Pathology Lecture Notes PDF

Pathology Lec:1 Introduction Pathology: literally is the study (logos) 4-Functional derangements and of suffering (pathos), is a scientific study clinical significance of the structural, bioch...

Pathology Lec:1 Introduction Pathology: literally is the study (logos) 4-Functional derangements and of suffering (pathos), is a scientific study clinical significance of the structural, biochemical, and The end results of genetic, biochemical, functional changes in cells, tissues, and and structural changes in cells and organs that underlie disease. tissues are functional abnormalities, which lead to the clinical manifestations Diseases: is as an abnormal variation (symptoms and signs). in structure or function of any part of the ►Sign: a movement, mark, coloring or change which has a meaning and can be body. recognized by a doctor (either by eye or with medical equipment or labs) as indicating a Pathology gives explanations of a condition. disease by studying the following four aspects of the disease. ►Symptom: is subjective evidence of 1-Etiology (cause of the disease) disease; it is a feeling people other than the There are two major classes of etiologic doctor cannot see/feel it. A headache is a factors: symptom. Chest pain could be a symptom of an MI.  Genetic (e.g., inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants). The pathology is divided into:  Acquired (e.g., infectious, A-General pathology: is the study of the nutritional, chemical, physical). general principles of disease. 2-Pathogenesis B-Systematic pathology: is the study of Refers to the sequence of events in the diseases as they occur within particular response of cells or tissues to the etiologic organ systems. agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease. The pathologist uses the following techniques to the 3-Morphologic changes diagnose diseases (diagnostic Structural alterations in cells or tissues, techniques): the structural changes in the organ can A-HISTOPATHOLOGY (ANATOMIC be seen with the naked eye (gross PATHOLOGY). morphologic changes) or they may only Histopathology is the classic method of be seen under the microscope study and still the most useful one. The (microscopic changes). study includes structural changes 1 Pathology Lec:1 observed by naked eye examination C-CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY. referred to as gross or macroscopic Analysis of biochemical contents of the changes, and the changes detected by blood, urine, semen, Cerebrospinal fluid light and electron microscopy supported ((CSF)) and other body fluids is included by numerous special staining methods in this branch of pathology. the most accurate diagnosis. Anatomic pathology includes the D-IMMUNOLOGY. following 3 main subdivisions: Detection of abnormalities in the immune system of the body. - Surgical pathology: It deals with the study of tissues removed from E- EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY. the living body (biopsy). This is defined as production of disease - Forensic pathology and autopsy in the experimental animal and its study. work: This includes the study of However, all the findings of experimental organs and tissues removed at work in animals may not be applicable to postmortem (autopsy) for human beings due to species differences. medicolegal work and for determining the underlying F-GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY. sequence and cause of death. The study of differences in distribution of - Cytopathology: Though a branch frequency and type of diseases in of anatomic pathology, populations in different parts of the cytopathology has developed as a world forms geographic pathology distinct subspecialty in recent times. It includes study of cells G-MOLECULAR AND MEDICAL shed off from the lesions GENETICS. (exfoliative cytology) and fine- This is the branch of human genetics that needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) deals with the relationship between of superficial and deep-seated heredity and disease. lesions for diagnosis. H-TOXICOLOGY. B-HAEMATOLOGY. Concerned with the study of the effects of Concerned with the study of known or suspected poisons on the body. abnormalities of the (1) cells of the blood and their (2) precursors in the bone marrow and the (3) coagulation system of blood. 2