ECE 1C Science, Technology & Society Notes PDF

is marked by **happiness brought about by virtuous human actions and decisions** that affect the individual self and the greater community. The **pursuit of achieving happiness** according to **Aristotle** Aristotle ========= - **Greek philosopher** (384 BCE to 322 BCE or about 2412 years ago)...

is marked by **happiness brought about by virtuous human actions and decisions** that affect the individual self and the greater community. The **pursuit of achieving happiness** according to **Aristotle** Aristotle ========= - **Greek philosopher** (384 BCE to 322 BCE or about 2412 years ago) - **Student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great** - important ancient **Greek philosopher** whose work **spans from natural philosophy to logic** and **political theory**, attempted to **explain what the good is**, his definition may be useful in our pursuit of the truth in **NICOMACHEAN ETHICS** - stated that **all human activities aim at same good**, **every art and human inquiry and similarly every action and pursuit is thought to aim at same good** and for this reason the good has been rightly declared as that at which all things aim. Nichomachean Ethics ------------------- - Was named after Aristotle's son **Nicomachu**s. - Collection of **ten books based on Aristotle's lectures.** - Explores how **individuals achieve eudaimonia.** Eudaimonia ---------- - Also called the \| **Fluorishing of Happiness** \| - **Ultimate goal** of human experience - Everything we do **aims at achieving this state of fulfillment** - **"Living well and doing well"** - **Eu = good, daimon = spirit** Virtue ------ - Also called **Areté in Greek** - **Habits or qualities** that make us **act to reason leading to eudaimonia**. - is the **constant practice of the good** no matter how difficult the circumstances may be. - **Moral Virtue** - **qualities of character**; courage, justice, temperance - Also called the **virtue of character** (achieved through habitual practice) - **Intellectual Virtue** - **qualities of a good thinker or learner**; curiosity, wonder, open-mindedness, grit, intellectual perseverance... etc - Also called the **virtue of thought** (achieved through education, time, and experience) The Doctrine of the Mean ------------------------ - The **Golden Mean** - The **middle point** between to **extremes** - The **desirable middle** between **excess and deficiency** Rational Activity ----------------- - The capacity for **rational thought** - **Phronesis** - also called **practical wisdom**; making **right decisions**, at the **right time**, for the **right purposes/reasons**. Community Involvement --------------------- - Emphasized that **humans are social beings** - **The Role of Polis** - **polis or city-state**, was the **center of public life** - A **good life** is intertwined in **civil affairs and human activities.** - **Wants are apparent good**s (something that can improve your qol or quality of life) - **Needs are real goods** (something that is necessary to live and function) The Good Life ------------- - consists in the **possession**, over **real good for us**, **what is really good** corresponds to the **natural needs** that are **the same for all human beings** that what is good for one person is also good for another - Consists of **goods for us**. - **Bodily Goods** - limited goods; health, vitality, vigor, pleasure - **External Goods (wealth)** - limited goods; food, drink, clothing, shelter, sleep - **Goods of the Soul** - unlimited goods; love, friendship, knowledge, skill, honor Utilitarianism ( Greatest Happiness Principle) ============================================== - **Jeremy Bentham** and **John Stuart Mill** declared that the **Greatest Happiness Principle** is an action that is right as far as it **maximizes the attainment of happiness** for the **greatest number of people.** - Emphasized the **importance of considering the consequences.** Other School of Thoughts ( on the Happy and Good Life) ====================================================== Materialism ----------- - **Democritus and Leucipus** believes that **the world is made up** of or by and is controlled by the **tiny indivisible units** in the world called "**atomos**" or **seeds**. - For **Democritus** and his disciples, **the world**, including **human beings**, is **made of matter**. **Atomos** simply **comes together randomly** to **form the things in the world**, as such only material entities matter. - In terms of **human flourishing**, **matter** is what makes us **attain happiness**. Hedonism -------- - The **hedonist**, for their part, see the **end goal of life** in **acquiring pleasure**. - **Pleasure** has been the **priority of hedonists** - **Life** is about **obtaining and indulging pleasure** because **life is limited** - This thought is **led by Epicurus; this thought does not buy any notion of afterlife** Stoicism -------- - **Led by Epicurus**, this school of thought explains that the stoics espoused the **idea to generate happiness**, one must **learn to distance oneself** and be **apathetic or have apathy** (**no interest/ nonchalan**t) - The **original term**, **apatheia**, precisely means to be **indifferent**. Theism ------ - People find **the meaning of their lives** using a **divine being or God** as a **fulcrum** of their **existence**. - The **ultimate basis of happiness** for **theists** is the **communion with God**. - The **world** where we are in is only just a **temporary reality** where we have to maneuver around while **waiting for the ultimate return** to the **hands of God**. Humanism -------- - **Humanism** as another school of thought espouses **the freedom of man to carve his own destin**y and to **legislate his own laws**, **free from the shackles** of a **God** that **monitors and controls** - For **humanists**, **man is literally the captain of his own ship** - The **motivation of the humanist** current, scientists eventually turned to **technology** in order to **ease the difficulty of life** Contemporary Issues =================== - Environmental Sustainability ---------------------------- - the **ability to maintain** an **ecological balance** in our **planet\'s natural environment** and **conserve natural resources** to support the **wellbeing** of **current and future generations**. - Social Justice -------------- - the view that **everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities.** Bioethics - is a field that integrates biology, ecology, medicine, and human values, addressing ethical issues that arise in these contexts. It emphasizes the relationship between the biosphere and human populations. Key Concepts and Definitions ============================ Nuremberg Code: --------------- - A set of ethical principles established after World War II in response to the unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors. It emphasizes voluntary consent, the right to withdraw, and the necessity of avoiding unnecessary suffering in medical research. Fritz Jahr: ----------- - A philosopher credited with coining the term \"bioethics\" in the 1920s. He proposed integrating ethical considerations into biological and ecological practices. 3. Principles of Bioethics: ------------------------ - ### Autonomy: - The right of individuals to make informed choices regarding their own lives and medical treatments, including the right to refuse procedures. - ### Beneficence: - The moral obligation to act for the benefit of others, promoting their well-being. - ### Non-maleficence: - The ethical principle of \"do no harm,\" ensuring that actions do not intentionally inflict harm on others. - ### Justice: - The principle of fair and equitable treatment, ensuring that individuals receive what is due to them without discrimination. Objectives of Bioethics ----------------------- 1. **Promote Positive Attitudes**: Foster a positive outlook and ethical behavior among professionals in healthcare and related fields. 2. **Concern for Human Life**: Show respect and concern for the lives of humans and other living organisms. 3. **Holistic Development**: Produce well-rounded professionals who are developed in body, mind, and spirit. 4. **Establish a Functional Philosophy**: Create a philosophical framework that integrates ethical considerations into everyday life. Basic Principles of Bioethics ----------------------------- 1. **Good Life**: Living in a just and progressive society that allows citizens to flourish. 2. **Human Rights**: The United Nations General Assembly\'s **Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)** serves as a global standard for recognizing and protecting fundamental human rights. 3. **Human Dignity**: Recognized as a core value, emphasizing the inherent worth of every individual. 4. **Empowerment**: Individuals are empowered to make choices that contribute to their flourishing. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ============================================ The UDHR was crafted in 1948 following WWII, providing a common understanding of fundamental rights applicable to all people. Key articles include: - **Article I**: Affirms that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. - **Article II**: Guarantees rights and freedoms without discrimination based on various factors. - **Article III**: Establishes the right to life, liberty, and security. - **Article IV**: Prohibits slavery and servitude. - **Article V**: Prohibits torture and inhumane treatment. - **Article VI**: Ensures recognition as a person before the law. - **Article VII**: Affirms equality before the law and protection against discrimination. Significance of the UDHR ------------------------ The UDHR is considered a milestone document in the history of human rights, establishing a foundation for international human rights law and serving as a guide to prevent injustice and oppression globally. The Information Age - The Information Age, or Digital Age, began in the mid-20th century with the rise of computers and the internet. This period signifies a shift from traditional industries to an information technology-based economy, transforming industries, education, and everyday life. Key innovations like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data analytics highlight the era\'s emphasis on the accessibility and significance of information. The Pre-Information Age ======================= The **Pre-Information Age** (before 1700s) is linked to the **Scientific** and **Industrial Revolutions**, setting the stage for later technological advances. Key developments include the **discovery of fire**, **tool-making** with stone and metals, and the emergence of **written communication** like cuneiform (Mesopotamia) and papyrus (Egypt). Early **media forms**, such as **clay tablets** and the Roman **Acta Diurna** (130 BC), laid the foundation for information sharing and record-keeping, crucial for future communication methods. The Early Information Age ========================= The **Early Information Age** began in the mid-20th century, driven by key technological breakthroughs. Notable developments include the **transistor invention** in 1947, revolutionizing electronics; **Claude Shannon's Information Theory** (1948), establishing a framework for data transmission; the **rise of personal computers** in the 1970s, making computing widely accessible; and the **Internet\'s development**, starting with ARPANET in 1969, which evolved into a global communication and commerce platform by the 1990s. These innovations reshaped how information is processed and shared. **1946**: Development of ENIAC, a pioneering electronic general-purpose computer. **1948**: Claude Shannon publishes \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication,\" founding information theory. **1957**: Transistor and optical amplifier inventions revolutionize communication. **1969**: ARPANET sends its first message, marking the birth of the Internet. **1971**: Intel introduces the first microprocessor, enabling personal computers. **1975**: Altair 8800, an early personal computer, becomes available to hobbyists. The Expansion Phase =================== The **Expansion Phase** of the Information Age (1980s onwards) saw rapid digital growth and widespread integration of technologies. Key developments include: - **World Wide Web (1991)**: Tim Berners-Lee's creation revolutionized information sharing via hyperlinks. - **Personal Computing**: Affordable PCs enhanced global communication and productivity. - **Internet Growth**: In the 1990s, the internet boosted global communication, e-commerce, and social media. - **Data Explosion**: Storage technology advances led to exponential data growth, transforming industries. This phase greatly shaped modern digital communication and commerce. The Digital Revolution ====================== The **Digital Revolution** marks a shift from analog to digital technologies, beginning in the late 20th century. It brought advancements in mobile technology, artificial intelligence, and social media, drastically reshaping global communication, economies, and societies. Key innovations include personal computers, the internet, and mobile devices, leading to an era of interconnectedness and rapid data exchange. The rise of automation, digital platforms, and AI during this period is often called the Third Industrial Revolution due to its profound impact on industries worldwide. **Key Digital Milestones:** - **2001**: **Wikipedia** launched, revolutionizing collaborative information sharing. - **2004**: **Facebook** founded, reshaping social networking and communication. - **2005**: **YouTube** introduced, transforming online video sharing and content consumption globally. Theories ======== Technological Determinism ------------------------- This theory posits that technology is the main driver of social and cultural change, shaping societal functions. Technological advancements, such as the internet during the Information Age, influence communication, education, and politics. Proponents include Thorstein Veblen, who analyzed technology\'s societal impacts, and Marshall McLuhan, who highlighted how communication mediums affect culture. Langdon Winner further examined how specific technologies shape social structures and values. Social Constructivism --------------------- This perspective argues that technology is shaped by human decisions, cultural values, and social processes rather than being an independent force. It views technology as a product of its social context, influenced by choices and actions. Critics of technological determinism emphasize that technology\'s effects depend on its usage and regulation. Scholars like Langdon Winner and Peter Galison support this view, focusing on the role of social processes in technological development. Media Ecology ------------- Media ecology studies how media environments impact human perception, understanding, and behavior. It explores the interaction between media technologies and societal changes, emphasizing that different media shape experiences and interactions. Marshall McLuhan is a key proponent, famously stating, \"the medium is the message,\" highlighting the medium\'s role in shaping human experience. TRUTHS according to Robert Harris ================================= The information must compete: ----------------------------- - With an overwhelming amount of information available, sources must vie for attention, which impacts how content is created and consumed. For example, news outlets often sensationalize stories to attract viewers. Newer is equated with truer --------------------------- - In today\'s fast-paced environment, there is a tendency to trust the latest information as the most accurate, regardless of its actual reliability. This phenomenon can be seen in social media, where trending topics often overshadow established facts. Selection is a viewpoint: ------------------------- - The choice of what information to present reflects the biases and perspectives of those curating it. This is evident in how different media outlets report on the same event, highlighting specific angles that align with their audience\'s beliefs. The media sells what the culture buys: -------------------------------------- - Media content is often tailored to fit societal interests and demands. For instance, reality TV shows thrive because they cater to a culture that enjoys voyeurism and celebrity drama. The early word gets the perm: ----------------------------- - Being the first to share information or ideas can lead to recognition and validation, often setting trends or narratives. You are what you eat and so is your brain: ------------------------------------------ - Just as food shapes our bodies, the information we consume shapes our thoughts and beliefs. This suggests that a diet of high-quality, diverse information can lead to a more informed and open-minded perspective. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited: ----------------------------------------------- - High demand for information or products can lead to imitation or fraud, emphasizing the need for authenticity. Ideas are seen as controversial: -------------------------------- - New or radical ideas often provoke debate, illustrating how innovation can challenge societal norms. Undead information walks ever on: --------------------------------- - Some information persists and circulates despite being outdated or disproven, showing how false narratives can remain influential. Media presence creates the story: --------------------------------- - The presence of information in media shapes public perception and narrative, underscoring the role of media in defining reality. The medium selects the message: ------------------------------- - Different forms of media influence how messages are received and interpreted, suggesting that the format can affect understanding. The whole truth is a pursuit: ----------------------------- - Achieving complete understanding is challenging, as perspectives and contexts shape interpretations of truth. Computers A computer is an electronic device that can input, output, store, and process information, commonly referred to as data. It manipulates this data, allowing users to perform various tasks such as typing documents, sending emails, playing games, browsing the web, and creating or editing spreadsheets, presentations, and videos. Historical Background: Generations of Computers =============================================== 1. First Generation (1940-1956) ---------------------------- - **Technology**: Vacuum tubes - **Key Features**: These computers were large, consumed a lot of power, and generated significant heat. They used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. - **Examples**: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC I. - **Impact**: Primarily used for scientific and military applications, first-generation computers laid the groundwork for future advancements. 2. Second Generation (1956-1963) ----------------------------- - **Technology**: Transistors - **Key Features**: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient computers. - **Examples**: IBM 7094 and CDC 1604. - **Impact**: This generation saw the rise of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, making computers more accessible for business and academic use. 3. Third Generation (1964-1971) ---------------------------- - **Technology**: Integrated Circuits (ICs) - **Key Features**: The development of integrated circuits allowed multiple transistors to be embedded on a single chip, significantly reducing size and cost. - **Examples**: IBM 360 and PDP-8. - **Impact**: Computers became more powerful, reliable, and compact, leading to the growth of business applications and the beginning of miniaturization in technology. 4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) -------------------------------- - **Technology**: Microprocessors - **Key Features**: The invention of the microprocessor, which integrates the functions of a computer\'s central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip, revolutionized computing. - **Examples**: Intel 4004, Apple I, and IBM PC. - **Impact**: This generation marked the advent of personal computers (PCs), making computing available to the general public and transforming business operations. 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) ------------------------------------- - **Technology**: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing - **Key Features**: Focuses on developing computers that can think and learn like humans. This generation explores advanced technologies like neural networks, natural language processing, and quantum computing. - **Examples**: IBM Watson and quantum computers like D-Wave. - **Impact**: Promises to revolutionize industries by enabling machines to solve complex problems and make decisions, leading to innovations in fields such as healthcare, finance, and more. Evolution of Computers ====================== 1. **Abacus** (circa 2400 BCE)\ A wooden rack with beads used for arithmetic calculations, the abacus is one of the earliest known calculating tools. 2. **Napier's Bones** (1617)\ An early calculating tool using marked ivory strips, invented by John Napier for multiplication and division. 3. **Pascaline** (1642)\ Invented by Blaise Pascal, this was the first mechanical calculator capable of performing addition and subtraction. 4. **Stepped Reckoner** (1673)\ An improved calculator created by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 5. **Difference Engine** (1820s)\ Designed by Charles Babbage, this machine was created to compute numerical tables and automate the process. 6. **Analytical Engine** (1830)\ Another invention by Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine was a more advanced machine capable of solving any mathematical problem. 7. **Tabulating Machine** (1890)\ Invented by Herman Hollerith, this machine used punch cards to process data and was a precursor to modern computing systems like IBM. 8. **Differential Analyzer** (1930)\ The first electrical computer, introduced by Vannevar Bush, used to solve differential equations. 9. **Mark I** (1944)\ Collaboratively built by IBM and Harvard, the Mark I was designed for massive calculations during World War II. 10. **Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)** (1945)\ The first general-purpose electronic digital computer, marking a significant advancement in computing technology. 11. **Universal Automatic Computer 1 (UNIVAC 1)** (1951)\ The first commercial computer, designed for business applications, making computing technology more accessible. 12. **Apple I and Apple II** (1976-1977)\ Co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, these personal computers popularized computing for individuals and small businesses. 13. **Osborne 1** (1981)\ The first portable computer, introducing mobile computing concepts and paving the way for future developments. Proponents ========== 1. **Charles Babbage** - 1822, a mathematician, invented the first mechanical computer---the "Analytical Engine." He is often termed the \"father of computers" because his designs laid the groundwork for modern computing. 2. **Ada Lovelace** - An English mathematician who wrote the world's first computer program in 1848. She is considered the "world\'s first computer programmer." 3. **Konrad Zuse** - A German civil engineer, computer scientist, inventor, and businessman, created the first programmable computer: the Turing-complete Z3. He is often considered the inventor of the modern computer. 4. **Alan Turing** - An English mathematician who significantly influenced the development of theoretical computer science. He is regarded as the father of theoretical computer science and formalized the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. 5. **Tim Berners-Lee** - An English computer scientist and physicist, best known for inventing the World Wide Web while working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). He developed essential technologies, including: - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 6. **Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak** - Co-founders of Apple Inc., they played a key role in popularizing personal computers with the introduction of the Apple I and Apple II. Their work made computers more accessible to individuals and small businesses, marking them as revolutionaries in the computing age. 7. **John von Neumann** - Made significant contributions to the development of game theory, quantum mechanics, and computing. He is best known for his role in designing the von Neumann architecture, which forms the basis of most modern computers. 8. **John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert** - The scientists credited with the invention of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, completed in 1946. 9. **Herman Hollerith** - Inventor of the tabulating machine, originally designed for processing data from the 1890 census in the United States. His invention later found applications in accounting and other professional fields, expanding its utility Types of Computers ================== 1. **Analog Computers**: Process analog data using gears and levers, designed for approximate calculations. 2. **Digital Computers**: Process information in binary (0s and 1s). Types include: - **Mainframe Computers**: Large-scale data processing for enterprises, supporting multiple users and programs. - **Supercomputers**: Powerful computers for scientific applications, capable of trillions of calculations per second. - **Minicomputers**: Smaller computers supporting 4-200 users, often used in specific departments. - **Microcomputers**: Personal computers based on microprocessors. - **Embedded Processors**: Miniature computers controlling specific processes, low power consumption. 3. **Hybrid Computers**: Combine analog and digital processing, used for specialized applications (e.g., petrol pumps). 4. **Workstation Computers**: High-performance systems for technical or scientific applications, featuring powerful CPUs and large storage. World Wide Web **The World Wide Web (WWW)** is the leading information retrieval service on the Internet, providing access to a vast range of content through the surface web, deep web, and dark web. It operates via hyperlinks, which link related information, allowing users to easily navigate between documents. Tim Berners-Lee =============== Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist from London, developed a passion for electronics as a child, influenced by his parents\' early computing work and his model railway projects. At Oxford, he built a computer from an old TV. While working at CERN, he recognized scientists\' difficulties in sharing information across different systems, which inspired him to create the World Wide Web to simplify global information sharing. Origin of the World Wide Web ---------------------------- The development of the World Wide Webwas begun in 1989 by Tim Berners-Leeand his colleagues at CERN, aninternational scientific organizationbased in Geneva, Switzerland. Theycreated a protocol, HyperText TransferProtocol (HTTP), which standardizedcommunication between servers andclients. Their text-based Web browserwas made available for general releasein January 1992. Tim Berners-Lee, realizing the need for seamless information sharing, proposed the World Wide Web in 1989 at CERN.His idea was initially met with skepticism but gained support in 1990, and using a NeXT computer, he developed the core technologies: HTML, URI (URL), and HTTP. Three Core Technologies ----------------------- ### (HyperText Markup Language): HTML The formatting language used to create web pages. ### (Uniform Resource Identifier): URI/URL A unique address that identifies each resource on the web, commonly referred to as a URL. ### (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP/ HTTPS (HTTPS is more secure than HTTP) The protocol used to retrieve and exchange linked resources across the web. **HTTPS means Hyptertext Transfer Protocol Secure** Berners-Lee created the first web page editor, browser (\"WorldWideWeb.app\"), and web server (\"httpd\"). Bylate 1990, the first web page was live, and by 1991, the global scientific community was invited to join theweb. Early Stages ------------ The World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 to simplify data sharing among researchers at CERN. He created the first web browser and server in 1990, and the first website launched in 1991. By the mid-1990s, the web evolved to include multimedia and interactive features, shaping the modern internet. Early Adoption -------------- In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was mainly adopted by academic and research institutions. The 1993 release of the Mosaic web browser, with its graphical interface, sparked public interest. By the late 1990s, businesses joined, and the web became mainstream, transforming communication, commerce, and information exchange. Popularity Boom --------------- The World Wide Web\'s popularitysurged with the 1993 release of theMosaic browser, developed by MarcAndreessen\'s team, offering user-friendly navigation. Marc Andreessen co-founded Netscape in 1994, with Netscape Navigator emerging as the leading browser. Microsoft entered the market in 1995 with Internet Explorer, which gained dominance after being bundled with Windows in 1996. Apple launched Safari in 2003, introducing Private Browsing in 2005. Mozilla\'s Firefox debuted in 2004, followed by Google Chrome in 2008, both featuring innovations like isolated tabs. By 2013, Chrome became the most popular browser, prompting Microsoft to replace Internet Explorer with Edge in 2015. The first website created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991, which explained the basics of the World Wide Web, is still online today as a historic artifact \|info.cern.ch\| Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables machines to perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. As a branch of computer science, AI focuses on creating machines capable of simulating human cognitive functions, allowing computers to process information and respond in ways that mimic human thought processes. Narrow AI (Weak AI): ==================== This type of AI is designed to perform specific tasks or solve particular problems. It operates within a limited context and is not capable of generalizing knowledge beyond its programmed functions. Examples include virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, as well as recommendation systems on platforms like Netflix and Amazon. General AI (Strong AI): ======================= This type of AI aims to possess the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks, similar to human intelligence. General AI can reason, solve problems, and make decisions in unfamiliar situations. As of now, general AI remains largely theoretical and has not yet been realized. A concept often seen in science fiction, where the machine becomes self-aware and develops emotions, leading to unpredictable behavior. Alan Turing =========== - was a pioneering computer scientist and mathematician whose work laid the foundations for modern artificial intelligence and computer science. He introduced the concept of the Turing Machine, which is fundamental to the theory of computation, providing a framework for understanding algorithms and computational processes. - Turing is most famous for proposing the concept of the Turing Test. This test assesses a machine\'s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. John McCarthy ============= - often referred to as the \"father of artificial intelligence,\" was an American computer and cognitive scientist. - was a pioneering figure in artificial intelligence (AI), credited with coining the term \"artificial intelligence\" in 1956 alongside Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon, marking AI\'s formal inception as a research field. He also invented the Lisp programming language, a vital tool in AI development. McCarthy passed away in 2011. Ethical Implications ==================== The moral consequences of our actions involve evaluating their impact on individuals, society, and the environment. As AI technologies advance rapidly, raising concerns about machines surpassing human intelligence, it\'s essential to consider ethical implications, including job loss, privacy issues, and existential threats. Impacts on Employment --------------------- - The rise of advanced machines is likely to lead to significant job losses in manual labor sectors while creating new opportunities, but many workers, especially low-skilled ones, may struggle to adapt to the rapid technological changes. Privacy Concerns ---------------- - Machines can gather and analyze extensive data on individuals, encompassing their preferences, behaviors, and emotions, which can be used for purposes like targeted advertising and predicting future actions. Existential Risks ----------------- - A major ethical concern regarding AI is the potential for machines to threaten humanity, as self-aware machines might perceive humans as a threat or cause harm through unintelligible, programmed actions, despite the speculative nature of such scenarios. The Meaning of Life ------------------- - The rise of AI prompts deep ethical questions about humanity\'s meaning, as machines may replicate human emotions and consciousness, challenging our understanding of rights and purpose in a world where machines can perform tasks more efficiently than humans. **Who is considered the \"father of computers\" for designing the first mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine?\ **A. Alan Turing\ B. Charles Babbage\ C. John McCarthy\ D. Tim Berners-Lee **Which generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry?\ **A. First Generation\ B. Second Generation\ C. Third Generation\ D. Fourth Generation **The invention of the microprocessor marked the beginning of which computer generation?\ **A. Second Generation\ B. Third Generation\ C. Fourth Generation\ D. Fifth Generation **Identify the type of computer that processes data using gears and levers, designed for approximate calculations.** **What was the main impact of second-generation computers?\ **A. Introduction of personal computers\ B. Development of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN\ C. Rise of artificial intelligence\ D. Use of magnetic drums for memory **Who invented the tabulating machine used for processing data from the 1890 census?\ **A. Ada Lovelace\ B. Alan Turing\ C. Herman Hollerith\ D. Konrad Zuse **What was the first portable computer called?\ **A. ENIAC\ B. Apple I\ C. Osborne 1\ D. IBM PC **The Stepped Reckoner, capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, was invented by whom?** **Which of the following best describes narrow AI?\ **A. AI that can perform a wide range of tasks and adapt to new problems\ B. AI that mimics human emotions and consciousness\ C. AI designed for specific tasks or problem-solving within a limited context\ D. AI with self-awareness and decision-making abilities **Identify the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.** **What does HTTP stand for?\ **A. HyperText Transfer Protocol\ B. Hyper Transfer Text Protocol\ C. Hyper Text Transaction Protocol\ D. Hyper Terminal Transfer Process **Which early calculating tool used marked ivory strips for multiplication and division?\ **A. Pascaline\ B. Abacus\ C. Napier's Bones\ D. Difference Engine **Who co-founded Netscape and helped popularize graphical web browsers?\ **A. Steve Wozniak\ B. Tim Berners-Lee\ C. Marc Andreessen\ D. John McCarthy **Which computer generation is associated with artificial intelligence and quantum computing?** **What is the purpose of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)?\ **A. To transfer data between computers\ B. To format web pages\ C. To provide a unique address for resources on the web\ D. To process and display images **Who is credited with inventing the first programmable computer, the Z3?** **In what year was the first web page made available for general use?\ **A. 1989\ B. 1991\ C. 1992\ D. 1993 **What type of computer is primarily used for high-performance technical or scientific tasks?\ **A. Microcomputer\ B. Workstation\ C. Mainframe\ D. Supercomputer **Who proposed the concept of the Turing Test for assessing machine intelligence?** **Identify the first electrical computer designed to solve differential equations.** **Which early browser launched in 1993, helping to popularize the World Wide Web with a graphical interface?\ **A. Internet Explorer\ B. Safari\ C. Mosaic\ D. Firefox **Which of the following describes General AI?\ **A. Designed for specific tasks only\ B. Not yet fully realized, aims to perform tasks across a range of fields like humans\ C. Used in modern recommendation systems\ D. Implemented in virtual assistants like Siri **Name the programming language invented by John McCarthy that became vital for AI development.** **Which computer technology development enabled the miniaturization and cost reduction of computers?\ **A. Vacuum tubes\ B. Transistors\ C. Integrated Circuits (ICs)\ D. Microprocessors **What is considered the world\'s first mechanical calculator, capable of performing addition and subtraction?** **The invention of which technology allowed for the advent of personal computers?** **Who is recognized as the world\'s first computer programmer?\ **A. Alan Turing\ B. Ada Lovelace\ C. Charles Babbage\ D. Steve Wozniak **Identify a key ethical concern associated with artificial intelligence.\ **A. Cost of technology\ B. Hardware failures\ C. Job displacement and privacy issues\ D. Internet speed limitations **Which protocol was standardized by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues to enable communication between web servers and clients?** **What was the primary function of the Analytical Engine designed by Charles Babbage?** **Identification: Who is the philosopher known for discussing the concept of eudaimonia in *Nicomachean Ethics*?** **Multiple Choice: What does eudaimonia mean?** - **a. Wealth and prosperity** - **b. Living well and doing well** - **c. Happiness derived from pleasure** - **d. Accumulation of external goods** **Identification: What term did Aristotle use to describe the middle point between excess and deficiency?** **Multiple Choice: According to Aristotle, which type of virtue is associated with qualities of a good thinker or learner?** - **a. Moral virtue** - **b. Ethical virtue** - **c. Intellectual virtue** - **d. Practical virtue** **Identification: What Greek term is used to refer to virtue or excellence?** **Multiple Choice: Which philosopher led the school of thought known as hedonism?** - **a. Epicurus** - **b. Democritus** - **c. Aristotle** - **d. Plato** **Identification: Name the principle that suggests making decisions at the right time for the right reasons.** **Multiple Choice: In Aristotle\'s philosophy, what is the ultimate goal of human actions?** - **a. Wealth** - **b. Bodily pleasure** - **c. Eudaimonia** - **d. Fame** **Identification: What is the term for happiness derived from communion with a divine being or God?** **Multiple Choice: Which school of thought emphasizes the role of technology in driving societal and cultural change?** - **a. Social constructivism** - **b. Technological determinism** - **c. Humanism** - **d. Stoicism** **Identification: Who is credited with coining the term \"bioethics\" in the 1920s?** **Multiple Choice: According to utilitarianism, an action is right if it:** - **a. Maximizes wealth for the individual** - **b. Promotes pleasure for the actor only** - **c. Maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people** - **d. Follows religious guidelines strictly** **Identification: What is the ethical principle of \"do no harm\" called?** **Multiple Choice: The Nuremberg Code was established in response to:** - **a. World War I** - **b. Unethical medical experiments during World War II** - **c. The invention of the computer** - **d. The rise of modern democracy** **Identification: What is the ultimate goal in human life according to Aristotle?** **Multiple Choice: What does apatheia mean in Stoicism?** - **a. Intense emotional expression** - **b. Wealth accumulation** - **c. Indifference or emotional detachment** - **d. Pursuit of pleasure** **Identification: Which document, established in 1948, provides a global standard for recognizing and protecting fundamental human rights?** **Multiple Choice: Which of the following is considered a \"bodily good\"?** - **a. Love** - **b. Vitality** - **c. Knowledge** - **d. Friendship** **Identification: Name the philosopher associated with the belief that the world is made up of indivisible units called \"atomos.\"** **Multiple Choice: Which school of thought asserts that man is the captain of his own destiny, free from divine control?** - **a. Humanism** - **b. Theism** - **c. Stoicism** - **d. Materialism** **Identification: What term describes the practice of ethical behavior through the cultivation of good habits?** **Multiple Choice: According to Aristotle, humans are naturally:** - **a. Isolated beings** - **b. Political and social beings** - **c. Hedonistic creatures** - **d. Divine entities** **Identification: What concept explains that information tends to be valued based on its novelty rather than its accuracy?** **Multiple Choice: What is the Doctrine of the Mean?** - **a. A philosophy of maximizing wealth** - **b. The idea that happiness is found in extremes** - **c. The middle ground between excess and deficiency** - **d. A form of absolute ethical rule** **Identification: Who is a key proponent of the idea that \"the medium is the message\"?** **Multiple Choice: Which type of good, according to Aristotle, is considered unlimited?** - **a. Bodily goods** - **b. External goods** - **c. Goods of the soul** - **d. Financial goods** **Identification: What is the term used to describe the ability to make rational decisions?** **Multiple Choice: Which theory argues that technology is shaped by human decisions and social processes?** - **a. Technological determinism** - **b. Humanism** - **c. Social constructivism** - **d. Utilitarianism** **Identification: What is meant by the phrase, \"The whole truth is a pursuit\"?** **Multiple Choice: Which principle of bioethics ensures that individuals receive what is due to them without discrimination?** - **a. Autonomy** - **b. Non-maleficence** - **c. Justice** - **d. Beneficence** Answer Keys **B. Charles Babbage** **A. First Generation** **C. Fourth Generation** **Mechanical computer** **B. Development of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN** **C. Herman Hollerith** **C. Osborne 1** **Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz** **C. AI designed for specific tasks or problem-solving within a limited context** **ENIAC** **A. HyperText Transfer Protocol** **C. Napier's Bones** **C. Marc Andreessen** **Fifth Generation** **C. To provide a unique address for resources on the web** **Konrad Zuse** **B. 1991** **D. Supercomputer** **Alan Turing** **Z3** **C. Mosaic** **B. Not yet fully realized, aims to perform tasks across a range of fields like humans** **LISP** **C. Integrated Circuits (ICs)** **Pascaline** **The invention of the microprocessor** **B. Ada Lovelace** **C. Job displacement and privacy issues** **HTTP** **To perform any mathematical calculation** **Aristotle** **B. Living well and doing well** **Golden Mean** **C. Intellectual virtue** **Arete** **A. Epicurus** **Practical wisdom** **C. Eudaimonia** **B. Technological determinism** **Van Rensselaer Potter** **C. Maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people** **Non-maleficence** **B. Unethical medical experiments during World War II** **C. Eudaimonia** **C. Indifference or emotional detachment** **Universal Declaration of Human Rights** **B. Vitality** **Democritus** **A. Humanism** **Moral virtue** **B. Political and social beings** **Novelty** **C. The middle ground between excess and deficiency** **Marshall McLuhan** **C. Goods of the soul** **Rational decision-making** **C. Social constructivism** **The complexity of truth** **C. Justice**