French Greetings and Vocabulary PDF

Salutations - greetings 1.1 Basics: Bonjour - Hello / Good morning Bonsoir - Good evening Salut - Hi (informal) Comment Ça va? / Ça va / Ça va bien? - How are you (informal) Ça va/ Ça va bien, merci - I'm good (as a response) Ca va super - im excellent ca ne va pas- im not good Bof - Enchanté - Nice...

Salutations - greetings 1.1 Basics: Bonjour - Hello / Good morning Bonsoir - Good evening Salut - Hi (informal) Comment Ça va? / Ça va / Ça va bien? - How are you (informal) Ça va/ Ça va bien, merci - I'm good (as a response) Ca va super - im excellent ca ne va pas- im not good Bof - Enchanté - Nice to meet you Bonne journée – Have a good day Bonne soirée – Have a good evening À bientôt – See you soon À demain – See you tomorrow Au revoir – Goodbye À bientôt – See you soon Bonne nuit – Good night (when parting for the night) INTRODUCTION: Je m’appelle Emma – My name is Emma Je suis finnoise – I am Finnish (female) J’ai vingt et un ans – I am 21 years old Je suis étudiant – I am a student Adjectives: Intelligent(e) – Intelligent Travailleur / Travailleuse – Hardworking Sérieux / Sérieuse – Serious Amusant(e) – Funny / Amusing Timide – Shy Sociable – Outgoing / Sociable Aimable – Kind / Friendly Gentil(le) – Nice / Kind Patient(e) – Patient Impulsif / Impulsive – Impulsive Ambitieux / Ambitieuse – Ambitious Égoïste – Selfish Bavard(e) – Talkative Organisé(e) – Organized Généreux / Généreuse – Generous Optimiste – Optimistic Pessimiste – Pessimistic Indépendant(e) – Independent Créatif / Créative – Creative Sportif – Athletic Curieux – Curious Inquiet – Worried Souriant – Smiling/cheerful Dynamique – Dynamic Paresseux – Lazy Zen – Relaxed Il + elle = iel – They (non-binary pronoun) Verbs: Être (To be) Je suis – I am Tu es – You are Il/elle est – He/she is Nous sommes – We are Vous êtes – You are (formal/plural) Ils/elles sont – They are Avoir (To have) J’ai – I have Tu as – You have Il/elle a – He/she has Nous avons – We have Vous avez – You have (formal/plural) Ils/elles ont – They have Salutations 1.2 Saturday 5. October 2024 17.06 Personal Information: ○ Nom – Last name ○ Prénom – First name ○ Date de naissance – Date of birth ○ Courriel / Adresse électronique – Email ○ Adresse – Address ○ Code postal – Postal code ○ Pays – Country ○ Téléphone – Phone number ○ Profession – Occupation Tu (Informal) vs. Vous (Formal) When to use "Vous": ○ Talking to strangers ○ Addressing a superior (boss, teacher, etc.) ○ Speaking with elders When to use "Tu": ○ With friends, family, or peers ○ With children ○ If someone offers to switch from "Vous" to "Tu" (e.g., "On peut se tutoyer?" – "Can we address each other informally?") Examples of when to use "Tu" or "Vous": ○ To your sister: "Où vas-tu?" (Where are you going? – informal) ○ To a teacher: "Comment allez-vous?" (How are you? – formal) ○ To two small boys: "Que voulez-vous?" (What do you want? – formal/plural) Key points: ○ Use Monsieur (Mr.) or Madame (Mrs.) when addressing someone formally. ○ Always conjugate "Vous" in the plural, even when talking to one person. Common Questions: ○ Comment tu t’appelles? – What is your name? Je m’appelle Martine Durand – My name is Martine Durand. ○ Quel âge as-tu? – How old are you? J’ai 33 ans – I am 33 years old. ○ Quelle est ta date de naissance? – What is your date of birth? Je suis née le 7 janvier 1991 – I was born on January 7, 1991. ○ Quelle est ta nationalité? – What is your nationality? Je suis française – I am French.  ○ Qu’est-ce que tu fais dans la vie? – What do you do for a living? Je suis infirmière – I am a nurse. ○ Où habites-tu? – Where do you live? J’habite à Lyon – I live in Lyon. ER-Verbs: Conjugation of "S’appeler" (To be called) ○ Je m’appelle – My name is ○ Tu t’appelles – Your name is ○ Il/Elle s’appelle – His/Her name is ○ Nous nous appelons – Our names are ○ Vous vous appelez – Your names are (formal/plural) ○ Ils/Elles s’appellent – Their names are ER-Verbs: Conjugation of "Habiter" (To live) ○ J’habite – I live ○ Tu habites – You live ○ Il/Elle habite – He/She lives ○ Nous habitons – We live ○ Vous habitez – You live (formal/plural) ○ Ils/Elles habitent – They live Verbs: Être (To be) ○ Je suis – I am ○ Tu es – You are ○ Il/elle est – He/she is ○ Nous sommes – We are ○ Vous êtes – You are (formal/plural) ○ Ils/elles sont – They are Avoir (To have) ○ J’ai – I have ○ Tu as – You have ○ Il/elle a – He/she has ○ Nous avons – We have ○ Vous avez – You have (formal/plural) ○ Ils/elles ont – They have Additional Expressions: ○ Il y a – There is/are  ○ Il a – He has ○ Il va – He is going Numbers and Pronunciations: ○ 2003 – deux mille trois ○ 75014 – soixante-quinze zéro quatorze Symbols: ○ @ = arobaze ○. = point ○ - = tiret (tiret du six) ○ _ = tiret du bas (tiret du huit) Example of Personal Information: ○ Dubois ○ Camille ○ 12 mai 1988 ○ [email protected] ○ 25 rue des Lilas, dans le 2e arrondissement de Paris, Paris ○ 75002 ○ France ○ 06 12 24 56 78 ○ Architecte d’intérieur (ch = s) ○ Mendez ○ Javier ○ 3 octobre 1995 ○ [email protected] ○ 123 Calle de la Rosa, Madrid ○ 28001 ○ Espagne ○ 06 37 908 534 ○ Ingénieur informatique Additional Phrases and Vocabulary: ○ Tu parles espagnol? – Do you speak Spanish? ○ J’aime le … – I like … ○ Je ne parle pas – I don’t speak ○ J’aime – I like ○ Je t’aime – I love you ○ Je t’aime bien – I like you (as a friend) ○ Qu’est-ce que tu étudies? (pronounced keske) – What are you studying?  ○ Qu’est-ce que c’est que ça? – What is it? ○ Qu’est-ce que c’est que cette chose-là? – What is this thing? Pronounciation Saturday 5. October 2024 17.58 Consonants and Vowels: Consonants: A consonant is a sound produced by modifying the airflow in the mouth. You can either stop and suddenly release the airflow (e.g., b, c, d, g, k, m, n, p, q, t) or restrict it (e.g., f, ch, j, l, r, s, v, w, x, z). Vowels: A vowel is a sound produced by vibrating the vocal cords without altering the airflow. In French, vowels include a, e, i, o, u, y, and combinations like eau, ai, ei, in, on, un, oi, ou, etc. Vowels form the base of syllables (except for the final e). Liaison: Liaison: This occurs when a normally silent final consonant of a word is pronounced to connect it with the following word that starts with a vowel. This creates a new syllable with a consonant-vowel structure (the most common syllable pattern in French). Common final consonants used in liaisons: [z, t, n, p, R] Obligatory Liaisons: Liaisons are mandatory after certain words and phrases: Numbers: un, deux, trois, six, dix Articles: les, aux, des, ces, mes, nos, etc. Prepositions: en, dans, chez, sans, sous Adverbs: très, bien, trop, plus, moins Pronouns before verbs: on, vous, nous, ils, elles Example: "On a faim," "Vous achetez." Prohibited Liaisons: Liaisons are forbidden in the following cases: After important words followed by less important ones, such as: ○ After Quand, combien, comment (except: "Comment allez-vous?") ○ After et (e.g., "Et // un quart de rouge") Before words that begin with an aspirated 'h' (not of Latin origin), for example: ○ les harengs, les Hollandais, les Hongrois Common Vocabulary Notes: Un gâteau – cake Un château – castle Un râteau – rake Déjà – already La femme – woman (*pronounced with emphasis on 'a') Patiemment – patiently (*pronounced with emphasis on 'a') Pronunciation Rules: E (without accent): Not pronounced at the end of a word. É (with accent): Pronounced at the end of a word. S: Often not pronounced at the end of words (e.g., "ils parlent" sounds like "ils parle"). Ent: Silent at the end of verbs in the third-person plural (e.g., Ils parlent sounds like "ils parle"). Letter Equivalents: G=J J=G Special Characters: Î: Used in words like une île (an island). Ï: Used in words like du maïs (corn). Useful Phrases: Y compris – included Je compris – I understood Le stylo – pen Oi = wa (as in moi = "wa" sound) Common Vocabulary for Drinks and Food: Une boisson – a drink Un poisson – a fish Du poison – poison Verbs and Adjectives: Je bois – I drink Joyeux – happy Voyager – to travel (oi sounds like "wa", as in joyeux) Pronunciation Rules for Consonants:  C + e, j, i = s (e.g., ce, ci, jardin) C + a, u, o = k (e.g., ca, cul, coté) Ç = s (as in garçon) G + e, j, y = j (as in pigeon) G + a, u, o = go (as in gare) Û Sûr Masculine & feminine Saturday 5. October 2024 18.00 Nationalities in Masculine and Feminine: 1. Masculine Forms: ○ In the masculine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a vowel sound. ○ Example: Samir est algérien (Samir is Algerian). 2. Feminine Forms: ○ In the feminine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a consonant sound. ○ When an "e" is added to form the feminine, the final consonant of the masculine form is pronounced. ○ Example: La théière est algérienne (The teapot is Algerian). Examples of Final Letters and Sounds: Masculine Pronunciatio Feminine Pronunciatio Ending n Ending n an [ã] ane [an] ain [ἓ] aine [ɛn] éen [ἓ] éenne [εn] ien, yen [jἓ] ienne [jεn] ais [ε] aise [εz] ois [wa] oise [waz] in [ἓ] ine [in] and [ã] ande [ãd] on [õ] onne [ɔn] Special Cases: Some nationalities are identical for both masculine and feminine forms (no change in pronunciation): ○ Asiatique, belge, russe, britannique – These remain the same in both genders. Some adjectives that end in -e in both the masculine and feminine forms are pronounced the same but spelled differently: ○ Espagnol → Espagnole (male/female) ○ Turc → Turque Notable Patterns: Masculine forms often end with vowel sounds, while feminine forms include consonants. The addition of -e in the feminine form typically makes the final consonant of the masculine form audible.¨ Masculine & feminine Saturday 5. October 2024 18.00 Nationalities in Masculine and Feminine: 1. Masculine Forms: ○ In the masculine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a vowel sound. ○ Example: Samir est algérien (Samir is Algerian). 2. Feminine Forms: ○ In the feminine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a consonant sound. ○ When an "e" is added to form the feminine, the final consonant of the masculine form is pronounced. ○ Example: La théière est algérienne (The teapot is Algerian). Examples of Final Letters and Sounds: Masculine Pronunciatio Feminine Pronunciatio Ending n Ending n an [ã] ane [an] ain [ἓ] aine [ɛn] éen [ἓ] éenne [εn] ien, yen [jἓ] ienne [jεn] ais [ε] aise [εz] ois [wa] oise [waz] in [ἓ] ine [in] and [ã] ande [ãd] on [õ] onne [ɔn] Special Cases: Some nationalities are identical for both masculine and feminine forms (no change in pronunciation): ○ Asiatique, belge, russe, britannique – These remain the same in both genders. Some adjectives that end in -e in both the masculine and feminine forms are pronounced the same but spelled differently: ○ Espagnol → Espagnole (male/female) ○ Turc → Turque Notable Patterns: Masculine forms often end with vowel sounds, while feminine forms include consonants. The addition of -e in the feminine form typically makes the final consonant of the masculine form audible.¨ Masculine & feminine Saturday 5. October 2024 18.00 Nationalities in Masculine and Feminine: 1. Masculine Forms: ○ In the masculine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a vowel sound. ○ Example: Samir est algérien (Samir is Algerian). 2. Feminine Forms: ○ In the feminine form, adjectives of nationality often end with a consonant sound. ○ When an "e" is added to form the feminine, the final consonant of the masculine form is pronounced. ○ Example: La théière est algérienne (The teapot is Algerian). Examples of Final Letters and Sounds: Masculine Pronunciatio Feminine Pronunciatio Ending n Ending n an [ã] ane [an] ain [ἓ] aine [ɛn] éen [ἓ] éenne [εn] ien, yen [jἓ] ienne [jεn] ais [ε] aise [εz] ois [wa] oise [waz] in [ἓ] ine [in] and [ã] ande [ãd] on [õ] onne [ɔn] Special Cases: Some nationalities are identical for both masculine and feminine forms (no change in pronunciation): ○ Asiatique, belge, russe, britannique – These remain the same in both genders. Some adjectives that end in -e in both the masculine and feminine forms are pronounced the same but spelled differently: ○ Espagnol → Espagnole (male/female) ○ Turc → Turque Notable Patterns: Masculine forms often end with vowel sounds, while feminine forms include consonants. The addition of -e in the feminine form typically makes the final consonant of the masculine form audible.¨ La negation Monday 14. October 2024 13.50 Basic Structure of Negation In French, negation typically involves two parts: "ne" and "pas." The standard structure is: ○ Subject + ne + verb + pas + complement. Examples: ○ Positive Sentence: Il mange. (He eats.) ○ Negative Sentence: Il ne mange pas. (He does not eat.)  Key Points ○ Placement: The "ne" is placed before the verb, and "pas" follows the verb. In the case of auxiliary verbs, "ne" precedes the auxiliary verb, and "pas" follows it. Example: Il n’a pas mangé. (He did not eat.) ○ Elision: When the verb starts with a vowel or a mute 'h,' "ne" is often contracted to "n’." Example: Elle n'est pas là. (She is not there.) ○ Other Forms of Negation: French has several expressions of negation beyond "ne...pas." ne... jamais (never) Example: Je ne vais jamais au cinéma. (I never go to the cinema.) ne... rien (nothing) Example: Il ne sait rien. (He knows nothing.) ne... personne (no one) Example: Je ne vois personne. (I see no one.) ne... ni... ni (neither... nor) Example: Je n'aime ni le chocolat ni les bonbons. (I like neither chocolate nor candy.) ne... que (only) Example: Il ne mange que des légumes. (He only eats vegetables.) ○ Negative Questions: In questions, the structure remains the same, but the tone can imply a negation. Example: N'est-il pas là ? (Isn't he there?) ○ Colloquial Language: In spoken French, especially informal contexts, "ne" may be dropped. Example: Il mange pas. (He doesn't eat.) [informal] Summary ○ Negation in French usually requires both "ne" and "pas." ○ There are various expressions for negation beyond the standard form. ○ Elision and colloquial forms can affect how negation is expressed in spoken language. ○ Original Sentence: J’ai un crayon. (I have a pencil.) ○ Negative Sentence:  Je n’ai pas de crayon. (I do not have a pencil.) Breakdown ○ "Je": I ○ "n’ai": This is the contraction of "ne" and "ai," which is the first person singular form of the verb "avoir" (to have). ○ "pas": Not ○ "de": When negating a sentence in French, the indefinite article (un/une) becomes "de." ○ "crayon": Pencil ○ Original Sentence: Vous avez une sœur. (You have a sister.) ○ Negative Sentence: Vous n’avez pas de sœur. (You do not have a sister.) Breakdown ○ Vous: You (formal or plural) ○ n’avez: This is the contraction of "ne" and "avez," which is the second person plural form of the verb "avoir" (to have). ○ pas: Not ○ de: In the negative form, the indefinite article (une) changes to "de." ○ sœur: Sister Ne pas Je ne mange pas de chocolat. Je n´achete pas de pain Je ne me prepare pas. Je m´habille = i dress myself Hw: Qui dit quoi Verbs: Monday 14. October 2024 13.45 Vouloir (To Want) je veux – I want tu veux – you want (singular/informal)  il/elle/on veut – he/she/one wants nous voulons – we want vous voulez – you want (plural/formal) ils/elles veulent – they want ER-Verbs: Conjugation of "S’appeler" (To be called) Je m’appelle – My name is Tu t’appelles – Your name is Il/Elle s’appelle – His/Her name is Nous nous appelons – Our names are Vous vous appelez – Your names are (formal/plural) Ils/Elles s’appellent – Their names are ER-Verbs: Conjugation of "Habiter" (To live) J’habite – I live Tu habites – You live Il/Elle habite – He/She lives Nous habitons – We live Vous habitez – You live (formal/plural) Ils/Elles habitent – They live Être (To Be) Je suis – I am Tu es – You are Il/elle est – He/she is Nous sommes – We are Vous êtes – You are (formal/plural) Ils/elles sont – They are Avoir (To Have) J’ai – I have Tu as – You have Il/elle a – He/she has Nous avons – We have Vous avez – You have (formal/plural) Ils/elles ont – They have J´ai vu - i have seen Utiliser - to use Days and time: Monday 21. October 2024 19.36 Days of the Week in French and English: 1. Lundi – Monday 2. Mardi – Tuesday 3. Mercredi – Wednesday 4. Jeudi – Thursday 5. Vendredi – Friday 6. Samedi – Saturday 7. Dimanche – Sunday Useful Time Expressions in French: 1. Aujourd'hui – Today ○ Example: Aujourd'hui, nous sommes lundi. (Today is Monday.) 2. Demain – Tomorrow ○ Example: Demain, nous serons mardi. (Tomorrow will be Tuesday.) 3. Hier – Yesterday ○ Example: Hier, c'était mardi. (Yesterday was Tuesday.) 4. Après-demain – The day after tomorrow ○ Example: Après-demain, ce sera jeudi. (The day after tomorrow will be Thursday.) 5. Avant-hier – The day before yesterday ○ Example: Avant-hier, c'était dimanche. (The day before yesterday was Sunday.) 6. Le matin – In the morning ○ Example: Il est 7h. Je prends mon café le matin. (It is 7 a.m. I drink my coffee in the morning.) 7. L'après-midi – In the afternoon ○ Example: Il est 14h. Je travaille l'après-midi. (It is 2 p.m. I work in the afternoon.) 8. Le soir – In the evening ○ Example: Il est 20h. Je vais dîner le soir. (It is 8 p.m. I have dinner in the evening.) 9. La nuit – At night ○ Example: Il est 3h du matin. Il fait noir, c'est la nuit. (It is 3 a.m. It’s dark, it's night.) Time: Pile - tasan Quart - 15 Demie - 30 Le quart - 45 Huit heures (8:00) Huit heures et quart (8:15) Huit heures et demi (8:30) Huit heures moins le quart (7:45) Le matin Le midi L´après midi Le soir Minuit La nuit La semaine prochaine La nuit dernière Mois Semaine Jour Janvier Février Mars Avril Mai Jun Juillet Aout Septembre Octobre Novembre Décembre On est le onze octobre deux mille vingt-trois Eté Automne Hiver Printemps En une heure Dans Etre en train de - doing something while Du au (dates) De a (heures, jours) jusqu´au (dates, printemps) jusqu´a (heures) jusqu´en (mois/ ete, automne, hiver) Entre et Podcast francais facile Useful phrases: Tuesday 22. October 2024 13.41 Ou sont les toilettes, sil vous plait? - where is the bathroom? Cest par la - its there Je voudrais une table pour 2 - I would like a table for two Etre a la bourre - to be late Arriver en retard / être en retard – To be late Jusque la - until there Jusqu´ à la porte - until the door Ou - or Où - where Toujours - always Autour - around Pouvoir - to be able to (can) Le pouvoir - the power Sucreries - sweets Souris - mouse, smiling