DRRR Reviewer 1st Quarter PDF

D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter LESSON#1 CONCEPTS OF 2022 WORLD RISK REPORT DISASTERS Philippines Ranked as the FIRST (highest) country at risk to disaster DISASTER...

D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter LESSON#1 CONCEPTS OF 2022 WORLD RISK REPORT DISASTERS Philippines Ranked as the FIRST (highest) country at risk to disaster DISASTER A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts. (UNISDR) What are the WRI indicators? EXPOSURE Exposure to hazards (cyclones, earthquakes, etc.) SUSCEPTIBILITY Population’s access to improved sanitation, etc. COPING CAPACITY Corruption perception index, insurance coverage, etc. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY Adult literacy rate, combined gross enrolment ratio, gender parity in education, etc. KEY FACTORS 1. POVERTY 2. LACK OF EDUCATION 3. CLIMATE CHANGE 4. HUMAN INDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES LESSON #1.3 NATURE OF LESSON #1.2 DISASTER RISKS DISASTER 2015 WORLD RISK REPORT CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS Philippines ranked as the third GEOLOGICAL highest country at risk to disaster Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunami, Landslides, Subsidence HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter Typhoons, Tornadoes, Drought, Thunderstorms, Storm Surges, floods LESSON #1.4 EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISASTERS Hazardous materials, Acid rain, 3 TYPES OF EFFECTS Global warming PRIMARY EFFECT BIOLOGICAL Coming directly from the incident Insect infestation, Epidemic, itself. Wildfires Earthquake SECONDARY EFFECT Stem from the primary effects. Broken electrical lines TERTIARY EFFECT The long-term effect of a hazard. Relocation CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF DISASTERS: 1. PEOPLE - Psychological damages. 2. HOMES - Physical damages. LEVELS OF DISASTER RESPONSE 3. INFRASTRUCTURE - Basic services 1. YOU facilities damages 2. FAMILY & NEIGHBOR 4. ECONOMY - Economic loss such as 3. CIVIL DEFENSE AREA HQ crop & livestocks (rural areas). 4. LOCAL EMERGENCY OPERATION CENTER LESSON #1.5 HAZARD, EXPOSURE, 5. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AND VULNERABILITY SUPPORT HAZARD Potentially damaging physical event Characterized by its: location, intensity, and probability of occurrence EXPOSURE People or properties directly affected by the natural disaster D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter Dr. Noeleen Heyzer Executive secretary of the Economic LESSON #1.6 EMERGENCY and Social Commission for Asia and MANAGEMENT CYCLE the Pacific (ESCAP). EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE Ability of an individual or institution to prevent or mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from crisis. Consists of four phases (cyclic) Margareta Wahlström Special rep. of the UN Secretary-General for DRR The Philippine Government’s National Operational Assessment of Hazards PREVENTION-MITiGATION (NOAH) Public education Counteract measures Hazard and Vulnerability Laws which enforce disaster risk Assessment reduction Improved infrastructure Education PREPAREDNESS GOOD GOVERNANCE Emergency response plans ZONING LAWS Trainings and exercises RELOCATION Sirens FORCED EVACUATION RESPONSE CONSERVATION OF THE Life safety ENVIRONMENT Incident stabilization ALBAY Property preservation Such measures were instigated by Evacuation & Shelters Albay’s then-Governor Joey Salceda Mass care One of the first province to adopt RECOVERY Disaster Risk Management measures Economic recovery VULNERABILITY Debris management Susceptibility of a population or Housing community to a natural hazard Health and social services Vulnerability may refer to: Disregard for the environment HAZARD ASSESSMENT Poorly-planned communities Identifies potential hazards, and Poorly constructed infrastructures evaluates the probability of and homes occurrence and the impact once it Lack of public information and occurs in the community. awareness on risks Probability-severity chart D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter INCIDENT COMMANDER He/she is the person in charge of the situation He/she is usually the first trained LESSON #1.7 THE 4 PHASES personnel on the scene who assumes EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE command and responsibility PREVENTION-MITIGATION (1st Phase) WHAT IS THE KEY ELEMENT? RESPONSE (3rd phase) Inspection of the physical KEY ELEMENTS: environment Assessment of the magnitude of the INSPECTION OF THE PHYSICAL problem ENVIRONMENT Activation of the emergency Assessment of the environment can management plan and ICS aid in the formulation of mitigation Deployment of resources and measures if the impact of the hazard making informed decisions to the community is inevitable. Working with first responders and 1. REVIEW OF THE SAFETY community partners FEATURES - To check if they can still Initiation of the transition to the withstand future hazard occurrences recovery phase 2. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY SITES Enacting an after-action assessment - Relief, Emergency vehicle access, as a tool for learning and points of entry and exit improvement 3. EDUCATION ON THE PROPER INCIDENT ACTION PLAN RESPONSE - Warning systems or Once an emergency situation starts alarms can be made to unfold, a key step in the response phase is to quickly execute an PREPAREDNESS (2nd phase) Incident Action Plan. WHAT IS AN ICS? Incident Command System RECOVERY (4th and last phase) PREPAREDNESS Does not only refer to preparation for emergency response, it also has a direct impact on the recovery process. D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter When a community is prepared, METRO MANILA EARTHQUAKE IMPACT there will be less damage and the REDUCTION STUDY (MMEIRS) recovery will be faster. Evaluate Seismic Hazards, damages, and vulnerability of MM In general, the recovery phase is designed Prepare framework of master plan to assist the community with healing and for earthquake disaster coping, and restore normal operations in management day-to-day living. OPERATION METRO YAKAL An operation plan that will be What is the one factor that should be followed in case “ The Big One has considered in the recovery phase? happened. (COMMUNITY HISTORY) LESSON #1.8 THE MOVING EARTH Plate moves 11 cm per year ACTIVE FAULTS If it has moved one or several times in the last 10 000 years. Active faults can trigger earthquake anytime. INACTIVE FAULT If a fault has been inactive for a millions of years, it’s certainly safe to call it inactive SUBDUCTION ZONE Subduction zones are areas where tectonic plates converge. This results RISK ANALYSIS PROJECT FOR METRO in volcanic activities, earthquakes, MANILA and tsunamis. The study covered the 16 cities and 1 What will happen if two continental crust municipality of Metro Manila and converges? some parts of the provinces of It will form volcanoes and mountain Bulacan, Cavite, and Rizal. ranges such as Himalayas mountain ranges. D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities. HAZARD Natural phenomena that might impact an area or a region. LESSON #1.9 EARTHQUAKE & Hazards are there regardless of EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS whether there is anyone present to experience them or not. MEASURED: units of energy and strength of shaking RISK Anything that could potentially be lost when the hazard occurs. MEASURED: fatalities or amount of damage. PRIMARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARD GROUND SHAKING I may be the reason why building’s exterior walls crumble a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during an earthquake. LIQUEFACTION I was responsible for tremendous Philippines ranked first among the amounts of damage in historical TOP 10 COUNTRIES WITH earthquakes around the world. HIGHEST DISASTER RISK Floodplains and swamps are one of worldwide this year! the reasons why I exist. SOURCE: World Risk Report 2022 a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts like a fluid LANDSLIDES I encompass a wide range of ground movement such as rock fall and rock slide. the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope SURFACE RUPTURES When an earthquake occurs, I exist in the area where the fault zone moves. D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter occurs when movement on a fault calculated from earthquakes deep within the earth breaks recorded by an SEISMOGRAPH through to the surface. NOT ALL earthquakes result in surface INTENSITY rupture. The strength of an earthquake perceived and felt by people in a SECONDARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARD certain locality. Intensity is generally TSUNAMI higher near the epicenter I have two types: (1) locally-generated and (2) the far-field When the coastline suddenly recedes, beware for I am about to come giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea SEICHE I was triggered by an earthquake waves I am highly observed in partially-enclosed body of water and my waves are standing giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea FLOODING I fill rivers, wells, and ponds. Noah survived one and it was great an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry FIRE Give me food, and I will live; give me water, and I will die. What am I? a chemical process in which a fuel and an oxidizing agent react, The larger the diameter of an earthquake yielding carbon dioxide and water focus, the intense the shaking will be LESSON #1.10 INTENSITY AND The deeper the earthquake focus, the intense the shaking will be MAGNITUDE & HAZARD MAPS CHARLES RITCHER Developed a system to measure the magnitude of an earthquake MAGNITUDE The energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter SEISMOGRAPH/SEISMOMETER DIVERGENT - Constructive mechanism Measuring instrument that creates seismogram Seismogram- record of the seismic waves from an earthquake Seismometer works based on the principle of inertia HAZARD MAPS t shows the different degree of hazard usually classified into low, moderate, and high degrees It is essential in understanding the risk present in a certain area LESSON #1.11 RESTLESS INNER EARTH VOLCANO Volcanoes are openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and PARTS OF VOLCANO steam erupt onto the Earth's surface. CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES Volcanic eruptions can last days, BY ACTIVITY: months, or even years. 1. ACTIVE How do volcanoes form? - Among all 1500 estimated known CONVERGENT - Destructive Mechanism active volcanoes in the world. 50 -70 erupt per year Examples: Mayon Volcano and Mt. Bulusan D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter 2. DORMANT PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of - Active threats Volcanology and Seismology) Examples: Mt. Pinatubo (after being The agency serves as the arm of the dormant for 600 years) and Mount St. government that studies, records, Helens (considered dormant after 1980 and gives forecasts about the eruption) behavior of the active volcanoes, 3. EXTINCT which help in mitigating the effect of - Not erupted in the last 30 000 - 40 volcanic eruptions. 000 years - Example: Mount Kohala in Hawaii (last erupted: 60 000 years ago) - It is not expected to erupt anytime soon - HOWEVER, scientists believe that rejuvenation may revive a volcano. BY COMPOSITION & STRUCTURE COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO A.k.a stratovolcano LESSON #1.12 VOLCANIC Strato = layers HAZARDS Formed by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material Known to erupt violently CINDER CONE VOLCANO Simplest type of volcano Result of an eruption from a single vent Generally 300 ft This results to a bowl-shaped crater “Cone shaped volcanoes” VOLCANIC HAZARD MAPS SHIELD CONE SHAPE Hazard maps play an important role Low and has a dome shape in identifying the location, Nonexplosive volcano magnitude and countermeasures to Shaped by lava and flows be undertaken during volcanic Example: Mauna Loa crises. In the planning process, PHIVOLCS is expected to arrive at The oceanic part of the Eurasian plate is volcanic hazard maps to show basic subducting along the Manila Trench , the information about volcanic activity. Negros Trench located west of Panay and LAHAR Sulu Trench to the west of Zamboanga Lahar is a mudflow composed of Peninsula. Volcanoes in the Philippines are rocky debris, water, and pyroclastic formed along these subduction zones. material. Max. temp of 100 degree (boiling pt of water) D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter Can be associated by different factors BUT primary agent is raining after an eruption Pyroclastic flow can lead to the creation of lahar Cement-like consistency is what make lahar very dangerous Has a comparable speed to that stream of water PYROCLASTIC FLOW High density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds. Once it rises up to the air it creates an eruption column Known to exhibit high temperatures as high as 1075 degree Celcius ASH FALL With the combination of rain or Made up of small jagged pieces of melted snow and ice, pyroclastic rocks, minerals, and volcanic gases, flow can transform into lahar and which are dissolved in magma and cause greater damage - greatest blast into the air, producing volcanic hazards solidified fragments of volcanic Travelling at speed of 80 km/h = rocks. covers large distance Extremely abrasive, conducts electricity when wet and does not dissolve in water Once it rises up to the air it creates an eruption column Wind carries away this ash - eruption cloud. Has cooling effect on the atmosphere (1991 Mt. Pinatubo BALLISTIC PROJECTILE Eruption) These are rocks that an erupting Daylight - sky turns hazy and volcano sends into the air. sunlight turn into pale yellow color Can travel 2-5 km away (forming a Intense ash fall - total darkness ballistic trajectory Impact from large projectile can penetrate concrete buildings (715 cm) D.R.R.R REVIEWER 1st Quarter VOLCANIC GASES Get to high ground if you can't find Water vapor makes up most of the shelter. volcanic gas. Highly dangerous due Protect yourself from pyroclastics. to their temperature and toxicity. While you want to get to higher LAVA FLOW ground, you should also try to shield Stream of molten rock that flows out yourself from pyroclastics, which are of a volcano. It can be fluid/sticky rocks and debris (sometimes depending on its red-hot) that are sent flying during composition/structure. an eruption. Factors that affects lava flow: Avoid exposure to poisonous gases. Type of lava erupted and it’s Breathe through a respirator, mask, viscosity or moist piece of cloth—this will also Steepness of the slope of the ground protect your lungs from clouds of Flows of lava: as a broad sheet, ash down a lava tube, or restricted WHAT TO DO AFTER A VOLCANIC channel ERUPTION Rate at which lava is produced from Remain indoors until you're told it's the event safe to come out. Stay away from areas with heavy ash fall. Clear ash from your home and property. Get medical care if necessary. WHAT TO DO BEFORE A VOLCANIC GOODLUCK! ERUPTION Draw up an emergency communication plan. Identify emergency meeting points. Discuss the plans with your family. Put together an emergency supply kit. Consider respiratory protection. Prepare communication devices for updates. WHAT TO DO DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION Listen for radio or TV advisories if you hear the sirens go off. Do not ignore emergency instructions. Get inside if you're caught outdoors.