DPT 642 Exam 1 Questions and Answers.pdf

Table of Contents DPT 642 Exam 1 Sample Questions............................................................................. 1 Answers...................................................................................................................... 4 DPT 642 Exam 1 Sam...

Table of Contents DPT 642 Exam 1 Sample Questions............................................................................. 1 Answers...................................................................................................................... 4 DPT 642 Exam 1 Sample Questions Chapter 1 1. What movements are completed in the sagittal plane? 2. What movements are completed in the frontal plane? 3. What movements are completed in the transverse plane? 4. What is an agonist? 5. What is an antagonist? 6. What is a synergist? 7. What are force couples? 8. What are the eight factors that impact the amount of force produced by muscles? 9. What are the two types of recruitment? 10. What are the three types of muscle contraction? 11. What is an isometric contraction? 12. What is an example of an isometric contraction? 13. Explain the forces of an isometric contraction. 14. What is a concentric contraction? 15. What is an example of a concentric contraction? 16. Explain the forces of a concentric contraction. 17. What is an eccentric contraction? 18. What is an example of an eccentric contraction? 19. Explain the forces in an eccentric contraction. 20. What is the most important factor in muscle architecture in terms of force production? 21. What are the three types of muscle fibers? 22. What is the Type I muscle fiber? 23. What is the Type II muscle fiber? 24. What is the Type IIa muscle fiber? 25. What is the Length Tension Relationship? 26. What is the Force / Velocity relationship? 27. What are moment arms? 28. What are synergies? 29. What are the three cardinal planes? 30. What is the axis of rotation for the sagittal plane? 31. What is the axis of rotation of the coronal plane? 32. What is the axis of rotation of the transverse plane? 33. What is the center of mass? 34. Where is the center of mass in men? 35. Where is the center of mass in women? 36. What are kinematics? 37. What are osteokinematics? 38. What are degrees of freedom? 39. What is the max number of degrees of freedom allowed at a joint? 40. What are arthrokinematics? 41. What are the three movements of joints? 42. What joints spin? 43. What are kinetics? 44. T/F: Muscles only push 45. Explain the relationship between force and acceleration. 46. What happens when the convex part of a joint is moving on the concave part of a joint? 47. What happens when the concave part of a joint is moving on the convex part of a joint? 48. Explain open chain movements vs closed chain movements 49. Explain the AOR and forces in a first class lever. 50. Explain the AOR and forces in a second class lever. 51. Explain the AOR and forces in a third class lever 52. Which type of lever is most common in the body? 53. What is torque? 54. What is the equation for torque? 55. What is translation? 56. What is rotation? 57. How can you increase torque? 58. At what joint angle is optimal force production? 59. What happens to the internal forces when the external force is increased? 60. What happens to the internal forces when the external force is decreased? 61. What happens to the internal force when the external moment arm is increased? 62. What happens to the internal force when the external moment arm is decreased? 63. What happens to the internal force when internal moment arm is increased? 64. What happens to the internal force when the internal moment arm is decreased? Chapter 2 1. What are the two types of joints? 2. What is a synarthroses joint? 3. What is an example of a synarthrosis joint? 4. What is a diarthrosis joint? 5. What is an example of a diarthrosis joint? 6. What types of movement does a hinge joint allow? 7. What is an example of a hinge joint? 8. What is a pivot joint? 9. What type of movement does an ellipsoid joint allow? 10. What is an example of an ellipsoid joint? 11. What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow? 12. What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? 13. What type of movements does a plane joint allow? 14. What is an example of a plane joint? 15. What type of movements does a saddle joint allow? 16. What is an example of a saddle joint? 17. What type of movements does a condyloid joint allow? 18. What is an example of a condyloid joint? 19. What is an ovoid joint? 20. What is ground substance? 21. What happens when water increases in joints? 22. What does ground substance play an important role in? 23. What is dense connective tissue? 24. What are the three types of dense connective tissue? 25. What does irregular dense connective tissue resist? 26. Where is irregular dense connective tissue found? 27. What does regular dense connective tissue provide and restrain? 28. What does regular dense connective tissue protect against? 29. What are the types of bone? 30. What is Wolff’s Law? 31. What is the average AOR? Chapter 3 1. What does epimysium do? 2. What does perimysium do? 3. What happens in the endomysium? 4. What are the two ways that muscle is arranged? 5. Which arrangement of muscle produces greater force? 6. What is active force? 7. What allows for greater force production? 8. What occurs in muscles with greater attachment angles? 9. Which muscle arrangement has faster contractions? Series or parallel? 10. What does muscles in parallel allow for? 11. What is neural recruitment? 12. What is rate coding? 13. What is a twitch? 14. What is an interspike interval? 15. What is unfused tetanus? 16. What is fused tetanus? 17. T/F: Slow twitch Type I muscles are fatigue resistant and used for endurance 18. T/F: Fast Twitch Type II muscles are highly fatigable and used for quick, powerful movements 19. What is active tension? 20. What is passive tension? 21. What is the total length tension? 22. What is the force velocity curve? 23. T/F: Muscle force is directly proportional to velocity of muscle lengthening in max effort concentric 24. T/F: Muscle force is inversely proportional to velocity of max shortening in max effort eccentric 25. What is the mechanical factor in terms of force production in a muscle? 26. What is the physiological factor in terms of force production in a muscle? Chapter 4 1. What two factors are included in the calculation of torque? 2. What does torque tend to do? 3. How can torque be modified? 4. What is the actual line of pull determined by? 5. When is angular force the greatest? 6. What is the mass moment of inertia? 7. How does mass moment of inertia relate to torque? 8. What happens with a less mass moment of inertia? 9. Which has more torque: holding your arms close while spinning or having your arms all the way extended when spinning? 10. What is force composition? 11. What are colinear forces? 12. What are concurrent forces? 13. Explain the parallelogram method of composing forces. 14. Explain the resolving force method of composing forces. 15. What is linear acceleration directly proportional to? 16. Which direction does linear acceleration act in, in terms of linear force? 17. What is angular direction directly proportional to? 18. Which direction does angular acceleration act in, in terms of angular force? 19. What is the Law of Inertia? 20. What is the Law of Acceleration? 21. What is momentum? 22. What is the equation for momentum? 23. What is impulse? 24. What is the equation for impulse? 25. What is the Impulse/Momentum relationship? 26. What is work? 27. What is power? 28. What is positive power? 29. What is negative power? 30. What is Kinetic Energy? 31. What is Potential Energy? 32. What is the work-energy relationship? 33. What type of contraction is related to negative work? 34. What happens to muscles when negative work occurs? 35. What are moments? 36. Are longer or shorter moment arms easier to produce force? Answers Chapter 1 1. What movements are completed in the sagittal plane? a. Flexion b. Extension c. Hyperextension 2. What movements are completed in the frontal plane? a. Lateral flexion b. Abduction/Adduction c. Elevation/Depression d. Upward/Downward Rotation e. Inversion/Eversion f. Deviation 3. What movements are completed in the transverse plane? a. Internal/External Rotation b. Protraction/Retraction c. Pronation/Supination d. Horizontal Abduction/Adduction 4. What is an agonist? a. Muscle responsible for action b. Biceps in Bicep Curl 5. What is an antagonist? a. Muscle having opposite action of an agonist b. Triceps in Bicep Curl 6. What is a synergist? a. Muscle that assists prime mover b. Brachioradialis in biceps curl 7. What are force couples? a. Two forces acting in opposite linear directions to rotate a part around an axis producing the same rotary direction i. Different linear directions, same rotary direction b. Trapezius and serratus anterior during upward rotation of scapula with arm elevation 8. What are the eight factors that impact the amount of force produced by muscles? a. Recruitment b. Type of contraction c. Muscle architecture d. Muscle Fiber Type e. Length Tension relationship of muscles involved f. Force/Velocity relationship g. Mechanical Alignment of segments involved h. Synergies 9. What are the two types of recruitment? a. Spatial or Temporal 10. What are the three types of muscle contraction? a. Isometric b. Concentric c. Eccentric 11. What is an isometric contraction? a. No Change in muscle length 12. What is an example of an isometric contraction? a. Quads in wall sit 13. Explain the forces of an isometric contraction. a. Force and moment arm internal = force and moment arm external 14. What is a concentric contraction? a. Muscle length shoterns 15. What is an example of a concentric contraction? a. Gluteus maximus going upstairs 16. Explain the forces of a concentric contraction. a. Force and moment arm internal > force and moment arm external 17. What is an eccentric contraction? a. Lengthening of a muscle / Slowing down a movement 18. What is an example of an eccentric contraction? a. Tibialis anterior dorsiflexing while walking 19. Explain the forces in an eccentric contraction. a. Force and moment arm internal < force and moment arm external 20. What is the most important factor in muscle architecture in terms of force production? a. Fiber arrangement 21. What are the three types of muscle fibers? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type IIa 22. What is the Type I muscle fiber? a. Slow twitch 23. What is the Type II muscle fiber? a. Fast twitch 24. What is the Type Iia muscle fiber? a. Fast twitch oxidative 25. What is the Length Tension Relationship? a. The length of the muscle dictates the tension produced by a muscle 26. What is the Force / Velocity relationship? a. Speed of task/movement dictates the force produced by a muscle 27. What are moment arms? a. The shortest perpendicular distance between a force’s line of action and an axis of rotation 28. What are synergies? a. Multiple muscles working together to create a movement 29. What are the three cardinal planes? a. Sagittal b. Frontal c. Coronal 30. What is the axis of rotation for the sagittal plane? a. Medial-lateral 31. What is the axis of rotation of the coronal plane?  a. Anterior-posterior 32. What is the axis of rotation of the transverse plane? a. Vertical 33. What is the center of mass? a. Hypothetical point where force of gravity appears to act 34. Where is the center of mass in men? a. At or slightly above the belly button 35. Where is the center of mass in women? a. Below belly button, closer to hips 36. What are kinematics? a. Description of motion without forces 37. What are osteokinematics? a. Motion of bones with a perpendicular AOR to plane of motion 38. What are degrees of freedom? a. Number of directions of movement allowed at a joint 39. What is the max number of degrees of freedom allowed at a joint? a. 3 40. What are arthrokinematics? a. Movement between articular surfaces 41. What are the three movements of joints? a. Roll b. Slide c. Spin 42. What joints spin? a. Pronation of forearm b. Glenohumeral Joint c. Hip Joint 43. What are kinetics? a. Effect that the forces have on the body 44. T/F: Muscles only push a. F; muscles only pull 45. Explain the relationship between force and acceleration. a. Force is directly proportional to acceleration of mass 46. What happens when the convex part of a joint is moving on the concave part of a joint? a. Roll in one direction and slide in the opposite 47. What happens when the concave part of a joint is moving on the convex part of a joint? a. Roll and slide in the same direction 48. Explain open chain movements vs closed chain movements a. Open Chain: Distal moving, proximal fixed b. Closed chain: Proximal moving, distal fixed 49. Explain the AOR and forces in a first class lever. a. AOR: Between two opposing forces b. Internal and external forces are in same linear direction but opposite rotary 50. Explain the AOR and forces in a second class lever. a. AOR: End of a bone b. Internal forces > than external forces; favors power 51. Explain the AOR and forces in a third class lever a. AOR: End of a bone b. External forces > internal forces; favors ROM 52. Which type of lever is most common in the body? a. 3rd class; body favors ROM 53. What is torque? a. A force that tends to rotate a body or segment; rotary equivalent of force 54. What is the equation for torque? a. Force x distance 55. What is translation? a. Moving linearly 56. What is rotation? a. Angular motion that causes rotation 57. How can you increase torque? a. Increase size of force and/or b. Increase length of moment arm 58. At what joint angle is optimal force production? a. 90 degrees 59. What happens to the internal forces when the external force is increased? a. Increasing internal force 60. What happens to the internal forces when the external force is decreased? a. Decreasing internal force 61. What happens to the internal force when the external moment arm is increased? a. Increasing internal force 62. What happens to the internal force when the external moment arm is decreased? a. Decreasing internal force 63. What happens to the internal force when internal moment arm is increased? a. Decreasing internal force 64. What happens to the internal force when the internal moment arm is decreased? a. Increases internal force Chapter 2 1. What are the two types of joints? a. Synarthroses b. Diarthroses 2. What is a synarthroses joint? a. Junction between two bones with slight to no movement 3. What is an example of a synarthrosis joint? a. Skull sutures 4. What is a diarthrosis joint? a. Articulation that allows movement 5. What is an example of a diarthrosis joint? a. Elbow 6. What types of movement does a hinge joint allow? a. Flexion and extension 7. What is an example of a hinge joint?  a. Elbow 8. What is a pivot joint? a. A joint that spins around a single AOR 9. What type of movement does an ellipsoid joint allow? a. Allows biplanar movement 10. What is an example of an ellipsoid joint? a. Radius articulating with wrist bones 11. What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow? a. Triplanar movement 12. What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? a. Shoulder or hip 13. What type of movements does a plane joint allow? a. Translation or translation with rotation in bones with a flat surface 14. What is an example of a plane joint? a. Carpals 15. What type of movements does a saddle joint allow? a. Biplanar movement 16. What is an example of a saddle joint? a. Thumb 17. What type of movements does a condyloid joint allow? a. Biplanar movement 18. What is an example of a condyloid joint? a. Interphalangeal 19. What is an ovoid joint? a. One convex surface and one concave 20. What is ground substance? a. Gelatinous fluid that allows for water and nutrients to diffuse through cartilage 21. What happens when water increases in joints? a. Swelling which allows for protection 22. What does ground substance play an important role in? a. Articular cartilage; provides ideal surface for distribution of constant repetitive forces 23. What is dense connective tissue? a. Tissue surrounding a joint 24. What are the three types of dense connective tissue? a. Fibrous Layer b. Tendons c. Ligaments 25. What does irregular dense connective tissue resist? a. Tensile forces in multiple directions 26. Where is irregular dense connective tissue found? a. Fibrous Layer 27. What does regular dense connective tissue provide and restrain? a. Provides tension and restrains undesirable motion in single parallel directions 28. What does regular dense connective tissue protect against? a. Injury 29. What are the types of bone? a. Compact/Cortical b. Cancellous 30. What is Wolff’s Law? a. Bone responds to stress by producing more bone 31. What is the average AOR? a. Located by an anatomical landmark that goes through the convex surface Chapter 3 1. What does epimysium do? a. Form the muscle 2. What does perimysium do? a. Forms a channel for blood vessels 3. What happens in the endomysium? a. Location of metabolic change 4. What are the two ways that muscle is arranged? a. Pennate b. Fusiform 5. Which arrangement of muscle produces greater force? a. Pennate 6. What is active force? a. Generated by a stimulus when actin slides past myosin, pulling Z discs in sarcomere together forming a cross bridge generating force 7. What allows for greater force production? a. Greater number of cross bridges 8. What occurs in muscles with greater attachment angles? a. Greater force produced 9. Which muscle arrangement has faster contractions? Series or parallel? a. Series 10. What does muscles in parallel allow for? a. Hypertrophy and increased contractile force 11. What is neural recruitment? a. The initial activation of specific motor neurons that cause activation of associated muscle fibers 12. What is rate coding? a. The process of when specific motor neurons are recruited 13. What is a twitch? a. Isolated contraction of a muscle 14. What is an interspike interval? a. Average discharge rate of an action potential as a frequency 15. What is unfused tetanus? a. Generates a series of summated mechanical twitches with no rest in between the firing of action potentials 16. What is fused tetanus? a. Greatest force level that is possible for a singular muscle fiber 17. T/F: Slow twitch Type I muscles are fatigue resistant and used for endurance  a. T 18. T/F: Fast Twitch Type II muscles are highly fatigable and used for quick, powerful movements a. T 19. What is active tension? a. Generated by a stimulus, actin and myosin are working b. Actual muscle is contracting 20. What is passive tension? a. Stretching a muscle and must reach critical length to generate tension 21. What is the total length tension? a. Sum of active and passive b. Inversely related 22. What is the force velocity curve? a. Velocity of a muscle change in length and its maximal force output 23. T/F: Muscle force is directly proportional to velocity of muscle lengthening in max effort concentric a. F; muscle shortens, not lengthens 24. T/F: Muscle force is inversely proportional to velocity of max shortening in max effort eccentric a. F; muscle lengthens, not shortens 25. What is the mechanical factor in terms of force production in a muscle? a. Increased/decreased internal moment arm 26. What is the physiological factor in terms of force production in a muscle? a. Increased/decreased muscle length Chapter 4 1. What two factors are included in the calculation of torque? a. Force and moment arm (F x ma) 2. What does torque tend to do? a. Rotate a body or segment around an AOR 3. How can torque be modified? a. By changing the force or moment arm 4. What is the actual line of pull determined by? a. Morphology and joint angle 5. When is angular force the greatest? a. When the angle of pull is perpendicular to bone (90 degrees) 6. What is the mass moment of inertia? a. The body’s resistance to change in rotation or angular momentum 7. How does mass moment of inertia relate to torque? a. Because torque is change in angular direction 8. What happens with a less mass moment of inertia? a. More torque 9. Which has more torque: holding your arms close while spinning or having your arms all the way extended when spinning? a. Holding your arms close while spinning 10. What is force composition?  a. Adding vectors of all forces. Tip to tail 11. What are colinear forces? a. Same line of action. Parallel to each other 12. What are concurrent forces? a. Forces that do not act along same line but act through some point 13. Explain the parallelogram method of composing forces. a. Drawing parallelogram based on magnitude and direction of the two component force vectors 14. Explain the resolving force method of composing forces. a. Component of gravity that is perpendicular. One force resolved into two separate forces 15. What is linear acceleration directly proportional to? a. Force causing it 16. Which direction does linear acceleration act in, in terms of linear force? a. Same linear direction 17. What is angular direction directly proportional to? a. The torque causing it 18. Which direction does angular acceleration act in, in terms of angular force? a. Same rotary direction 19. What is the Law of Inertia? a. Object in motion stays in motion, object at rest stays in rest 20. What is the Law of Acceleration? a. Acceleration is directly proportional to the forces and inversely proportional to mass 21. What is momentum? a. Quantity of motion possessed by a body 22. What is the equation for momentum? a. Mass x velocity 23. What is impulse? a. Force applied over time 24. What is the equation for impulse? a. Force x time 25. What is the Impulse/Momentum relationship? a. Positively and negatively directed impulses are = to the change in momentum 26. What is work? a. Force x distance through it is applied 27. What is power? a. Net transfer of energy between active muscle and external loads 28. What is positive power? a. Concentrically acting muscles on external forces 29. What is negative power? a. External load working eccentrically 30. What is Kinetic Energy? a. Energy due to movement. Influenced by object’s mass and velocity 31. What is Potential Energy?  a. Energy due to position; function of height of objects COM within a gravitational field 32. What is the work-energy relationship? a. Idea of Force = mass x acceleration (all forces acting on an object) 33. What type of contraction is related to negative work? a. Eccentric contraction with an overbearing load 34. What happens to muscles when negative work occurs? a. Muscles absorb energy 35. What are moments? a. Products of force and perpendicular distance or Torque 36. Are longer or shorter moment arms easier to produce force? a. Shorter moment arms