned to Mecca in a journey known as 'Hajj' or pilgrimage. Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Major Beliefs of Islam Oneness of God Islam emphasizes the belief in the Oneness of God. The phrase 'There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah' is central. Allah is described as the creator of all things, omniscient, and omnipotent. Books of God The Quran is the primary book of revelations to Prophet Muhammad. Hadith is a compilation of stories and principles of the Prophet.  The Quran starts with 'In the name of Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful.' Prophets and Messengers Prophets act as a bridge between God and humans. The final prophet in Islam is Prophet Muhammad. The Five Pillars of Islam Profession of Faith (shahada) is central to Islam. Prayer (salat) is performed five times a day facing Mecca. Alms (zakat) involve donating a portion of income to the needy. Fasting (sawm) during Ramadan is a practice of gratitude and solidarity. Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca is mandatory for financially and physically able Muslims. Wrap-Up Islam's Foundation Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad in Mecca. Muslims follow the teachings of the Quran, with Sunnah and Hadith as secondary sources. Basic Articles of Islamic Faith Muslims adhere to six basic articles of faith, including belief in Allah, angels, holy books, prophets, Day of Judgement, and predestination.