Earth's Structure and Habitability - HST1102 - August 22, 2024 - PDF

HST1102 - EARTH SCIENCE AUGUST 22, 2024 STEM JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN OPENING PRAYER  MODULE 1 EARTH’S STRUC...

HST1102 - EARTH SCIENCE AUGUST 22, 2024 STEM JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN OPENING PRAYER  MODULE 1 EARTH’S STRUCTURE, HABITABILITY, AND SUBSYSTEMS JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  OF CONTEN TS 1 EARTH’S STRUCTURE 2 EARTH’S HABITABILITY 3 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM  EARTH S STRUCTURE, HABITABILITY, AND SUBSYSTEMS AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU ARE EXPECTED TO:  IDENTIFY THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH;  DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH THAT ARE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT LIFE; AND  CITE WAYS ON HOW TO HELP IN TAKING CARE OF OUR PLANET EARTH. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  01 The structure of the Earth JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  LAYERS OF THE INNER EARTH MANTL CORE E OUTER CRUST CORE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  CONRAD The structure of the discontinuity LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHER Earth MOHOROVICIC ASTHENOSPHERE discontinuity REPETTI MESOSPHERE GUTENBERG 11 LEHMANN BARYSPHERE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  IRON CATASTROPHE POSTULATED MAJOR GEOLOGICAL EVENT EARLY IN THE HISTORY OF EARTH, WHERE HEAVY METALS SUCH AS IRON AND NICKEL CONGREGATED IN THE CORE DURING A GEOLOGICALLY BRIEF PERIOD. DISCONTINUITIES INSIDE THE EARTH CONRAD DISCONTINUITY TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN SIAL AND SIMa MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE CRUST AND MANTLE REPITI DISCONTINUITY TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN OUTER MANTLE AND INNER MANTLE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN DISCONTINUITIES INSIDE THE EARTH GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN MANTLE AND CORE LEHMAN DISCONTINUITY TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN OUTER CORE AND INNER CORE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  THE PROPERTIES OF THE CORE INNER OUTER CORE CORE iron and nickel iron and nickel magnetic magnetic solid liquid 1250 km 2300 km ~5400°C ~4000°C JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  The properties of the core LOWER UPPER MANTLE MANTLE soft rocks Solid rocks less ductile malleable Gutenberg Mohorovičić discontinuity discontinuity 2240 km thick 660 km thick JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  The properties of the core OCEANIC CONTINENTAL CRUST CRUST Dark-colored light-colored Basaltic granitic Dense less dense Felsic (feldspar and quartz) ultramafic (Mg and Fe) Thin layer thick layer 8-10 km thick 10-70 km thick KARLO VINCENT JOHN CALANOG, RN, LPT | EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  02 HABITABILITY OF THE EARTH JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  TO ALLOW LIFE TO FLOURISH, A STAR MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: HIGH METALLICITY AGE OF STAR STABLE LOW STELLAR PLANETARY VARIATION HABITABLE ZONE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN CONDITIONS THAT MAKE PLANETS HABITABLE BASED ON PLANETARY HABITABLE INDEX (PHI) DISTANCE FROM A STAR ORBITAL ECCENTRICITY TERRESTRIAL AXIAL TILT Rotation Geochemistry JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  03 subsystems of the earth JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH GEOSPHERE IT INCLUDES THE ENTIRE EARTH'S CRUST AND THE RIGID UPPER MANTLE. HYDROSPHERE IT REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF EARTH’S WATER. THE MIXTURE OF GASES THAT ATMOSPHERE SURROUND THE PLANET. BIOSPHERE IT CONTAINS THE ENTIRETY OF EARTH'S LIVING THINGS. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  GEOSPHERE IT INCLUDES THE ENTIRE EARTH'S CRUST AND THE RIGID UPPER MANTLE. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  GEOSPHERE  THE SOLID OUTER SECTION OF EARTH.  IT INCLUDES THE ENTIRE EARTH'S CRUST AND THE RIGID UPPER MANTLE.  THE TWO CRUSTS ARE THE CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST.  THE LITHOSPHERE IS NOT A CONTINUOUS LAYER. IT IS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF HUGE PLATES THAT MOVE IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER.  IT WAS BELIEVED THAT AT THE BEGINNING OF EARTH, THE CONTINENTS ARE ALL LOCKED UP INTO A HUGE LANDMASS CALLED PANGAEA, AS PROPOSED BY ALFRED WEGENER. THEY BROKE APART AND GRADUALLY DRIFTED TO THEIR PRESENT POSITION. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  ATMOSPHERE THE MIXTURE OF GASES THAT SURROUND THE PLANET SUCH AS NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ARGON, CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR AND OTHER TRACE GASES JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  TWO IMPORTANT PROCESSES THAT CHANGED EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE: 1 The radiation from the sun caused water (H2O) to split apart 2H2O 2 H2 + O2 H y droge n (H 2) e sca pe d ba ck to ou t e r spa ce , w h ile oxy ge n (O2) accumulated in the atmosphere. 2 A type of cyanobacteria evolved and began carrying out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis utilized carbon dioxide and energy to produce sugar and oxygen: CO2 + H2O 2H2 + O2 Oxygen (O2) released during photosynthesis supplied the rest of oxygen in the atmosphere. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  Constituent Percent by Volume Concentration (in ppm) Nitrogen (N2 ) 78.084 780840.0 Oxygen (O2 ) 20.946 209460.0 Argon (Ar) 0.934 934.0 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) 0.036 360.0 Neon (Ne) 0.00182 18.2 Helium (He) 0.00524 5.24 Methane (CH4 ) 0.00015 1.5 Krypton (Kr) 0.000114 1.14 Hydrogen (H2 ) 0.00005 0.5 JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  ATMOSPHERE LAYERS STRATOSPHERE MESOSPHERE The ozone layer in the The coldest temperature THERMOSPHERE stratosphere protects are found near the top Nitrogen (N) and oxygen (02) life on Earth by of this layer. This layer absorb a great deal of absorbing ultraviolet also protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation and turn radiation. meteoroids. it into heat. TROPOSPHERE EXOSPHERE All weather-associated Most of the orbiting cloud types are found in satellites, as well as low- this layer. density elements, such as hydrogen and helium, are found in this layer. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  TROPOSPHERE  The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. It extends from the Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km—9 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator.  It contains about 80 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere.  Most of the water vapor present in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Thus, all weather-associated cloud types are found in this layer.  STRATOSPHERE  The second lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere situated above the tropopause is the stratosphere. It lies above the troposphere.  From the top of the troposphere, it extends from 12 km to 15 km above the Earth's surface to the stratopause, around 50 km in altitude.  The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  STRATOSPHERE  The temperature increases as altitude increases due to the presence of ozone (03). Ozone absorbs the ultraviolet rays from the sun and releases some of this energy in the form of heat energy.  It is also the layer where commercial airlines are allowed to cruise due to the low temperature and low air density—two factors that reduces drag. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  MESOSPHERE  The third highest layer of the Earth's atmosphere is the mesosphere. It occupies the region above the stratosphere.  It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of 50 km, to the mesopause at an altitude of around 80 km.  In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases.  The coldest region in the atmosphere is the upper mesosphere. It has an average temperature of around -85 degree Celsius. This layer protects Earth from meteoroids.  Temperature stops decreasing at the mesopause. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  THERMOSPHERE  Beyond the mesosphere is the thermosphere. It occupies the region above the mesosphere and extends at an altitude of about 80 km to 700 km.  Nitrogen (N) and oxygen (02) absorb a great deal of ultraviolet radiation and turn it into heat.  The portion of the thermosphere between 90 km and 500 km above the Earth's surface is called ionosphere -- a layer consisting of highly-ionized gas. The ionized gas is formed when ultraviolet rays knock off electron from nitrogen and oxygen. The layer of the ionosphere that reflects radio waves is called Kennelly-Heaviside layer. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  EXOSPHERE It is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It extends from about 700 km to 1000 km above sea level. Most of the orbiting satellites, as well as low-density elements, such as hydrogen and helium, are found in this layer. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  HYDROSPHERE THE presentation Here is where your HYDROSPHERE IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER ON A PLANET. begins JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  HYDROSPHERE  The totality of Earth’s water, including the permanently frozen parts called cryosphere  Earth is known as "blue planet” because it is covered with water and from space it is seen as bright blue.  Nearly 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by the five recognized oceans. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  HYDROSPHERE Description Percentage (%) Salt water 97.5 Oceans Midland seas Freshwater (easily available) (0.3) Groundwater Lakes Rivers Freshwater (not easily available) 2.5 Groundwater Ice caps and glaciers JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  BIOSPHERE Every small action counts. Let’s protect the environment THE BIOSPHERE CONTAINS THE ENTIRETY OF EARTH'S LIVING THINGS (PLANTS AND ANIMALS). together! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  BIOSPHERE  It contains the entirety of Earth's living things (plants and animals). It is sometimes referred to as the "zone of life."  From a geophysical point of view, biosphere is the global ecologica l sy stem integra ting a ll living things a nd their relationship, including their interactions with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.  T h e biosph ere is div ided into biomes. Biomes a re la rge CREDITS: This presentation template was ecosystems classif ied according created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon to the predominant vegetation and infographics & images by Freepik. characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  BIOSPHERE Five major biomes on Earth: 1. Aquatic biomes include freshwater (ponds, lakes, and rivers) and marine (ocean and estuaries) biomes. 2. Forest biomes include tropical, temperate, and boreal forest known as taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by trees and other woody vegetation. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik.  BIOSPHERE 3. Grassland biomes are characterized by the dominance of grasses rather than large shrubs or trees. 4. Desert biomes are characterized by low rainfall (less than 50 cm/year). Most deserts have specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition. CREDITS: This presentation template was 5.byTundra created Slidesgo, biomes arebythe including icons coldest Flaticon of all the biomes. It has low biotic and infographics & images by Freepik. diversity and a simple vegetation structure. NITROGEN CYCLE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  OXYGEN CYCLE It is the circulation of oxygen in various forms through nature. Free in the air and dissolved in water, oxygen is second only to nitrogen in abundance among uncombined elements in the atmosphere. Plants and animals use oxygen to respire and return it to the air and water as carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is then taken up by algae and terrestrial green plants and converted into carbohydrates during the process of photosynthesis, oxygen being a by-product. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN OXYGEN CYCLE JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN  CARBON CYCLE Carbon cycle on land begins with the f ixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the process of Photosynthesis conducted by plants and microorganisms. The carbohydrates produced are directly consumed to supply the plant with energy, and the generated CO2 is released either through the plant's leaves or through its roots. Part of the carbon f ix ed by plants is consumed by animals, which also respire and release CO2. Plants and animals die and are ultimately decomposed by microorganisms in the soil. The carbon in their tissues is oxidized to CO2 and returns to the atmosphere.  WATER CYCLE The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. JUANALY C. MAGPANTAY EARTH SCIENCE | STEM – SCIENCE UNIT | UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN