Drugs Psychology PDF

PSYCHOLOGY 335 SECTION 001 - 011224 ZACH WALSH PH.D. Basic Pharmacology What is a Drug? A substance that alters the physiology of the body but is not a food or nutrient. We will focus on psychoactive drugs cross the blood-brain barrier act upon the central nervous system affect brain function change...

PSYCHOLOGY 335 SECTION 001 - 011224 ZACH WALSH PH.D. Basic Pharmacology What is a Drug? A substance that alters the physiology of the body but is not a food or nutrient. We will focus on psychoactive drugs cross the blood-brain barrier act upon the central nervous system affect brain function change perception, mood consciousness, cognition, behavior used recreationally, entheogenically, medically Basic Pharmacology Names of Drugs Chemical Name Generic Name Trade Name Street Name Loading… Drug Names A drug’s chemical name reveals its chemical composition and molecular structure Pharmaceutical companies also may patent brand names, or trade names, for their product Generic drugs contain same active ingredients as the original brand name drug must be pharmacologically equivalent. Drug Names Loading… Drug Names Excipients Drug Names Excipients Carrier medium USA - selling 100 doses of pure LSD = minimum sentence < 1yr 100 doses on paper = Min sentence two years, three months 100 doses on sugar cubes = Min sentence > 15 years “..an almost unfathomable level of ignorance about drugs on the part of the policy maker…These are men and women who know nothing about drugs” Eric Sterling president of the Criminal Justice Policy Foundation and a former assistant counsel to the House Subcommittee on Crime. Drug Names Excipients Drug Names Excipients Drug Names Prozac Drug Names Sarafem Loading… Drug Names Sarafem Marketed by its manufacturer, Eli Lilly, for PMDD treatment after it acquired another patent--Prozac's patent was due to expire. Lilly spent more than $30 million promoting the drug Pharmacodynamics What a drug does to the body Describing Doses Milligrams: 1/1000 of a gram Doses given in accordance to body weight Pharmacodynamics Dose Response Relationships To determine the effect of a drug, we have to study several doses and measure the change in some response. Relationship between dose and response is called the dose-response curve (DRC). Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics Important characteristic of DRC is slope. Refers to the mostly linear central part of the curve; how sharply the effect changes with each change in dose. If a small change in dose produces a large change in effect, the slope is steep. If large changes in dose produces small changes in effect, the slope is shallow. Pharmacodynamics Describing Doses ED50 The Median effective dose The dose that is effective in 50% of the subjects tested. LD50 Median lethal dose The dose that was lethal in 50% of the subjects tested. Pharmacodynamics ED50 and LD50 One curve shows the percentage of animals in each group that lost consciousness (ED); the other curve shows the percentage that died at each dose (LD). Pharmacodynamics Therapeutic index (TI) TI = LD50 / ED50 The greater the TI, the safer the drug; the difference between the desired effect and the undesired or lethal effect is larger. To be safer, the TI can be calculated by using the LD1 / ED99 The lower the TI, the lower the safety. THC - >1000, Morphine - 70, Cocaine - 15, Alcohol - 10, Heroin - 6 Other factors to consider – ease/ speed of consumption Pharmacodynamics Therapeutic Window The therapeutic window is a range of blood concentrations of a medicine above a level that is ineffective (therapeutic level) and a level that has toxic side effects (toxic level). Complicated by absorption / excretion curves Pharmacodynamics Potency and Effectiveness The extent of the drugs effect Potency Differences in the ED50 Effectiveness Differences in the maximum effect that drugs will produce at any dose Pharmacodynamics Effectiveness: The maximum effect obtainable, with additional doses producing no effect. Some drugs may be potent, but they might never be able to produce a peak response no matter how much is given A drug that is more effective can produce a greater peak, or maximum, effect than a drug that is less effective. Pharmacodynamics Heroin and morphine are equally effective, with heroin more potent. Aspirin is less effective Pharmacodynamics Primary and Side Effects Primary/main effect Intended result in treatment Side effect Unintended; may be harmful Addiction? i.e. Bupropion - Wellbutrin - Zyban Pharmacodynamics Drug Interactions Drug Antagonism One drug diminishes the effect of the other Additive Effect Shifts the DRC to the left Superadditive Effect/Potentiation/ Agonism Combining drugs increases the effect Physiological Alcohol & sedatives Behavioral Alcohol & stimulants Pharmacodynamics Drug Interactions overdose + death According to the Chief Medical Examiner of New York, Heath Ledger "died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone (Percocet), opiode hydrocodone (Vicodin), diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), benzos temazepam (Restoril), and doxylamine (Unisom)." / 1979-2008 > - i diazepam & oxycodone diazepam & alprazolam oxycodone & alprazolam 1996-2017 Fentanyl & Xanax (Alprzolam) Pharmacodynamics Drug Interactions After an extensive review of the latest scientific evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced today that it is requiring class-wide changes to drug labeling, including patient information, to help inform health care providers and patients of the serious risks associated with the combined use of certain opioid medications and a class of central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs called benzodiazepines. Among the changes, the FDA is requiring boxed warnings – the FDA’s strongest warning – and patientfocused Medication Guides for prescription opioid analgesics, opioid-containing cough products, and benzodiazepines – nearly 400 products in total – with information about the serious risks associated with using these medications at the same time. Risks include extreme sleepiness, respiratory depression, coma and death. Today’s actions are one of a number of steps the FDA is taking as part of the agency’s Opioids Action Plan, which focuses on policies aimed at reversing the prescription opioid abuse epidemic, while still providing patients in pain access to effective and appropriate pain management. Pharmacodynamics Drug Interactions Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics: “what the body does to a drug” Administration Absorption How it travels Binding at Sites of Action How a drug gets into the blood Distribution Loading… How a drug gets into the body Where the drug needs to go Inactivation and Excretion Pharmacokinetics dagscangetstored ine g THC (most linjection (under skin) commonl into membeare the abdominal lining carity) Inactivates drug. Pharmacokinetics - Administration Routes – Parenteral – Under the skin Vehicle is needed Subcutaneous Injected to form a bolus just under the skin (skin popping) Intramuscular IM Liquid Needle inserted into the muscle Intravenous IV Injected into the vein (mainlining) Pharmacokinetics - Administration Absorption from Parenteral Sites Reliant on blood flow a way IV is direct absorption : DEPOT injection - to slow ↑ effectiveness periods of over long time. e Enters blood stream via capillaries antipsychotics -drug enclosed /usually). g oil and drug slowly seeps out Tiny vessels from with pores (porous) # capillaries in an area influences speed of absorption 4 absorption speed area Diffusion in (under skin) Substances moves from are of high to low concentration until equal Pharmacokinetics - Administration Inhalation of Gases The Lungs Efficient gas exchange system Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Artery from heart to brain without the liver Pharmacokinetics - Administration Inhalation of Smoke and Solids Burning of dried plant material i.e. tobacco Vapor & tiny particles of ash Not exhaled like gasses Popular among humans but under-studied Difficult with animals Pharmacokinetics - Administration Inhalation of Smoke and Solids Vaporization – Reduced Carbon monoxide/ hydrocarbons Pharmacokinetics - Administration Sniffing of drugs Intranasal administration Oral Administration Peroral (p.o.) Buccal membranes i.e. cocaine i.e. chewing tobacco Suppository Unconscious Pharmacokinetics The Digestive System Drugs absorbed in intestines Faster on empty stomach To reach capillaries must pass intestinal membranes made of lipid bilayer Lipid Solubility Olive oil partition coefficient How much in water/oil Ions are not lipid soluble Level of ionization determines degree of absorption Can take place in the gut via metabolism - onset of effects Pharmacokinetics - Administration Transdermal Administration Absorbed through the skin Epidermis Outer layer of the skin Keratin Lipid soluble (but waterproof!) i.e. nicotine patch Pharmacokinetics - Administration PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism Excretion and Metabolism The Liver Enzymes Catalysts - change molecular structure i.e. Alcohol Dehydrogenase Restructuring molecules aka Metabolism Metabolites > useful / < toxic > ionized = easily excreted Detoxification The metabolic process PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism First-Pass Metabolism Any drug absorbed from the digestive system will pass through the liver before going anywhere else in the body. Subjected to liver enzymes Rate of excretion Excretion most efficient at higher blood levels Half-life PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism First-Pass Metabolism - Rate of Excretion (Half Life) The top panel shows a typical excretion curve for a drug like nicotine, which has a half-life of about 30 minutes. The bottom panel shows the excretion function for alcohol, which is excreted at a constant rate (about 15 mg/100 ml of blood per hour). Because the excretion function for alcohol is a straight line, the concept of half-life does not apply. PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism Excretion and Metabolism The Kidneys Filter everything from blood and reabsorb what is needed Lipid soluble passed back to blood Unless actively transported out Ionized / non lipid-soluble substances passed to bladder Unless actively reabsorbed Ph influences – blood basic/ urine acid = bases excreted PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism Factors That Alter Drug Metabolism Important determinant of individual differences in effects Stimulation of Enzyme Systems Enzyme induction Responsible for development of metabolic tolerance >Alcohol Dehydrogenase > metabolism PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism Factors That Alter Drug Metabolism Depression of Enzyme Systems Metabolism of Alcohol Disulfiram (Antabuse) Used to prevent drinking PharmacokineticsExcretion/Metabolism Factors That Alter Drug Metabolism Age Young not able to metabolize the dose of an adult Incomplete enzyme development Infant with drugs in system at birth Elderly – less efficient liver & kidneys Species Alcohol dehydrogenase rats (60%) vs. guinea pig (160%) vs. humans Pharmacokinetics Combining Absorption and Excretion Functions Time Course absorption curve, assuming no excretion excretion curve, assuming instantaneous absorption and distribution the resultant of these two theoretical processes. The resultant curve is typical of the time course for blood level of most drugs Pharmacodynamics Therapeutic Window The therapeutic window is a range of blood concentrations of a medicine above a level that is ineffective (therapeutic level) and a level that has toxic side effects (toxic level). Complicated by absorption / excretion curves Pharmacokinetics PSYCHOLOGY 335 SECTION 001 – 011924B RESEARCH METHODS ZACH WALSH PH.D. Research Design Level of Arousal One of the earliest ways of classifying drugs is by whether they increase or decrease arousal. “Stimulants” or “uppers” vs. “depressants” or “downers” Research Design True Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Observed event - Behaviour Loading… Experimental Research Design Manipulated event - Drug Within-Subject Stable baseline Between-Subject Design Equivalent groups Research Design Research Design Statistical Testing Placebo Effects Experimenter Bias Placebo Controls Three-Group Design (TAU) Balanced placebo design – 4 group Double-blind procedure Nonexperimental Research Correlational Behavioral genetics Y p 1 Research Design I Measuring Behavior in Nonhumans S II ↓ Loading…L I y x/ Unconditioned Behavior - Spontaneous Motor Activity (SMA) Inclined plane test Muscle tone durgs that a muscle tone rat slides down place more easily Elevated plus maze anxiety e g. valium ↑ ↓ anxiety can easily cross exposed speed anxiety & likely to exposed Paw lick latency test Analgesia (pain killing) = =. , = put codent on hot plate giving pain killer ↑ time · = pow · to to , cross lift lick it giving drug ↑ that sensitivity to pain = ↓ time to lift + lick paw part of area of maze maze Research Design Classical Conditioning Pavlov - conditioned effects Operant Conditioning Behavior appears voluntary Reinforcing Stimulus i.e. Food Skinner Box Reinforced Reward Research Design Reinforcing properties of drugs Progressive Ratio Breaking point Choice Organism will stop responding 2 levers; one has consequences Conditioned Place Preference Animal will spend time in area of reinforcement Research Design Schedules of Reinforcement Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given Avoidance-Escape Task Punishment Anti-anxiety drugs reduce avoidance, not escape BZ increase behavior repressed by punishment Problems with Rate of Responding Effect interfere Research Design Stimulus Properties of Drugs ability to act as a discriminative stimulus in a discrimination learning task Allows for assessment of similarity of effects of different drugs generalization AKA - drug state discrimination Also test for blocking of effects Research Design The Study of Human Behavior Behavior Public, measurable & reproducible Behavioural pharmacology Introspection Unstructured Introspection Systematic Introspection Profile and Mood States (POMS) Self report Timeline Followback Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) Research Design Measuring Performance in Humans Perception measure if drugs &/d Absolute Threshold how : Loading… how much does it take to eight brighter.g e. is a v. a stim detect a difference than another ? an object heavier? Critical frequency at fusion if & which flickering light Cognitive Performance Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) · Speed can -short term mem inhibited by alcohol Motor Performance Reaction Time Pursuit Rotor difference blu stims Organ Detects a change in level of stimulation some stim Lowest value of stimulus detectable no of somethingdoes there need to be in much reduces absolute threshold ? alcohol it to notice order Difference Thresholds perception DSST - ↑ by drugs & adderal. driving g. e Measures hand-eye coordination be perceived is index of as continuous cognitive performance Research Design Measuring Behavior in Humans Attention and Vigilance clock test. Memory Short term memory Long term memory Explicit memory Free vs cued recall Tests of Response Inhibition N-back test Go-No Go, Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) Driving Research Design Development and Testing of Psychotherapeutic Drugs Screening Tests Phase 1 Toxicity & side effects – patients Phase 3 Toxicity and side effects – healthy humans Phase 2 Non-human Clinical trials Phase 4 Examination of widespread use PSYCHOLOGY 335 SECTION 001 – 012624 ZACH WALSH PH.D. History of Drug Laws Proponents of drug regulation typically refer to the protection of the vulnerable and the maintenance of cultural values Critics of drug policy cite institutionalized racism & indirect pursuit of sociopolitical interests Efforts to regulate the use and distribution of psychoactive substances can be traced back to antiquity History of Drug Laws Loading… History of Drug Laws 5th century BCE Plato recommended prohibiting alcohol use for men younger than 18 years and regulating use for men younger than 30 Christianization of the Roman Empire and Europe in the 4th through 9th centuries CE, a variety of nonalcoholic psychoactive substances fell into disfavor & were associated with pre-Christian “pagan” religious traditions 10th century CE drug use was considered heretical. 216th Century AD drug use considered was. heretical Drug ↳ mediare · -Inquisition outlawed cannabis of Americans prohibited & · drug users Cannabis = conta to Easter use in 12th Indigenous endure drug (China , + 13th , prohibitions herbs autures peoples from persecution Egypt India + the ceremonial of witches until late 17th of psychoactive drugs century" beyond use History of Drug Laws Coffee (Africa) introduced to the Middle East in the 15th century considered to be an intoxicant and was therefore prohibited soon accepted in Middle Eastern culture and even found sacred use Loading… 16th century church banned coffee cited as a beverage of “infidels.” 1600 the Vatican declared coffee to be sacrosanct and coffee drinking was established throughout Europe by the 17th century. History of Drug Laws 18th Century “Age of Reason” relatively liberal China bans opium Opium wars with Britain 1868 British Pharmacy Act Early example of international intervention Opium sold only by pharmacists 1875 – Smoking opium outlawed in US (Chinese) History of Drug Laws Early 20th Century US most substances were readily available 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act – Tax on opium & cocaine (African Americans) By 1920s mass incarceration Attempted tobacco prohibition Alcohol prohibition (end 1933) History of Drug Laws 1930 – depression Anti-Mexican sentiment 1937 Marihuana Tax Act 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act classified drugs into five schedules with escalating penalties based on potential for abuse Richard Nixon declared a “war on drugs” History of Drug Laws History of Drug Laws Loading… Consumption has not changed much in the last decade Afghanistan produces 90% of the world’s opium Most US drugs come from Columbia & Mexico Prices have steadily dropped – 2004 prices of cocaine