Theoretical Driving Handbook PDF

THEORETICAL DRIVING HANDBOOK TR AI N E E Contents Unit One - Introduction, Traffic Violations, and Traffic Points 4 1. Driving License 6 2. Speed and its consequences 10 3. Traffic Accidents...

THEORETICAL DRIVING HANDBOOK TR AI N E E Contents Unit One - Introduction, Traffic Violations, and Traffic Points 4 1. Driving License 6 2. Speed and its consequences 10 3. Traffic Accidents 18 4. Traffic Department - Tasks and Importance 25 5. Road Parts 39 6. Traffic routing elements 45 7. Traffic Signs 46 7.1 Warning Signs 49 7.2 Regulatory signals 50 7.3 Guide signs 52 7.4 Signs of temporary work areas 54 7.5 Traffic Signs by Type 55 Unit Two - Behavior 68 1. Cooperative behavior 70 2. Road users have the right of priority emergency 77 3. Assessing Road Users 81 4. Driver’s Obligations 83 5. Passenger transport 91 Contents Third uni - Traffic 94 1. General driving system 96 2. Changing lanes 103 3. Choosing the correct path to take 108 4. Turning and Reversing Turning 117 Fourth Unit - Crossings 120 Crossings 122 1. Road junctions 123 1.1 Intersections regulated by traffic lights 123 1.2 Intersections organized by a traffic man (hand signals) 128 1.3 Traffic lights “Stop” and “Give way” 129 1.4 Right-of-way rules or priority rules 131 2. Pedestrian crossings 156 3. Railway crossings 157 Fifth Unit - Driving speed/driving one by one 160 1. General Speed Limiters 162 2. Criteria for choosing driving speed 169 3. Safety distance 180 4. Correct behavior 183 5. Economic leadership 186 Contents Unit Six - Transcendence and General Behavior 188 1. Driving near vehicles and stationary objects 190 2. Overtake moving vehicles 196 3. Overtaking prohibitions 198 4. Requirements for overtaking safely 204 5. The issue of overtaking 205 6. Stopping the vehicle 208 7. Using vehicle headlights 217 8. The red control lamp dashboard lights mean 229 9. Clear view 231 Introduction Dear trainee, We have prepared this especially for you with the aim of helping you to get a driver’s license in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At the outset, we would like to emphasize that driving a vehicle is an important privilege and responsibility for the driver. Now more than ever, it is very important for the driver to develop defensive driving skills, meaning not only avoiding the things that distract and confuse them inside the vehicle, but also staying alert, and to avoid the mistakes of road users because failure to do so can lead to tragic consequences. This booklet aims to help you to drive safely and prepare you for the driving test, both the practical and theoretical, by guiding you in the theoretical sessions and guiding you through the theoretical part of obtaining your driver’s license. It contains information that has been dealt with in the same sequence as the information contained in the theoretical lessons, but with more detail and clarification. In some modules, we have also included additional information on topics relevant for your personal use. This additional information is marked in blue and will not be included in the knowledge section of the driver’s license test. This handbook is meant to be used not only as a reference but also as a practical guide, with additional space for notes. We are confident that these tools will help you better prepare for your driving test and we hope that you will use them appropriately. Once you have obtained your driver’s license, we suggest that you keep this handbook as a reference on traffic safety and update it as needed. Please review and study the information in this brochure carefully, and always keep in mind the great responsibility entrusted to you after obtaining a driver’s license in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and abroad. Best regards, General Traffic Department 2  “Welcome” My role is to guide you throughout the training session!” 3 Unit One Introduction, Traffic Violations, and Traffic Points 4 5 1. Driving License Private Driving License You must meet the following requirements to obtain a private driver’s license: You must be at least 18 years old (exceptions: a temporary permit for a maximum period of one year can be issued if the driver has completed his/her 17 years of age) Complete the required training in driving schools Pass the theoretical test and the practical driving test Pay the prescribed fees Pay the traffic fines resulting from previous violations, if any. A valid driver’s license qualifies you for the following: Your driving license is valid for a maximum of 10 years You can carry a maximum of 9 passengers, including the driver You can drive all kinds of small private vehicles You can drive vehicles with a maximum weight of 3500 kg. 6 Your private driver’s license contains the following information: The full name of the license holder National ID number / resident ID Date of Birth Files numbers Type of license Blood type Date of issuance Expiry date Nationality 7 Public Driving License Public driving license requirements and validity You must be at least 20 years old to obtain a public driving license The public driving license is valid for a maximum period of 5 years There are 3 different types of Public Driving Licenses: Category 1 - a taxi driver’s license that allows its holder to drive public taxis with a load capacity of no more than eight people Category 2 - Transport license: ○ A light transport license allows its holder to drive small public transport vehicles with a total weight of not more than (3500) kg. ○ The heavy transport license allows its holder to drive large public or private transport vehicles with a total weight of more than (3500) kg. Class 3 – Buses: ○ A minibus or private bus license that allows its holder to drive buses that can carry at least 15 passengers. ○ A large or public bus license that allows its holder to drive buses that can carry more than 15 passengers. 8 Public works vehicle driving license Requirements and validity of a public works vehicle driving license You must be at least 20 years old to obtain a driving license for public works vehicles. Driving license for public works vehicles is valid for a maximum period of 5 years. The applicant for a public driving license and a public works vehicle driving license should not have been previously convicted of a crime of assault of people, honour, or money, unless he/she has been rehabilitated. The applicant - of whatever type - should not have been convicted by a court ruling of using, manufacturing, smuggling, distributing, or possessing drugs, unless he/she has been rehabilitated. Regular residency for non-Saudis. Lack of diseases and impairments that prevent driving a licensed vehicle. Completion of training hours in driving schools and passing the driving test. The regulations specify the number of training hours needed, the test for each license, and the condition for its performance. Paying the prescribed fees. Paying traffic fines for previous violations, if any. Motorcycle driving license Motorbike driving license requirements Valid for all types of motorbikes You must be at least 18 years old to obtain a motorbike license A motorbike driving license is valid for a maximum of 10 years For your notes: 9 2. Speed and its consequences Road users The road is used by a wide variety of people and vehicles, ranging from pedestrians to a 40-ton truck. Pedestrians Motorcyclists and cyclists Various types of vehicles Light trucks Heavy trucks Buses Public works vehicles 10 Although all these different groups use the road and interact with each other, they also travel at very different speeds. For example, pedestrians move at a speed not exceeding 4-5 km/h. While vehicles are moving at speeds much higher than that, up to 100 km/h. This difference in speed may create high-risk situations for all road users. Until now, we pedestrians are basically accustomed to moving at the speed of walking, and we have learned over time to master that speed, and humans are not created in a way that they can move at high speed - emergency high speed starts from 20-30 km/h. This makes it extremely difficult for humans to correctly estimate higher speeds, which is why they need technical assistance from the speedometer. Learning to control high speeds is a process that requires a great deal of experience, and a proper assessment of high speeds can only be made through the combined interaction of the eye and the mind. Another danger we face is the fact that we are moving large loads. For example, with the help of a vehicle, we can move loads weighing from 1500 kg to 3500 kg at very high speeds, and this can have serious consequences in the event of a collision with a vehicle or person. SPEED? WEIGHT? 11 The basic principle when driving a vehicle: 1. The driving speed must always be adapted to the surrounding conditions. 2. The driving speed must be chosen in such a way that it is possible to stop in time to avoid a collision with an obstacle and evade other sources of danger. Can you think of some examples? Below are some examples of speed control according to the road conditions: 12 Stopping distance: The stopping distance is the distance the vehicle travels from the moment the driver becomes aware of a dangerous situation until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. The stopping distance is the reaction distance (perception) plus the braking distance. 13 Reaction distance (perception): The reaction distance is the distance traveled by the vehicle from the moment the driver realizes a dangerous situation until applying the brakes. Since the “standard” reaction time can be estimated as one second, the reaction distance is the distance traveled in one second. When you see an obstacle or (unexpected) danger on the road and you know that you have to stop to avoid an accident, it will take some time to react and move your foot to the brake pedal. On average, you will need one second to trigger a reaction. During this time, your car is in motion without decelerating, and the distance it has traveled during the time it takes to make a reaction is the reaction distance. What can you do to trigger a reaction faster? When will you need longer to trigger a reaction? When does the reaction distance (perception) become longer? At high speeds If you are distracted or tired If the driver is under the influence of drugs or under the influence of drugs that cause drowsiness If the driver is under the influence of alcohol, for your For your notes: 14 Braking distance: The braking distance is the distance the vehicle travels from the moment the driver applies the brakes until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. When you depress the brake pedal, your vehicle will cover the braking distance before it comes to a complete stop. We will calculate the braking distance for a relatively strong braking process on a dry road. The distance may become shorter if you brake as hard as possible (emergency braking). The distance will be longer if the road is slippery. When does the braking distance become longer? At high speeds When the vehicle load is heavy Due to poor road conditions (sand or snow on the road, wet surface, etc.) Due to bad tires Due to a malfunction or insufficient brakes 15 Calculating stopping distances Stopping distance = Backlash distance + Braking distance Backlash distance = (Speed/3 x 10) (Assumption: Reaction time = 1 second) Braking distance = (speed/ x (10) speed/10) (Assumption: Hard braking on a dry surface) Given the fact that driving requires decisions to be made in a matter of seconds, it makes sense to be able to limit the number of meters a vehicle can travel in a few seconds. Driving speed Reaction distance Braking distance Stopping distance 30 km/h 9m 9m 18m 50 km/h 15m 25m 40m 60 km/h 18m 36m 54m 80 km/h 24m 64m 88m 100 km/h 30m 100m 130m 120 km/h 36m 144m 180m 16 How can you reduce the stopping distance? Reduce speed Increased attention Be prepared to brake, put your foot on the brake pedal without pressing it. Remember that the speed and/or the lack of adapting the speed according to the road and traffic situation is the cause !of many traffic accidents 17 3. Traffic Accidents * Accidents are recorded statistically as injuries if the accident leads to death after more than a month has passed from the date of the accident. ** Accidents are recorded statistically as deaths If the accident results in the immediate death of an injured person If the accident resulted in the death of the injured person within one month from the date of its occurrence. 18 The reasons for the high number of accidents and deaths on the roads in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Speeding Failure to comply with the traffic laws Using a mobile phone while driving and not wearing a seat belt while driving Failure to take the appropriate course and sudden change of course Vehicle and road condition 19 Types of traffic accidents Traffic accidents can be minor or major accidents Minor traffic accidents ○ A traffic accident that results in damage to private or public property, but the damage does not exceed 5,000 Saudi riyals. ○ A traffic accident that results in a personal injury that does not need to be taken to the hospital. Major traffic accidents ○ Traffic accidents that result in deaths ○ Traffic accidents that result in serious injuries: Injuries that require the patient to be transferred to the hospital and undergo an operation. ○ Traffic accidents that result in serious injuries: Accidents that lead to losses in private or public funds. 20 When does the accident result in legal liability? A traffic accident entails legal liability if it is the result of negligence, recklessness, or a violation of traffic laws. The error rate is determined by the percentage of negligence, indifference, or non-observance of traffic regulations according to the relative criterion: (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). Neglect is defined as: Failure to exercise a certain degree of vigilance under circumstances where the law requires the protection of others or their interests that may be adversely affected by the absence of such attention. Lack of vigilance or lack of caution is defined as: A fault resulting from an act committed by the driver indicates a default or mismanagement of consequences, where the driver shows willful or intentional neglect of law and human life, for example by driving too fast on a crowded street causing death or injury to a pedestrian. Failure to observe traffic regulations is defined as: Failure to comply with the laws in a way that leads to accidents resulting in injuries, deaths, or property damage. For your notes: 21 Every driver should do the following in the event of a traffic accident. There are two types of accidents: 1. An accident that results in injuries: Calling traffic (911/993) Calling the Red Crescent 997 2. Accident resulting in damage: Contact Najm, ○ download the Najm application, and take photographs of the accident from all angles. ○ Park the vehicle away from crowds, if possible. ○ Determine the location of the accident, enter the data, and then confirm the phone number. 22 Consequences of ignoring these laws Failure to comply with these laws will result in a fine of up to two thousand Saudi riyals and/ or imprisonment for up to 3 months Whoever leaves the scene of the accident without reason will be considered a fugitive from justice and the relevant authorities will take legal action against him. Vehicles involved in an accident may only be transported in the following cases The vehicle obstructs traffic or poses a threat to public safety The accident was simple and clear, and the two parties agreed on how it happened. The parties to the accident must immediately begin submitting a report containing A statement of the circumstances and location of the accident Type of accident Type of vehicles involved in the accident Accidents that result in death or serious injury If the accident results in injury or death, the driver will be stopped for a period not exceeding 72 hours This period may be extended by the competent court. The driver must be released immediately if a fine is paid or the required insurance policy is presented. Accidents that result in injury, in whole or in part, due to the driver’s consumption of alcohol or as a result of drifting The driver is handed over to the public prosecutor of the competent court to file a lawsuit against him. Force majeure The penalty may be waived if the accident was caused by force majeure. During the investigation, the driver who was involved in the accident must explain the circumstances that led to the accident. 23 What can you do to reduce traffic accidents? Below are five behaviors that you will lead to a reduction in traffic accidents 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 24 4. Traffic Department - Tasks and Importance Traffic employees represent the state and have the right to enforce the law and, therefore, their instructions must be followed in all cases, and they can be identified by their uniform or official badge. The responsibilities of traffic employees are to work on monitoring the roads and checking driver’s licenses. Roads and Traffic Department Tasks: Implementation of traffic controls Prosecuting criminal offenses Taking corrective action for traffic violations Adjusting speed and taking distance measurements Proper behavior in traffic controls All drivers must abide by traffic regulations on public roads and must follow the instructions of traffic employees. The Traffic Department can also issue orders that conflict with normal traffic regulations and, therefore, these instructions must be adhered to and to ensure that no one is exposed to danger. For example: The light is green and the traffic officer tells you to stop or vice versa. 25 Violations and penalties list Violations table (1) in the traffic regulation A fine of (100-150) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Driving the vehicle in markets where it is not permitted to drive. 2. Leaving the vehicle unlocked and running after leaving it. 3. Lack of valid vehicle insurance. 4. Pedestrians crossing roads other than the places designated for them. 5. Pedestrians are not bound by their own signals. 6. Parking the vehicle in places not designated for parking. 7. Not giving priority to pedestrians while crossing the lanes designated for them. For your notes: 26 Violations table (2) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (150-300) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Not to use the turn signal when turning right or left, overtaking, or changing lanes. 2. Reversing on the highway for a distance of more than twenty meters. 3. The motorist or regular bike driver - or the like - gets attached to any other vehicle or pulls or carries things that endanger the road user. 4. Violation of the rules for using the convergence lights. 5. Not carrying a driver‘s license or a driver’s license while driving. 6. Misuse of the vehicle alarm. 7. Failure to submit the vehicle for periodic technical inspection. 8. Violation of traffic regulations on the road. 9. Not wearing a seat belt. 10. Placing barriers inside or outside the vehicle that obstruct the driver‘s vision. 11. Failure of the driver to leave sufficient distance between his vehicle and the vehicle in front of him, to allow him to avoid an accident. 12. Moving the vehicle at a high speed, so that the tires make a loud sound. 13. Gathering at the scene of the accident. 14. The driver overtaking a group of vehicles in front of traffic lights or security control points using the shoulder of the roads or the lane designated for turning. 15. Lack of regulatory requirements for a trailer. 27 Violations table (3) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (300-500) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Failure to take the necessary precautions when stopping the vehicle in emergency situations on public roads. 2. Throwing objects outside the vehicle. 3. Slowing down in a way that impedes movement. 4. Preoccupation with other than the road while driving the vehicle. 5. Applying the brakes suddenly and unnecessarily. 6. Non-compliance with traffic regulations at road intersections. 7. Failure to comply with the limits of the specified lanes on the road. 8. Making noise by using devices from inside the vehicle, or committing any behavior contrary to public morals, while driving. 9. Driving with an expired driver‘s license. 10. Failure to use child safety seats. 11. Leaving the vehicle on a sloping road without taking the necessary precautions. 12. Leaving children under the age of ten in the vehicle without an accompanying adult. 28 Violations table (4) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (500-900) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Chasing emergency vehicles while using their sirens. 2. Driving on the road with vehicles designated for acquisition. 3. Not stopping completely at the stop sign. 4. Failure to stop completely at the traffic sign (in front of you is priority) in the event of vehicles passing on the road given priority. 5. Not giving priority to the vehicle coming from the right when reaching an intersection with equal preferences at the same time and when there are no priority signals. 6. Not giving priority to vehicles on the highway in the absence of a priority signal. 7. Not to abide by the hand signals of the security man when regulating movement and not to give his signal priority over traffic lights. 8. Not giving priority to the vehicles inside the roundabout before the vehicles outside it in the absence of traffic lights or a traffic man directing traffic. 9. Driving the vehicle inside the tunnels without turning on its lights. 10. Increasing the dimensions of the cargo carried for light transport vehicles to the permissible limit. 11. Unnecessarily using the emergency vehicle‘s own alarms. 12. Not giving priority to traffic at junctions or intersections to the driver of the vehicle ahead of others in the absence of plates regulating this. 13. If the driver changes his direction of turning backwards, he does not give way to vehicles coming from other directions. 14. The failure of the driver, in the event of closing part of the road, to give preference to those whose road was open. 15. Failure of the driver who wishes to change lanes to give preference to the driver of a vehicle traveling in a straight direction in the event that the two vehicles are running parallel to each other. 16. Not giving way to vehicles coming from a highway if they intersect with a secondary road or dirt road. 17. Not giving priority to public transportation such as trains or buses and the like if they are on the tracks designated for them. 29 18. Transporting passengers in places not designated for them in the vehicle. 19. The driver‘s use of any portable device while the vehicle is in motion. 20. Parking in parking spaces for people with special needs other than this permitted category. 21. Placing a writing, drawing, sticker, or any other statement on the vehicle’s body without the approval of the competent authorities. 22. Driving a vehicle that pollutes the environment on public roads. 23. Shading the vehicle’s windows without being bound by the controls set by the competent department. 24. Using the vehicle for a purpose other than that for which it was licensed. 25. Not covering and fixing the carriage. 30 Violations table (5) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (1,000-2,000) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Entry of trucks, heavy equipment and the like into or out of cities at times that are not permitted. 2. Driving a vehicle with a driver’s license that does not match the vehicle’s size and type of use. 3. Stand on the railway tracks. 4. Carrying more passengers than the number specified in the driving license. 5. Refusal to present the driver‘s or vehicle‘s documents to those authorized to view them. 6. 6 Driving a vehicle with unclear or damaged license plates. 7. 7 The vehicle is running without a front panel. 8. 8 Failure to complete the procedures for modifying the area of use of the vehicle. 9. 9 Not to take out the vehicle intended for export within the specified period. 10. Not to wear a helmet while riding a motorcycle. 11. Driving a vehicle before obtaining a driver’s license or in the event of the license being withdrawn. 12. Leaving objects on public roads that endanger public safety. 13. Not giving way to official or emergency procession vehicles. 14. Driving on the shoulders of the road or on the sidewalks or paths in which it is prohibited to drive. 15. Disembarking or riding while vehicles are in motion. 16. Pedestrian crossing of highways. 17. Overtaking in areas where overtaking is prohibited, such as curves and hills. 18. Lack of side lighting, reflectors or screens for trucks and trailers. 19. Not using the necessary lights when walking at night or in weather conditions where visibility is not clear. 20. Failure to install the panel in its designated place. 21. Gathering at drifting sites. 22. Increasing the dimensions of the payload transported for heavy transport vehicles to the permissible limit. 23. Make any modification or addition to the vehicle’s body or structure that changes its features or basic equipment without taking the necessary procedures. 24. Driving a vehicle without the necessary equipment, such as brakes, lights, and the like. 25. Use of plates not issued by the competent department. 31 Violations table (6) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (3,000-6,000) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Exceeding speed a traffic light while at a red light. 2. Exceeding speed school transport buses when they stop for loading or unloading. 3. Tampering with road signs, reflectors, or signs regulating traffic. 4. Failure to stop at security control centers or checkpoints, or not to stop for the security patrol when there is a directive or sign requiring a stop. 5. Using unauthorized devices in the vehicle or placing slogans or posters that are contrary to public morals. 6. Driving the vehicle in the opposite direction of traffic. 7. Dribbling quickly between vehicles on public roads. 8. Carrying out a vehicle race on public roads or marching in processions without obtaining a permit for that beforehand. 9. Failure of trucks and heavy equipment to drive in the right lane on the multi-lane road. 10. Animal owners should not keep them away from the approved road precincts. 11. Installing equipment in the vehicle, such as those for official vehicles and emergency vehicles. 12. Driving public works vehicles on the roads before taking the necessary measures to avoid their damage, including not placing reflective strips on both sides of the rear of the vehicle. 13. Driving the vehicle without a back plate or without plates. 14. Blurring of vehicle plates. 32 Violations table (7) in the Traffic Regulations A fine of (5,000-10,000) riyals for each of the following violations: 1. Driving a vehicle under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics, or drugs under its influence. 2. Carry out road works before coordinating with the concerned department. 3. Animal owners allow their animals to cross from places other than those designated for them, or without coordination with the competent authorities. 4. Use of plates that do not belong to the vehicle. 5. Blur the chassis number of the vehicle or attempt to destroy it. 33 Violations table (8) in the Traffic Regulations 1. Speed from 120 km-hour or less. The speed limit on the road Exceeding the speed limit The fine value in riyals from 120 km - an hour or less. (Minimum - Maximum) Exceeding speed by more than 10 km - h to 20 km - h (150-300) (Exceeding speed by more than 20 km-h to 30 km-h) 300-500 (Exceeding speed by more than 30 km-h to 40 km-h) 800-1,000 (Exceeding speed by more than 40 km - h to 50 km - h) 1,200-1,500 Exceeding speed by more than 50 hours (1,500-2,000) 2. Speed 140 km-h The speed limit on the road Exceeding the speed limit The fine is 140 km-hour. (Minimum – Maximum) (Exceeding speed by more than 5 km-h to 10 km-h) 300-500 (Exceeding speed by more than 10 km-h to 20 km-h) 800-1,000 (Exceeding speed by more than 20 km - h to 30 km - h) 1,200-1,500 (Exceeding speed by more than 30 km-h) 1,500-2,000 * Traffic Law issued by Royal Decree No. (M/115) dated 05/12/1439 34 Drifting and reckless driving is a traffic violation, punishable by the following: First time: The vehicle is impounded for 15 days and a fine of 20,000 riyals is paid, and the authorities should consider imprisoning the driver. The second time: The vehicle is impounded for one month and a fine of 40,000 riyals is paid, and the authorities must consider imprisoning the driver. The third time: Confiscation of the vehicle and a fine of 60,000 riyals. Rented or stolen vehicles will not be confiscated, but a fine must be paid in the value of the rented or stolen vehicle. Committing a traffic violation: A driver who commits a traffic violation must remain inside the vehicle until the traffic policeman arrives and approaches the driver and completes the violation registration procedures. The traffic violation is written in three copies, where one of the copies is delivered to the violating driver, while the other two are sent to the competent authorities to register the violation. This does not include automatically registered violations. The fine paper fields must be filled out and the offending driver must sign it. If the offending driver refuses to sign it or is not present, this must be written in the violation. If the driver is not available or has left the scene of the accident, the vehicle number plate must be documented and all details in the violation sheet should be added as closely as possible. The offending driver will be penalized for each separate offense, even if it is listed on a single sheet of paper. Violations can be paid through the banking phone or automated teller machines, and it is also possible to inquire about violations through the Absher website. Violation Form Traffic violations must be dealt with in a unified form for violations. The General Directorate of Traffic handles the violations record with a serial number and contains the following: 35 Information related to Driver Vehicle The category of the offense The date, time, and place of the violation The period given to pay the fine Paying the fine The violating driver may pay the minimum fine at the nearest specialized center within a maximum period of thirty days from the date of the violation, and he will receive an official receipt upon payment of that fine. If the fine is not paid within the specified period, the competent authority shall obligate the offending driver to pay the maximum fine imposed on him. The executive rules shall stipulate the procedures for recording violations and the specified period for paying financial fines. Scored points A specific number of points are allocated for each violation. The number of points depends on the degree of danger to public safety. Points are recorded in the offending driver‘s record. The driver‘s license will be withdrawn if the number of points reaches 24. Note that the maximum score is 24 points. For your notes: 36 Traffic Violations Points System Violation Points 1 Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs 24 2 Drifting 24 3 Not stopping while the red light is on 12 4 Driving against the direction of travel 12 5 Fast and reckless driving between vehicles on public roads 8 6 Not complying with the signals of a traffic police officer 8 7 Driving vehicles without brakes or lights 8 8 Not completely stopping at the traffic sign „STOP” 6 9 Not respecting priority rules 6 10 Exceeding the speed limit by more than 25 km/h 6 11 Allowing no priority to vehicles in a roundabout 6 12 Overtaking vehicles in prohibited places 6 13 Stopping on railways 6 14 Exceeding the speed limit by not more than 25 km/h 4 15 Driving on lanes not indented for driving 4 16 Overtaking school buses when they stop to let students in and out 4 17 Uncovering or untying transported loads 4 18 Making additional amendments to the vehicle’s body without following legal procedures 4 19 Not wearing seat belts 2 20 Using mobile phones without a hands-free device 2 21 Not wearing a helmet when riding a motorbike 2 37 Withdrawal of a driver’s license The procedure for withdrawing a license is applied if the number of violations recorded in the violating driver’s record reaches 24 points. For the first time in one Hijri year: Driver’s license for 3 months is withdrawn For the second time in one Hijri year: Driver’s license for 6 months is withdrawn For the third time in one Hijri year: Driver’s license for one Hijri year is withdrawn For the fourth time in one Hijri year: The driver’s license is permanently revoked. The permanent revocation of the license If a driver whose license has been revoked is caught while driving a vehicle during the license revocation period, he will be treated as not holding a driver’s license and must be referred to the competent court to double the penalty. The driver can be directed to attend a 15-day rehabilitation program at a driving school. If the driver’s license is permanently withdrawn, a new one can be applied for one year after the date of the license revocation, provided that the driver has completed a one-month rehabilitation program at a driving school and passed the theory and practical test. In the event of temporary or permanent withdrawal of the license, the above applies to all categories of driver’s licenses. 38 5. Road Parts The road is intended for the movement of vehicles The road may contain several paths, and the features of these paths can be determined on the road surface. The highway is a road that is accessed and exited through entrances and exits and does not directly serve real estate. The service road directly serves the neighboring properties. 39 A residential area and an open town are a geographic area located within the city designated within the road network. The open town is the road network outside the cities and towns. A traffic island. The traffic island is a small and elevated area and works to divide the movement in two different directions. A merge lane is a lane change that allows traffic to be incorporated into a regular road or motorway. 40 Intersections This term refers to any intersection, crossing, or branching of roads on one or more levels, including the area formed as a result. Types of controlled and uncontrolled intersections: Regulated by light signals Regulated by road signs Regulated by the traffic man, Uncontrolled intersections: Without any marks and governed by priority law 41 Bicycle lane A bicycle lane is marked with a mandatory traffic light for cyclists. Horse Track The riding lane is marked by a mandatory traffic light for horseback riders. The sidewalk/pedestrian lane A sidewalk or pedestrian path is part of the road and is intended for pedestrian use and not for vehicles A pedestrian crossing is a specific part of the road that pedestrians are entitled to cross Pedestrian crossing paths may be marked with white markings on the road. Pedestrian crossing paths are advertised by traffic lights. Remember to never confuse these two signs. The blue circular sign with white lines inside is a mandatory sign indicating the sidewalk or pedestrian path. The triangular sign with red frames and black lines is a warning sign indicating a children’s crossing 42 Proper behavior of pedestrian lanes In pedestrian lanes that are devoid of traffic lights or organized by a traffic officer when approaching pedestrian lanes. Drivers must slow down as fast as possible to stop in front of a pedestrian crossing if pedestrians want to cross. The safety of pedestrians should not be endangered while in transit. 43 In crosswalks with a pedestrian crossing signal, a continuous green light allows pedestrians to cross the road but need to monitor traffic. Blinking green light An intermittent green light indicates that the pedestrian crossing signal will soon turn red and, therefore, pedestrians crossing the road must speed up to cross it, and pedestrians approaching the lane must wait and not enter the lane. Red or orange light Pedestrians are not allowed to cross pedestrian lanes outside of intersection areas that can be indicated by flashing yellow lights. In this case, pedestrians have priority to cross, but they need to watch traffic carefully, especially in areas where drivers are allowed to drive quickly. Remember Did you know that a car weighs 25 times the weight of a pedestrian? So always be careful and watch the traffic! 44 6. Traffic routing elements Traffic routing elements serve the purpose of securing, routing, and managing traffic. Types of traffic routing elements Rad signs Columns Traffic lights Traffic lights are generally prohibited: Destruction alteration of traffic routing elements Remove or change their locations Placing posters or advertisements on poles, lights, road signs, or other traffic directing devices. The most prominent road signs: Connected/Double Connected Lines - Crossing Connected Lines is prohibited Broken lines - these lines may be crossed Pedestrian lanes Arrows pointing at directions 45 7. Traffic Signs Types of Traffic Signs Warning Signs All warning signs are triangular in shape with a red frame. 46 Regulatory signs Guidance signs are circular in shape. If it is white with a red frame, it indicates a ban. If they are blue, they are mandatory Right-of-way flags Right-of-way flags have a special shape. It is usually octagonal or in the form of an inverted triangle. 47 Beacons Query tags come in rectangular or square shapes and in different colors. Temporary Work Zone Signals Temporary Work Zone Signals are yellow with a red frame. It is usually used to refer to the conduct of road works or alternative roads. Traffic signs are placed mainly on the right side of the road and are reflective in a way that ensures good visibility at night as well as during the day, and all road users must respect and abide by them. 48 7.1 Warning Signs: Shape and color: In general, all warning signs are in the form of a triangle with a vertex at the top. It comes with a white background, black icons, and a red frame. Their purpose: Warning signs are used to alert and warn drivers and all other road users of existing or potential danger or situations on the road, street, or adjacent areas. Warning signs must be placed far enough in front of the danger so that the driver can respond to them in a timely manner and not be surprised by the presence of that danger in a way that negatively affects his behavior and reaction. Warning signs direct the driver to exercise caution and alert him to adapt his speed to the indicated danger to ensure his safety and the safety of passengers as well as the safety of all other road users. Examples of warning signs If a narrow road is indicated by a bottleneck symbol, the driver must slow down because it may be necessary to stop at that sign if there are oncoming vehicles. If a low level is indicated, the driver must slow down and perhaps use a lower gear to take advantage of the engine’s braking ability. 49 7.2 Regulatory signals: Shape and color: In general, the guide sign is circular in shape with a white background, black icons, and a red frame, with some exceptions, such as: Their purpose: Direction signals are used to alert drivers and road users about a set of traffic guidelines, speed limits, prohibitions, and obligations (such as a specified driving direction). These restrictions, prohibitions, and obligations must be adhered to when driving or using the road. These signs embody traffic laws and rules, and anyone who violates them is subject to a fine and penalty. There are several types and classes of routing signals. Classification of Directive or Regulatory Signs: Right-of-way signals come in different shapes and sizes The “stop” sign is an octagonal “stop” sign (containing eight corners). This makes it easy to identify and see from the front and back The “give priority” sign The “give priority” sign is triangular in shape with the inverted head down, which makes it easy to identify and see from the front and back. 50 Signs indicating regulated driving directions Signals indicating the beginning and end of the minimum speed limit Driving direction Speed limit start and signs end signs Restriction signs They usually come with a white background with a red frame and black letters, symbols, or numbers. It indicates restrictions such as speed limits It also indicates prohibitions such as no entry. Driving prohibitions signs are circular and indicate specific prohibitions on driving, for example driving trucks. Parking lights indicate areas where parking is permitted or prohibited. Speed limit sign No entry sign No parking and No parking and permitted sign waiting sign 51 7.3 Guide signs Shape and color: In general, query signals are rectangular or square in shape and come in different sizes and colors and contain different symbols, and their size depends on the length of the message to be delivered, and the color of the signal is determined according to the type of message to be delivered as shown below. Their purpose: Signposts indicate important traffic conditions and provide road users with useful information and details regarding road use, and they are primarily used to direct drivers and road users along the way to cities, villages, streets, and other destinations. It also indicates intersections, distances, directions, and utility services as well as important religious, geographic, or historical places. In general, these signals provide information to drivers and help them take the shortest route to their destination. There are several types and classes of guide signs. Classification of signs blue background with white letters They are usually found outside the city limits or residential neighborhoods. Refers to cities and villages 52 Green background with white letters It is usually found within city limits in residential areas Indicates streets and neighborhoods within cities White background with black letters Leads to important facilities such as airports or city centers Brown background with white letters Refers to farms, entertainment complexes, and museums. It also refers to religious places 53 7.4 Signs of temporary work areas Shape and color: The shapes of the temporary work area signs are the same as the shapes of the three main categories into which traffic lights are divided (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle) with a different color so that it is yellow with a red frame. Their purpose: The purpose of the temporary work area signs is the same as the one in which the aforementioned warning, regulatory, and guiding signs are used, with a slight difference, which is that they are temporarily on the road. For your notes: 54 7.4 Traffic Signs by Type Warning Signs Intersections Turns 55 Warning Signs Congestion Pitfalls Light Signals 56 Warning signs Slopes and hills Road conditions and conditions where extreme caution must be exercised 57 Warning Signs Pedestrian Crossing Animal Crossing Additional Warning Signs 58 Regulatory (blocking) and mandatory signs Regulatory (blocking) Signs prohibiting entry to all and a specific type of road user 59 Regulatory signs (blocking) Limits on trucks Speed limits Speeding limits 60 Regulatory signals (blocking) End of all or some of the limits Parking and parking Additional prohibition signs 61 Regulatory signs (mandatory) Speed limit Signs indicating the direction of traffic 62 Road signs Guidance Signals outside of the city borders No Thru Road End of highway Highway 63 Road signs Guidance Signs to cities and villages Guidance signs to streets and neighborhoods within cities Guidance signs to important facilities Guidance signs to farms, recreational complexes, and museums 64 Temporary work area signs 65 Temporary work area signs 66 Remember it is not enough just to feel safe, you must stay alert and take an active role in making the roads in the kingdom safe. 67 Unit Two Behavior 68 69 1. Cooperative behavior Correct rules of conduct for road users: Driving safely The vehicle may only be driven if the driver is in good physical and mental condition and is able to drive vehicle safely without endangering others in addition to holding a valid driver‘s license Driving with respect All road users must pay attention to other road users and respect the rights of all other road users Driving with caution All drivers should drive very carefully on public roads Driving legally You must adhere to the laws, rules, and traffic lights. Compliance with Traffic Department orders Always make sure to follow the instructions provided by the Traffic Department, even if they conflict with other instructions, unless they may endanger the safety of the driver or road users. Remember What are the things you can do to be a helpful driver? 70  Remember in general, all drivers must comply with all the traffic regulations at all times. In addition, drivers must also comply with the orders of the Traffic Department, even if these instructions conflict with other laws. In addition, it is important that drivers use sound judgment and be careful not to jeopardize their own safety or the safety of other road users. For your notes: 71 Examples of other road users Pedestrian Animals Various types of vehicles 72 Other road users and their behavior Pedestrian How should pedestrians behave? While walking on the road: ○ Use the sidewalk ○ Walk in the opposite direction of traffic, if you do not obstruct traffic or endanger your safety When crossing the road: ○ Watch for pedestrian lights or traffic lights ○ Always make sure you don‘t obstruct traffic ○ Assess the speed of oncoming vehicles ○ Walk quickly without stopping and don‘t walk unnecessarily Correct behavior at pedestrian crossings in crosswalks with a pedestrian light Continuous green light - pedestrians are allowed to cross the road but must also pay attention to traffic The intermittent green light indicates the strongest of the light, and the lightest color and, therefore, those who entered the street must evacuate it immediately and move quickly. Pedestrians approaching a pedestrian crossing should not approach it. Red light - pedestrians are not allowed to cross the road At pedestrian zones without a pedestrian light Sometimes pedestrian crossings are indicated by adjacent white lines, in which case pedestrians have the right of way but they need to monitor traffic carefully, especially in areas where drivers are allowed to drive their vehicles fast. 73 Traffic lights in front of pedestrian lines and on them On the right you can see a warning sign, and they should be placed farther from the pedestrian crossing than the inquiry signal you see on the left. 74 Correct driver behavior when dealing with pedestrians Correct driver behavior When there are pedestrians on the road When approaching pedestrian zones, How should the driver act? Do not endanger the safety of pedestrians on sidewalks or on the side of the road! When approaching pedestrian zones: ○ Check both sides of the road for pedestrians - look around to see people approaching the pedestrian zones ○ slow down and be prepared to stop. At pedestrian zones: ○ Do not obstruct pedestrians who have already started crossing the street ○ if you make a turn at the intersection, you must pay attention to pedestrians at the intersection - and if necessary stop until they cross the road 75 Guided groups of people and animals A group of people or herds of animals must be worn by people and animals with reflective belts or vests when traveling on public roads. Herds of animals The herds must be guarded Large flocks should be divided into small groups to facilitate crossing the road The herds of animals near the road must be monitored Herds of off-road animals must be securely tied up and out of the way. For your notes: 76 2. Road users have the right of priority emergency vehicles such as public security and ambulances. For your notes: 77 Emergency vehicles: In road traffic, emergency vehicles on emergency lanes have the highest priority. In an emergency, emergency vehicle drivers are not bound by any regulations or prohibitions, but they must not endanger their own safety and that of others. How to identify emergency vehicles Visual warning signals (red and blue lights) Sound warning signals How to deal with emergency vehicles: In order to see emergency vehicles, the escalator must be evacuated. It is prohibited to drive directly behind emergency vehicles, and a distance of at least 50 meters must be maintained. Drivers must stay on the right side of the road when approaching an emergency vehicle You must not get out of the elliptical parking lot before you throw an emergency vehicle. Intersections must be evacuated quickly to avoid obstructing emergency vehicles approaching those intersections 78 School buses School buses must bear markings indicating that they are intended for school transportation. Entering and exiting school buses: School buses must stop at specific stations to enable students to get in and out of them. The doors must not be opened until the bus has stopped completely It must be entered from the right side (from the sidewalk) The school bus driver should only drive after making sure that students are safe. How to handle school buses: If you miss buses to load or unload students, you must stop other vehicles, and they are prohibited from overtaking school buses when they stop to load or drop students off. 79 Official processions of road users How to deal with road users of official processions Road users should give way to official processions as soon as they announce their approach by using audio and light warning devices, provided that they stand on the right side of the road in the event of instructions from the competent department and not leave only after passing it or according to the instructions issued to them. How to deal with road users of official processions Official processions of road users should not be interrupted or their movement obstructed by other road users. For your notes: 80 3. Assessing Road Users During road traffic, it is essential to quickly and safely assess other road users. For a quick and correct assessment of other road users, the following factors should be taken into account: Age ○ Special attention should be given to children and the elderly! Attention ○ Do people pay attention to traffic? Or are they distracted? ○ It is important to realize the potential intentions of other road users in a short time to avoid accidents. Remember if you are not sure about a situation, always try to make eye contact with others! 81 The problem of road users. Children’s Characteristics of children: Not paying attention or paying attention to traffic Easy to be distracted Acting automatically most of the time Not knowing the traffic rules and/or not complying with them Not properly assessing risks Young age - they cannot accommodate traffic cases, The elderly, and people with special needs. Characteristics of the elderly: Confusion and high sensitivity Often limited movement Hearing problems and/or vision problems or other problems 82 4. Driver’s Obligations Ability to Drive He must be physically and mentally fit to drive the vehicle! You must not drive a vehicle... When you are injured and cannot use your arms or legs properly... When you are sick... When you are very tired... When you are distracted (e.g. using a mobile phone)... When you are in a state of irritability, you must not drive a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication. (If you are taking medication, it is important that you read the leaflet carefully!) Implications A driver who drives a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, drugs, and/or medication will be scored 24 points for violating the traffic rules. 83 Remember to avoid distractions - such as distractions by operating devices inside the vehicle, using a mobile phone, eating, and drinking - while driving to keep yourself safe on the road and others. For your notes: 84 Obligations and prohibitions of dealing with vehicles Obligations of the driver before driving The driver must ensure that all the necessary equipment is available The driver must ensure that the vehicle is in good condition and is safe to drive on the road so that it does not obstruct or endanger other road users. The driver must do the following: ○ Clean the windows, lights, and mirrors. ○ Ensure there is no damage to the windows, lights, mirrors, and tires. ○ Check the condition of the lights, controls, and brakes. 85  Remember Remember to make sure your sitting posture is correct. Adjust the mirrors and fasten the seat belt, including the driver and passengers. For your notes: 86 Obligations of the driver while driving Follow the traffic rules Drive on the paved area of the road and stay in the appropriate lane and at the speed limit. Let other drivers know what you are going to do. For example, don’t forget to give a signal if you want to go left or right. For your notes: 87 Taboo Visual or acoustic warning signals ○ Use emergency warning or warning signals only ○ Do not disturb pedestrians or the general atmosphere ○ Do not use warning signs with multiple tones or beeps Do not turn off the engine while driving Do not make noise when using the vehicle Do not attach covers or blinds to the vehicle Do not place inscriptions, drawings, and advertisements on the vehicle The driver must not obstruct the movement of other vehicles or other road users. Do not allow the vehicle to roll onto a slope while the engine is turned off. 88 Taboo Do not carry people outside the passenger space Do not wash or repair the vehicle on public roads Do not spit or throw garbage out of the vehicle while driving Do not use the vehicle in processions or rallies without permission Vehicles must not be driven in processions or parades (unless permitted by the authorities). In the event of any malfunction that may affect traffic while driving, the road must be cleared immediately and the driver must drive on a side street where traffic is not obstructed. Remember While driving - if your vehicle breaks down, remove it from the road and secure it if possible. During the day: Place a clear warning sign within the stopping distance. During the night: Ensure to also secure the vehicle with red lights. 89 Obligations of the driver after stopping the vehicle: When leaving the vehicle, the driver must ensure to: ○ Turn off the vehicle ○ Remove the keys ○ Close the vehicle The driver and passengers of the vehicle must ensure that no one is exposed to danger when the vehicle doors are opened. You must stand on the side of the sidewalk. Remember to ensure that the vehicle is not left unlocked, the engine is not running, and the key is not left inside it. 90 5. Passenger transport: In general: Passenger transport... It is only allowed in vehicles intended for the carriage of passengers... It is forbidden to transport passengers by truck or heavy machinery... It is prohibited to carry passengers in the trunk of the vehicle or any external part of the vehicle. 91 Using a seat belt The driver and all other passengers must use a seat belt while driving on the roads. The driver must alert the passenger to put on the seat belt. Exceptions to the seat belt law: Persons who cannot wear a seat belt for health reasons (medical evidence and permission from official authorities are required) People who are unable to wear a seat belt because of their sizes. Transporting children A support belt should be placed for children under the age of 12 so that the seat belt is under the shoulder. Children under the age of 10 must not be placed in the front seat Except: If the rear seats are not available, the child can be placed in the front (using a child-friendly seat). Remember to make sure that every passenger wears a seat belt - and that every child is seated in their own safety seat. 92 Entry and exit of passengers In the event of parking on a public road or on the road, you must exit and enter from the right side, and passengers must enter and exit the vehicle from the sidewalk area. 93 Third uni Traffic 94 95 1. General driving system In general Vehicles must always be driven on the paved part of the road. The driver must obey all the normal traffic lights unless directed by a traffic man. The driver must not exceed the specified speed limit. The driver must allow other vehicles to pass safely. 96 The rule of the right lane has two lanes with a broken line If the paved roads are divided into two opposite lanes through a broken line, the driver must drive on the right lane and not cross this line to the other lane unless he wants to overtake another vehicle in front of him. 97 Right lane rule Two lanes with a double continuous line If the paved roads are divided into two opposite lanes by a double continuous line, drivers are prohibited from crossing this line to the other lane. 98 Driving side by side If the road is divided into several lanes, then the vehicles can go side by side in a parallel direction on those lanes. However, slower vehicles must use the lane on the far right unless you are preparing to turn left or in the opposite direction in the form of a reverse turn. Before changing lanes, the driver must ensure that this does not endanger others, and he must clearly show his intent and warn others. 99  Remember this is a good example of how efficient traffic can be when the majority of drivers adhere to road signs correctly. 100 Driving on the far right side of the road The driver must stay on the far right side of the road: If he wants to turn right If other vehicles are about to overtake him If his vehicle speed is less than the speed limit If the vision is poor If there are vehicles coming from the opposite direction to your observations: For your notes: 101 Driving on the left side of the road Driving on the left side of the road is only permitted if It was necessary to prevent accidents and not to impede or endanger other road users Driver‘s desire to overtake other vehicles (only if overtaking is permitted and can be done without obstructing or endangering other road users) Part of the right-hand side has been blocked off (e.g. by a construction site), and there is a signal to pass by the traffic department, other security forces or road workers. Driving on narrow roads When approaching jams, motorists should stay on the far right side of the road to maintain a sufficient side distance for the passage of vehicles coming from the other direction, and if necessary they should stop their vehicles until other vehicles from the opposite direction pass and not use the horn except when absolutely necessary. 102 2. Changing lanes It is necessary to change lanes in the following cases: obstacle avoidance Choose the correct lane before turning Overtaking other vehicles If the driver wants to stop on the left side of the road (and only if he is allowed to do so) Before changing lanes The driver must ensure that this maneuver does not endanger him or others The driver must clearly show his intent and alert others to the general behavior when changing lanes Ensure that it is not prohibited by traffic lights You must be able to change lanes without endangering yourself or other road users Your decision to change course must be indicated before you actually do so 103 Blind Spot Remember if you rely only on the side mirrors, it won’t be long before you hit a vehicle in your blind spot! Because you can only see those vehicles if you look over your shoulder. 104 Change paths: (left or right) Before changing lanes, the driver must ensure that other road users are not obstructed or endangered. This is why you should always check your mirrors first, then signal (blink), blind spot over the driver’s shoulder and speed before taking this step. Mirrors Shoulder Signal Speed Changing lanes Remember Always remember: the faster you drive, the more safely you have to steer the vehicle. 105 Change lane to the left Check traffic on the opposite side Mirrors Signal Shoulder Speed Move Change lanes with smooth steering motions 106 Changing lanes to the right Check the traffic on the opposite side Mirrors Signaling Shoulder Speed Moving Change lanes with smooth steering movements 1- Interior mirror 2- Right exterior mirror 3- Signaling right 4- Right shoulder Speed adjustment Moving: Steering smoothly 107 3. Choosing the correct path to take The following must be considered before moving to the correct path to change the path: Ensure that the turn is not blocked by traffic lights or other signals that prevent the turn A timely change of lane or a turn must be indicated by the turn signals Other road users must not be at risk You have to stick to the road signs that indicate driving directions. Remember choosing where to park your vehicle can be a real challenge! That is why it is important to plan in advance to choose the right path. 108 Choosing the correct lane/right position on the road If there are no signs on the road (no arrows indicating directions): To turn right: The driver must turn right from the far right side of the road To turn left: On a two-way street, the driver must move to the middle of the road. If there is a dividing line, the driver must remain to the right of the dividing line. On one-way roads, the driver must turn left from the left side of the road To turn (horseshoe shaped): On a two-way street, the driver must move to the middle of the road. If there is a dividing line, the driver must remain to the right of the dividing line On roads that are one-way or have an island in the middle, the driver must make a U-turn from the left side of the road (to the right of the island). 109 If there are road signs (there are arrows indicating directions): To turn right: The driver must turn right from a lane where there is an arrow pointing to the right To make a left turn: The driver must turn left from a lane where there is an arrow pointing to the left. Turning backwards (in the form of a horseshoe): The driver must make a U-turn from the lane where there is an arrow pointing to the U-turn. 110 Planning ahead Suppose you are approaching an intersection with multiple lanes for each driving direction and you want to turn left. Remember in this case, you need to plan in advance, as the correct lane will depend on your lane after turning left! 111 Planning ahead – Example 1 If you want to turn left here and then right at the next intersection... Step 1... You have to take the first of the three lanes available for the possibility of a left turn... Step 2... Then, continue down this path. Step 1 Step 2 112 Planning ahead - Example 2 If you want to turn left here and then go straight at the next intersection... Step 1... You have to take the second of the three lanes available for the possibility of a left turn... Step 2... Then, continue down this path. Step 1 Step 2 113 Planning ahead Example 3 If you want to turn left here and then turn left at the next intersection... Step 1... You have to take the third lane of the three available lanes for the possibility of a left turn... Step 2... Then, continue down this path. Step 1 Step 2 114 Planning in advance at the roundabout Approaching At the Roundabout the roundabout departure roundabout Turn right track 1 track 1 track 1 (Exit 1) Driving (Track 2), (Track 2), (Track 2) straight (Exit 2) if available if available if available Turn left (Track 3), (Track 3), (Track 3) (Exit 3) if available if available if available Rotation (Track 3), (Track 3), (Track 3) (exit 4) if available if available if available 115 Giving a signal at the roundabout 2 3 1 Remember if all drivers abide by these rules, traffic will be smooth around the roundabout without any problems. For your notes: 116 4. Turning and Reversing Turning Turn Each turn must be signaled early enough by the turn signal The driver must slow down the vehicle early and not apply the brakes dry patiently unless it is necessary for mileage purposes. He must be well-groomed and have a decisive enough distance between him and the vehicle or the vehicle in front of him. Turning right You must turn right through a narrow bend and stay on the far right side of the road. 117 Turning to the left The left turn must be done through a wide curve and turn to the right side of the other road. 118 Reversing This must be clearly indicated It is not permissible to drive backwards on public roads except in cases of necessity and for a short distance that does not exceed a maximum of 20 meters (reverse driving is prohibited on highways). Before backing up, the driver must ensure that the road is clear of vehicles and that reversing will not endanger the safety of other road users. 119 Fourth Unit Crossings 120 121 Crossings Crossings are places where other roads, railways, or other road users intersect. Therefore, other road users may cross from the left or the right, which may lead to dangerous situations. To avoid accidents, those crossings are specially marked and secured. Remember intersections can be regulated by traffic lights or traffic lights. If not, drivers must respect the rules of right-of-way. 122 1. Road junctions Various road junctions can be regulated by traffic lights or traffic police signals. If the intersection is not controlled by traffic lights or traffic lights, drivers must respect the right-of-way rules. 1.1 Intersections regulated by traffic lights Traffic lights Traffic lights are announced by warning signs 123 Sequence and meaning of traffic lights Red light – stop ○ When the red light appears, vehicles must stop at the stop line or must not go beyond the level of the traffic light pole. If there is no stop line, ○ the driver must stop where he can see the traffic lights. ○ The driver must not pass the pedestrian crossing after stopping at a red light. The driver may turn right unless prohibited by a traffic light. In any case, the driver must ensure that it is possible to turn safely. Green light - driving permission ○ When the light turns green, the driver must start driving within a reasonable time. ○ If traffic slows or stops and the driver cannot cross the intersection, he must not enter the intersection area despite the right-of-way or the green light. Yellow/orange light - Attention/Stop ○ If it is possible to stop without endangering oneself or other road users, the driver of the vehicle must stop and must not cross the stop line. 124 Sequence and meaning of intermittent light signals Intermittent red light: ○ It has the same meaning as the stop sign. ○ The driver must stop at the stop line or at the level of the traffic light pole. ○ If a red intermittent light is installed at a pedestrian crossing or at a railroad junction, the driver must not cross the pedestrian or railroad. It must not move before pedestrians or railway vehicles are cleared of the way. Remember that although a flashing red light has the same meaning as a stop sign, it is always a good idea to observe your surroundings and make sure it is safe to stop before doing so when approaching a flashing red light. Intermittent yellow/orange light: ○ It has the same meaning as a right-of-way signal ○ allows the driver to continue driving with great care and caution. 125  Remember even if right turns are allowed, make sure to stop and pay close attention while near people and vehicles! Turning right when there is a red light Drive your vehicle on the far right side of the road and stay there as much as possible Signal to the right while turning right when the red light is present Stop the vehicle once (for 2-3 seconds) before making a right turn Move slowly when turning to the right (your speed must be less than 15 km/h) 126 You are not allowed to turn right when there is a red light If there is a certain lane (other lane) to turn right (in which case you have to take that lane and you are not allowed to turn right at that intersection) If there is a signal prohibiting turning in the presence of a red light, Remember to take a picture by the “automatic monitoring” camera, which does not necessarily mean imposing a penalty on you, as every picture taken by the cameras is manually checked by the staff before imposing the penalty. If you stick to the rules above, don’t worry. For your notes: 127 1.2 Intersections organized by a traffic man (hand signals) Ifu arrive at an intersection organized by a traffic man directing traffic, you must comply with the traffic man’s signs and instructions because he has the highest priority and their instructions must be respected. 128 1.3 Traffic lights “Stop” and “Give way” A stop sign The driver must stop the vehicle completely. Remember to stop for 3 seconds to keep an eye on traffic or other road users from all directions. Right-of-way signal Give way to other drivers. If you see any vehicle approaching the intersection, slow down and stop if necessary to allow it to pass. The driver must give way to other traffic on the road, giving priority to road users approaching from the right or left. 129 Both signs can be alerted with warning signals. The stop traffic sign is alerted by this warning sign The priority right traffic sign is alerted by this warning sign: The characteristics and purpose of these two signals are presented in the second unit. For your notes: 130 1.4 Right-of-way rules or priority rules Priority rules must be observed at intersections that are not controlled by a traffic light or by a traffic man: Be prepared to warn of an intersection in front of you by means of traffic lights or the instructions of a traffic officer: 131 Emergency rules Vehicle priority The right of priority must be given to emergency vehicles while performing their duties. Emergency vehicles always have priority The driver must clear the way for emergency vehicles as soon as possible. 132 Rules for crossing intersections where no road is better than other roads (equal roads) The vehicle closest to the intersection has priority. Right rule before left 133 Priority of the vehicle closest to the intersection If two vehicles approach an intersection equally but not at the same time, the vehicle closest to the intersection (the vehicle that enters the intersection first) has the right of priority. The white vehicle (B) is the closest and will enter the intersection first, so priority will be given to the white vehicle (B). Although the vehicle closest to the intersection has priority over other vehicles, the driver of the advancing vehicle must monitor the traffic and assess the situation (for example, if there is a change in the distance of the other vehicle). The driver closest to the vehicle must not stop or change direction in such a way as to cause an accident. Example: The white car (A) has the right of way. 134 Right Before Left Rule If two vehicles approach an equal intersection at the same time, the vehicle on the right side has the right- of-way. The most important thing is from which direction the vehicles are approaching the intersection, not which direction they are heading. The two vehicles approach the intersection at the same time on equal roads, and here the right-of- way is given to the white vehicle (A) traveling on the right side. Example: Here, the gray vehicle (B) has priority, not the white vehicle in the three examples below. 135 Driving Forward Step 1 Vehicles driving in a straight line have priority over vehicles changing lanes. Step 2 The white vehicle (B) has priority over the red vehicle (A), which is preparing to turn left. 136 Driving Forward - Parallel Movement Step 1 For vehicles traveling in a parallel line, a driver traveling in a straight line has priority over a driver wishing to change direction. Step 2 The white vehicle (B) has priority over the red vehicle (A) because vehicle (B) is traveling straight while vehicle (A) is changing direction. 137 Driving Forward - Parallel Movement Step 1 A driver who is driving straight ahead has the right of way to overtake drivers who are changing direction. Step 2 The driver of the white vehicle (C) who is driving straight ahead has priority in crossing and overtakes the driver of the red vehicle (A) who is changing directions. 138 Driving Forward - Closed Road Step 1 If two drivers meet on a (partially) closed two-way road, priority is given to the driver with the road ahead of which is open on the right. Step 2 The driver of the white vehicle (B) has the right of way over the driver of the red vehicle (A) because the road ahead of the driver of the white vehicle is open on the right side. The driver can use the left side of the road if the right side is closed due to construction work or other reasons. When a section of a two-way road is closed, the driver must comply with the instructions of the traffic department, other security forces or road workers. If two drivers meet on a (partially) closed road, they must both reduce speed and stop if necessary to avoid an accident. 139 Driving uphill on a mountain road on a steeply sloping road A driver heading down the ramp must get as close as possible to the right edge of the lane. He must allow the passage of ascending vehicles without difficulty and, if necessary, the driver must come to a complete stop. An exception: If there is an emergency parking area on the side of the driver trying to ascend, the driver must wait and allow the vehicle to pass down the ramp. For your notes: 140 Entering the highway 141 Highway: Step 1: The driver on the highway has the right of way compared to the driver coming from a secondary road. Step 2: The driver of the white vehicle (B) has the right of way because he is on the highway. 142 The highway: When entering from a secondary road to the highway, the driver must ensure that the road is clear and give way to vehicles driving along the highway. The driver on the highway must give the driver coming from the secondary road an opportunity to enter. Step 1: When entering from a secondary road, the driver must give way to drivers on the highway. Step 2: The driver of the white vehicle (B) drives his vehicle on the highway and, therefore, has priority over the red vehicle (A). 143 The main path - correct cooperative behavior: The driver of the white vehicle (B) gives the driver of the red vehicle (A) the opportunity to enter the highway. 144 Exit the highway. 145 The highway. Step 1: Traffic priority is given to vehicles leaving the highway to the service road. Step 2: When coming from the highway, the driver of the white vehicle (B) has the right of way over the red vehicle (A). 146 The main path - cooperative behavior: When coming from the highway, the driver of the white vehicle (B) has priority over the red vehicle (A). If possible, the driver of the red vehicle must open the way for the white vehicle. 147 Intersection with roundabout 148 Roundabout intersection: driver approaching an intersection that forms a roundabout must give way to vehicles traveling around the roundabout. The white vehicle is driving in a roundabout, so the driver of the white vehicle (B) has priority over the red vehicle (A). 149 U-shaped rotation at the intersection 150 U-shaped rotation at an intersection. The driver is only allowed to turn in a U-shape at intersections if there is no traffic signal or traffic light preventing this. Priority is given to vehicles coming from any other direction. The red vehicle (A) will turn backwards in a horseshoe shape, so the white vehicle and the gray vehicle (B + C) have right of way. The white vehicle enters the intersection first - it is the first to be allowed to pass. 151 Closed Back Rotation: When entering a closed horseshoe curve, give way to all vehicles approaching the turn and move to lane one when the road is clear of vehicles. Do not use parking lanes or sidewalks for horseshoe turns. Open Back Rotation: When entering an open horseshoe curve, give way to all vehicles approaching the curve and move to the second lane when the road is clear of vehicles to allow vehicles coming from the junction to enter. 152 Protected reverse rotation: General rules of conduct at intersections: Drivers should approach the intersection cautiously and reduce the speed in a way that allows them to stop before reaching the crossing if other road users have priority to cross. If drivers cannot cross an intersection, they must stop before reaching the crossing, even if they have right-of-way or with a green light. If there is danger of the driver getting stuck at the intersection (due to slow or stopped traffic), he must avoid entering the intersection from the start. 153 Importance of priority rules: The priority rules are intended to make clear when drivers must give way to other road users. These rules play a vital role in ensuring safety on the roads of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Compliance with these rules can contribute not only to ensuring the safety of traffic, but also to reducing traffic accidents and minimizing their tragic consequences. It is, therefore, important for all drivers to be aware of these rules in order to fully comply with them whenever and wherever necessary without any hesitation. Adhere to the rules of right-of-way in unclear cases if the driver encounters a situation in which it is not clear which vehicle has right-of- way, for example: When more than one vehicle stops at the crossing point When another road user is clearly unable to comply with the priority rules In the above cases, it is recommended to Make eye contact with the other road user. Refrain from using your right of way and making room for others if doing so helps avoid an accident. Remember In order to get a better feel for the importance of right of priority rules, we suggest that you return to Module 1 and look at the penalties. 154 What to do at the crossings. Entering the crossing. Looking around. Evaluate the situation. Make a decision. Act. Approach the crossings. Check mirrors. Give a signal. Vehicle positioning. Speed. Looking around. What do you do before entering a fork in the road? Looking around: Check on both sides and check that there are no others on the way. Status Rating: Speed, age, attention, intent, and distances. Make a decision: Is it safe to continue walking and enter the fork? Act: Should I wait or move? 155 2. Pedestrian crossings: Where can you see these signals? Do you remember how to behave at pedestrian crossings? Passenger cars and bicycles: Passenger cars and bicycles are given priority over other slow-moving vehicles. 156 3. Railway crossings 157 Railway vehicles have priority over other vehicles. Drivers must immediately evacuate the railway tracks when the railway vehicle approaches. Securing railway crossings and advance warning. Barriers. Guard - drivers of vehicles must abide by the location of the barriers or guard. Traffic lights: Red or yellow - indicates that the train is approaching. Vehicle drivers must. Do not cross the railway line. Bell signals - an audible warning of an approaching train. Vehicle drivers should not cross the railway line. The railway lane may only be crossed when the sign indicates that it is safe and the driver must make sure before that there is no train approaching. If traffic stops or slows down and the prospect of stopping at a railway lane becomes dangerous, the driver must not enter the railway crossing. 158 Stop at a railway crossing: Vehicle drivers must stop before the X signal. When the train approaches. When there is a red or yellow light signal. When the gates are moving or when they are closed. When a guard signals to stop. If the traffic and crosswalks do not allow the crossing. At railway crossings or railway tracks it is prohibited: Stop on rails. Parking of vehicles on the railways. Driving along the rails. Behave when crossing. Wait until the gates are fully opened and the red light is off before entering the railway crossing. 159 Fifth Unit Driving speed/driving one by one 160 161 1. General Speed Limiters: Small vehicles: If there is no indication of another speed limiter, drivers of small vehicles must not exceed the next speed limit. Sub-roads according to the speed specified for the road. The highways according to the speed specified for the road. 162 Large vehicles. If there is no indication of another speed limiter, drivers of large vehicles must not exceed the next speed limit. City roads within cities 50 km/h maximum. Outside the city limits/open borders depending on the speed of the road. 163 Traffic lights can also indicate other speed limits. Remember if there is no other speed limiter, you must stick to the speed limiter after this sign. There is also a traffic light indicating the end of the speed limit: Remember Don’t feel