EAPP Reviewer (2nd Quarter) PDF

Lesson 1: CRITICAL THInKInG, ReADInG AnD WRITInG Critical thinking  Involves evaluating ideas, actions, decisions, and works to consider their merits or demerits.  It involves judging, which can be positive or negative. Critical thinking is essential in everyday activities, such as bu...

Lesson 1: CRITICAL THInKInG, ReADInG AnD WRITInG Critical thinking  Involves evaluating ideas, actions, decisions, and works to consider their merits or demerits.  It involves judging, which can be positive or negative. Critical thinking is essential in everyday activities, such as buying a new gadget or reading materials. Critical reading/skills  Are crucial for daily activities, from the cafeteria menu to medicine dosage. In the Internet age, the problem is not the lack of information but the overabundance of information from various sources. It is important to consider which information to believe in and whether to believe everything you read. Critical Writing  Analyzing information to understand a problem or topic from more than one perspective; making logical connections between ideas; offering your own perspective on the topic based on your evaluation of the available evidence. CRITIQUE  A form of academic writing that involves a detailed analysis and evaluation of a work, such as a book, film, artwork, performance, or even a policy or research paper. It goes beyond simply summarizing the content; it aims to provide a comprehensive and reasoned judgment about the work's strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact. REACTION PAPER  “Response Paper”  A type of academic writing where you express your personal thoughts, feelings, and interpretations about a specific work, such as a book, article, film, performance, or even a personal experience. It's not about simply summarizing the work; it's about exploring your own reactions to it.  Are subjective evaluations of a work, allowing students to express their experiences and feelings about the work, similar to critiques. REVIEW PAPER  Provides a summary and evaluation of existing research on a specific topic. It aims to synthesize and analyze previous studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. PURPOSES OF CRITIQUES, REACTION PAPERS, AND REVIEW PAPERS  Aside from these academic purposes, critiques and reaction papers also have practical purposes. For authors, inventors, artists, and other creators of a piece of work, people's evaluations can be a very helpful guide for improving their craft. For readers, on the other hand, critiques and reaction papers also serve as guides, but in a different way: they help these people make decisions.  Both critiques and reaction papers are forms of writing that evaluate an assigned subject, such as a piece of work (artistic or technical), an idea, or an action.  While these types of writing share some common elements, they differ in their focus and purpose. A reaction paper is a personal response to a text, a review is an assessment of a work, and a critique is an evaluation of a work within its field. Understanding the key elements and structures of each can help writers effectively communicate their thoughts and opinions on a text or work. PURPOSES OF CRITIQUES  It is often the case that teachers use critiques as a way of judging a student's critical thinking ability.  Critiques tend to be more objective than reaction papers.  To provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of a scholarly work or design. PURPOSES OF REACTION PAPERS Teachers sometimes use these to determine how students felt about the assigned subject for the paper. Reaction papers tend to be more subjective than critiques. To represent a writer’s response or reaction to one or more texts. PURPOSES OF REVIEW PAPERS To provide critical assessment or evaluation of a work of art, literature, film, or performance. To succinctly review recent progress in a particular topic. CRITICAL APPROACHES TO WRITING A CRITIQUE FORMALIST CRITICISM  It claims that literary works contain intrinsic properties and treats each work as a distinct work of art. by understanding the text itself,  The elements of the text being criticized, text form. READER RESPONSE CRITICISM  It is concerned with the reviewers’ reaction as an audience of literary work.  It claims that the reader’s role cannot be separated from the understanding of the work.  The text does not have meaning until the reader reads and interprets it. FEMINIST CRITICISM  Focuses on how literature presents women as subjects of socio-political, psychological, and economic oppression.  Tends to reveal the patriarchal aspects of our culture, how our culture views men as superior and women as inferior. MARXIST CRITICISM  It concerned with the differences between economic classes.  Attempts to reveal that the ultimate source of people’s experiences is the socio - ecosystem. Lesson 2: FACT, oPInIons AnD InCoRReCT InFoRMATIon FACT- It is a true statement. TWO QUALITIES OF FACT 1. A Fact has evidence or proof. 2. A fact can be observed. OPINION- It is a statement that shows what a person thinks, feels, or believes TWO QUALITIES OF OPINIONS 1. An opinion has personal beliefs, or a claim. 2. An opinion can't be proven. INCORRECT INFORMATION  Something that is incorrect is wrong and untrue. He denied that his evidence about the phone call was incorrect. People often have incorrect information about food. WHY ARE FACT AND OPINION SO IMPORTANT?  Because both facts and opinions matter when it comes to decision-making and can impact your choice. Understanding the difference between fact and opinion is necessary and helps keep you informed, which is needed during voting season.   Moreover, students can improve their logical and analytical skills in both reading and listening by being able to differentiate between fact and opinion. In writings and statements, fact and opinion are often intertwined. If students are to successfully handle the deluge of media they will face, they must be able to unravel the threads of what is real from what is mere belief. THE ROLES OF FACT AND OPINION  Opinions are subjective statements that cannot be proven to be true or false. Opinion is a statement that expresses a belief, idea or emotion that is not provable.  Facts, On the other hand, can be proven true or false through objective evidence, a statement that can be verified. Lesson 3: FALLACIes In ReAsonInG FALLACIES  Fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. They can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points.  They often lack evidence to support their claims, making them appear persuasive but ultimately unsound. MOST COMMON FALLACIES IN REASONING  NON SEQUITUR - The stated conclusion is not necessarily a logical result of the facts presented.  ARGUMENT TO THE PEOPLE (AD POPULUM) - The attempt to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the emotions and enthusiasms of the multitude rather than by appeal to the facts.  FALSE COMPARISON (FAULTY ANALOGY) - This fallacy consists in assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other respect or in all respects.  HASTY GENERALIZATION- An argument that is based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence commits this fallacy.  PERSONAL ATTACK (AD HOMINEM) - Attack is made on a person’s character or circumstances rather than his or her argument.  CIRCULAR REASONING (BEGGING THE QUESTION) - An assertion that should be proved by argument is stated as truth. These arguments invite us to assume something has been proved when it has merely been restated.  RED HERRING (CHANGING THE SUBJECT) - An irrelevant point is introduced to divert the reader’s attention from the main issue.  BANDWAGON APPEAL- An attempt is made to validate or prove a point by suggesting “everyone else believes it.”  FALSE CAUSE (POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC) - The writer implies that because one event follows another in time the first event causes the second.  TESTIMONIAL- Use of a respected or well-known but non-expert figure to recommend a product, position, or cause.  CARD-STACKING- Carefully selecting only facts that support the writer’s position. SOUND REASONING  Are the ability to think logically and critically, using evidence, arguments, and principles to support or challenge claims, decisions, and actions. TYPES OF SOUND REASONING  Deductive Reasoning: Starting with a general principle and applying it to specific cases.  Inductive Reasoning: Drawing general conclusions from specific observations. Lesson 4: JoURnAL ARTICLes, ToPIC, AnD MAIn IDeA JOURNAL ARTICLE  Journal articles are shorter than book.  Journal Articles may be published in print or online formats, or both. TOPIC  Is who or what is being talked or written about.  Is stated as a word or as a phrase but never as a complete sentence.  A "topic" refers to the subject that is being discussed, written about, or explored. It can range from broad themes, like "climate change" or "love," to more specific issues, such as "the impact of social media on mental health." Essentially, it’s what the conversation or text is centered around. MAIN IDEA  A general statement about the paragraph (or reading selection). The main idea is a sentence that provides the subject for discussion; it is the topic sentence. It is usually supported by a list of details. The signal words in identifying the main idea that give a name to the list of supporting details include the following:  “There are several kinds of…”  “Use the following steps to…”  “For these reasons…”  “There are several ways to…” How to Identify the Main Idea? 1. Read the passage or article carefully to get an overall sense of its content. 2. Look for the main message that the author is trying to convey. 3. The main idea will often be the focus of the first paragraph, as well as any paragraphs providing further explanation. 4. Summarize the main idea in a few words or a short sentence. 5. If possible, find evidence in the text that supports the main idea. 6. Read the entire passage again to ensure that the main idea you've identified is consistent throughout. Lesson 5: APPLYInG CRITICAL ReADInG sKILLs In ACADeMIC DIsCIPLIne CRITICAL READING  In academic disciplines is essential for understanding complex ideas, evaluating evidence, and forming independent judgments. It involves actively engaging with the text, questioning assumptions, and considering multiple perspectives.  An advanced level of reading that involves actively analysing, evaluating, and interpreting written texts to gain a deeper understanding of their meaning, implications, and significance. THE FOUR WAYS ON HOW YOU CAN INTERACT WITH THE ACADEMIC TEXT  Reading: Understanding the author's message, identifying main ideas, and recognizing supporting details.  Analysing: Breaking down the text to examine its components, relationships, and underlying assumptions.  Synthesizing: Combining information from multiple sources or within the text to create new meanings or connections.  Evaluating: Assessing the text's credibility, relevance, and effectiveness in achieving its purpose. ANNOTATING  Literally means taking notes within the text as you read. As you annotate, you may combine a number of reading strategies— predicting, questioning, dealing with patterns and main ideas, analysing information—as you physically respond to a text by recording your thoughts.  May occur on a first or second reading of the text, depending on the text’s difficulty or length. You may annotate in different formats, either in the margins of the text or in a separate notepad or document.  The main thing to remember is that annotation is at the core of active reading. By reading carefully and pausing to reflect upon, mark up, and add notes to a text as you read, you can greatly improve your understanding of that text. OUTLINING  Is usually in the form of a list divided into headings and subheadings that distinguish main points from supporting points. Most word processors contain an outlining feature that allows writers to format outlines automatically. An outline may be either informal or formal. SUMMARIZING  Or writing a summary, means giving a concise overview of a text’s main points in your own words. A summary is always much shorter than the original text. FIVE KEY STEPS THAT CAN HELP YOU TO WRITE A SUMMARY: STEP 1: READ THE TEXT You should read the article more than once to make sure you’ve thoroughly understood it. It’s often effective to read in three stages:  Scan  Read  Skim STEP 2: BREAK IT DOWN INTO SECTIONS To make the text more manageable and understand its sub-points, break it down into smaller sections. STEP 3: IDENTIFY THE KEY POINTS IN EACH SECTION Now it’s time go through each section and pick out its most important points. STEP 4: WRITE THE SUMMARY Now that you know the key points that the article aims to communicate, you need to put them in your own words. STEP 5: CHECK THE SUMMARY AGAINST THE ARTICLE Finally, read through the article once more to ensure that:  You’ve accurately represented the author’s work  You haven’t missed any essential information  The phrasing is not too similar to any sentences in the original Writing a summary does not involve critiquing or evaluating the source. You should simply provide an accurate account of the most important information and ideas (without copying any text from the original). TOP TIPS TO REMEMBER:  Only the main points have been included  The text is shortened without losing the essence of the material  The summary writer's own words are used  Technical terms do not change  Reporting verbs are used to discuss the text (i.e. suggests, contends, argues)  An In-text citation is provided  Remember that a full reference list should be included at the end of your work ANALYZING  Evaluating is a key skill in academic reading, which involves critically examining texts to understand deeper meaning, evaluate arguments, and evaluate evidence. It's essential for gaining a thorough understanding of the material and Effective analysis of texts enhances comprehension and critical thinking, helping students engage deeply with material in all academic fields. And In short, analysis is a process of understanding and questioning. It gives the reader the ability not only to accept what is written, but to analyze, question, and form his own opinion about the text. ROLES OF ANALYZING  Analysing Arguments: Evaluating the strength and validity of claims in a text.  Identifying Bias: Identifying assumptions or perspectives that influence the text.  Making Inferences: Making conclusions that go beyond the literal meaning.  Synthesizing Information: Brings together ideas from multiple sources for a broader understanding. Lesson 6: PosITIon & ConCePT PAPeR POSITION PAPER  It is an essay that expresses a position about an issue. It gives arguments that support the opinion of the writer based on the facts collected. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening to. PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER INTRODUCTION BODY CONCLUSION  The introduction should  The body of the position  The conclusion should clearly identify the issue and paper may contain several summarize the main concepts state the author’s position paragraphs. and ideas and reinforce  It should be written in a way  Each paragraph should without repeating, the that catches the reader’s present an idea or main introduction or body of the attention concept that clarifies a paper. portion of the position statement and is supported by evidence or facts. POSITION PAPER OUTLINE  Introduction: Present your topic. Say why it is worth discussing, its history. Dwell on its controversies. Make a thesis statement that would express your opinion in one sentence.  Body: Present a prevailing opinion on the issue, main arguments, what they are based on. Counter the arguments with your own opinion, backed up by reliable data you have found during the preliminary research. Keep in mind that you should present as many county-arguments as there are pro-arguments. So, if you have 3 statements that support an idea you disagree with, you should provide three opposing statements and prove why they are worth considering.  Conclusion: Restate both opinions. Give a summary of what you argue for. Provide a strategy that would help resolve the issue. WHY IS WRITING A POSITION PAPER RELEVANT?  Can serve to transfer knowledge and understanding of a particular topic, provide information to aid in making a decision, or present a professional perspective. CONCEPT PAPER  Is an academic writing the presents a short summary that tells the reader what the project is, why it is important, and how it will be carried out. Introduction Body Conclusion  It is to present the scope and  It is the main section of the  This part reemphasizes the thesis purpose of your paper. This section concept paper. In this part, you will statement, provides a summary of explains the overall idea of your elaborate on the specific claims the body of the paper, and relates claim. made in your thesis statement. To the importance of the concept in a make your work manageable, specific field. It is the easiest to consider developing topic sentence write since you will be referring to for each supporting point from the previous parts you drafted. your thesis statement. These topic sentences will then be used as the main idea of each paragraph to make up the body of the essay. CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT  Is typically a one to two-page document that succinctly describes the idea, the rationale behind it, and the expected outcomes. CONCEPT PAPER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH  In academic contexts, a concept paper typically spans two to three pages, providing a concise overview of a proposed research study. THREE WAYS IN ELUCIDATING A CONCEPT 1. Definition  It is a logical technique by which the meaning of a term is revealed. The definition is important because it clarifies the meaning of a word or a concept and it also limits the scope of that particular word or concept. 2. Explication  Explain a story, a literary work, or research to further expound on the meaning of a text.  A literary technique in criticism and research, used for a close analysis of an excerpt or text taken from a lengthy piece of work. 3. Clarification  The points are organized from a general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples. It entails the analysis of the concept by looking at the examples and specifying of some of its characteristics to arrive at one working definition.