Political Theory DPOL101 PDF

Political
Theory DPOL101 POLITICAL THEORY  Copyright © 2012 Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. All rights reserved Produced & Printed by...

Political
Theory DPOL101 POLITICAL THEORY  Copyright © 2012 Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. All rights reserved Produced & Printed by LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 for Lovely Professional University Phagwara DLP-7769-144-POLITICAL THEORY (H) C—4792/012/02 Typeset at : Goswami Associates, Delhi Printed at : Saras Graphics (P) Ltd., Delhi  (SYLLABUS) (Political Theory) mís'; jktuhfrd fl)kar dh vo/kkj.kkvksa] fopkjksa rFkk fl)karkssa ls voxr djkuk] dkslZ ds varxZr fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds fl)karksa] fopkjksa o /kkj.kkvksa dh ,sfrgkfld ,oa fo'ys"k.kkRed O;k[;k djuk] fofHkUu oSpkfjd igyqvksa dh fujUrjrk o ifjorZu] fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa] fl)karksa o utfj, esa vUrj dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dks mÌs';iw.kZ k tk ldsA bl fo"k; ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs& jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa dks tkuus esaA jktuhfrd fl)kar ds bfrgkl vkSj fodkl ds ckjs esaA ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls fo'ysf"kr djus esaA fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dh rqyuk djus esaA fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ds ,dhdj.k esaA Objectives To provide the concepts, ideas and theories in political theory. This course seeks to explain the evolution and usage of the concepts, ideas and theories with reference to individual thinkers both historically and analytically. The different ideological standpoints with regard to various concepts and theories are to be critically explained with the purpose of highlighting the differences in their perspectives and in order to understand their continuity and change. The main objective of this course is to enable the student: To comprehend the basic concepts of political theory. The acquire the information about the history and development of these concepts. To analyze the different viewpoints regarding the basics concepts. To compare different viewpoints. To synthesize different viewpoints. Sr. No. Topics 1. Nature and Significance of Political Theory: Meaning, nature, characteristics and varieties of political theory; importance of the classics of political theory; uses of political theory. 2. Power and Authority: Authority, power and coercion; the nature of authority; social theories of power. 3. State: The state in political philosophy, the economic theory of the state, the organic theory of the state 4. Sovereignty: Concept, characteristics and history, Austin’s theory of sovereignty, pluralism and state sovereignty. 5. Rights: Rights in political theory; human rights, economic and social rights. 6. Liberty: Meaning, negative and positive liberty, liberty as autonomy, John Stuart Mill and the value of liberty. 7. Equality: The equality principle, human nature and equality, equality of opportunity. 8. Justice: Meaning, procedural justice, social justice and Rawls’s theory of justice. 9. Welfare and Welfare State: The origins and rise of welfare theory, contemporary welfare arguments, the market and welfare; equality, liberty and the welfare state. 10. The Public Interest and Democracy: The public interest, democracy, procedural democracy and the public interest. (Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.) 1. jktuhfrd fl)kar dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo (Nature and Significance of Political Theory) 1 2. 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk (Power and Authority) 29 3. jkT; (State) 53 4. izHkqlÙkk (Sovereignty) 91 5. cgqyokn (Pluralism) 110 6. vf/kdkj (Rights) 122 7. vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vf/kdkj (Economic and Social Rights) 144 8. Lora=rk (Liberty) 150 9. lekurk (Equality) 180 10. U;k; (Justice) 190 11. Lkkekftd U;k; (Social Justice) 222 12. yksddY;k.k ,oa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; (Public Welfare and Welfare State) 227 13. ckt+kj ,oa yksddY;k.k (The Market and Public Welfare) 241 14. lkoZtfud fgr ,oa yksdra= (The Public Interest and Democracy) 279  bdkbZ—1: jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo uksV bdkbZµ1% jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo (Nature and Significance of Political Theory) vuqØef.kdk (Contents) mís'; (Objectives) izLrkouk (Introduction) 1.1 jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk vFkZ] izÑfr] fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa izdkj (Meaning, Nature, Characteristics and Variety of Political Theory) 1.2 jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dh ijEijk,¡ (Traditions of Political Theory) 1.2.1 Dykfldh jktuhfrd fl¼kar (Classics Political Theory) 1.3 jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh mi;ksfxrk (Uses of Political Theory) 1.4 lkjka'k (Summary) 1.5 'kCndks'k (Keywords) 1.6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions) 1.7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings) mís'; (Objectives) bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk vFkZ ,oa izÑfr le>us gsrqA fofHkUu jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ iz;ksx dk o.kZu djus gsrqA izLrkouk (Introduction) jkT;] jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj ljdkj dh izÑfr] dk;ks± ,oa mís';ksa dk Øec¼ vè;;u dkiQh iqjkuk gSA jktuhfrd xfrfof/ ,d ,slh xfrfof/ gS tks jkT; osQ ekè;e ls O;fDr osQ lkewfgd thou dks fu;fer djrh LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV gSA xzhd jkT;ksa osQ le; ls gh jktuhfrd fpUru oqQN ewy iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ryk'k djrk pyk vk jgk gS] tSlsµjktuhfrd xfrfof/;k¡ fdruh ekSfyd vkSj egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;g ekuo lH;rk osQ dkSu ls vk/kj miyC/ djokrh gS tks O;fDr dks ckdh lHkh thoksa ls vyx djrs gSa\ ekuo thou dh leqnk; esa feydj jgus dh ekSfyd leL;k dks oSQls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd leqnk; esa jguk ekuo izÑfr osQ fy, vko';d gh ugha cfYd mlosQ O;fDrxr thou dk lkj Hkh gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUr lekt dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa dk o.kZu] O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rFkk mudh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus osQ mik; djrs gSaA jktuhfrd fl¼kUr FkksM+k tfVy fo"k; gS D;ksafd ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl] ftldk ;s fl¼kUr ,d vfHkUu vax gSa] 2400 o"kkss± ls Hkh vf/d iqjkuk gS rFkk blesa fofHkUu jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa] /eZ'kkfL=k;ksa] vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa] jktkvksa rFkk vU; yksxksa us viuk&viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrdkjksa dh lwph dkiQh yEch gS vkSj bu yksxksa dh fo"k; osQ izfr #fp vkSj yxu bruh O;kid ,oa fHkUu jgh gS fd ,d NksVs ls iz'uµ^jktuhfrd fl¼kUr D;k gS\*µdk mÙkj nsuk dkiQh isphnk dke gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] jktuhfrd fpUru osQ yEcs bfrgkl esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUurk rFkk ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk vè;;u i¼fr nksuksa esa dkiQh vUrj vkrk jgk gSA vè;;u osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dks ge oqQN fof'k"V /kjkvksa esa ck¡V ysrs gSa tSls Dykfldh] mnkjoknh] ekDlZoknh] O;ogkjoknh] ledkyhu vkfnA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tgk¡ Dykfldh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa ij n'kZu'kkL=k dk vR;f/d izHkko Fkk vkSj fl¼kUrksa dk mís'; jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu] O;k[;k] fu/kZj.k vkSj ewY;kadu lHkh oqQN Fkk] ogk¡ O;ogkjokn us jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa foKku dks vf/d egÙo fn;k vkSj bUgsa osQoy jktuhfrd okLrfodrk osQ o.kZu vkSj O;k[;k rd gh lhfer j[kkA fiNys oqQN o"kks± ls ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kUr nk'kZfud vkSj oSKkfud i{kksa esa leUo; djokus osQ iz;Ru esa yxs gq, gSaA jktuhfr D;k gS\ ^jktuhfrd* dk lS¼kUrhdj.k (What is Politics–Theorizing the ‘Political’) jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dk vFkZ D;k gSµbls lgh us osQ fy, ^jktuhfrd* rFkk ^fl¼kUr* bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dks vyx&vyx le>uk vko';d gSA ;gk¡ 'kCn ^fl¼kUr* rFkk ^jktuhfrd* ,d nwljs dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa fd jktuhfr fl¼kUr ;k jktuhfr dk fl¼kUr fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; dh rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaA vkb;s bUgsa FkksM+k ckjhdh ls le>saA igyk] fl¼kUr dk vFkZ D;k gS\ 'kCn ^F;wjh* (Theory) ,d xzhd 'kCn gS tgk¡ ;g nks vU; 'kCnksa esa lEcfU/r Fkk tks fopkj djus ;ksX; gSµ(i) F;wfj;k (Theoria) ftldk vFkZ gS tks gekjs vklikl ?kfVr gks jgk gS mls le>us dh fØ;k vFkok izfØ;k_ bls ^lS¼kUrhdj.k* (Theorizing) dgk tkrk gS rFkk (ii) F;ksjek (Theorema) ftldk vFkZ gS og fu"d"kZ tks bl lS¼kUrhdj.k dh izfØ;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fudyrs gSa] bUgsa F;ksje (Theorem) dgk tkrk gSA bu nksuksa 'kCnkofy;ksa dh igyh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd ;s lS¼kUrhdj.k izfØ;k (activity of theorizing) rFkk bl izfØ;k ls fudyus okys fu"d"kks± (outcome of the activity) esa vUrj djrh gSaA vFkkZr~ 'kCn lS¼kUrhdj.k dk lEcU/ fdlh ?kVuk dks le>us dk iz;Ru gSA bldk vfHkizk; fdlh ifj.kke vFkok fu"d"kZ dks fl¼ djuk vFkok mls oS/ Bgjkuk ugha gSA ;g osQoy [kkst] vUos"k.k vFkok tk¡p dh izfØ;k gSA lS¼kUrhdj.k mu ?kVukvksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ vkjEHk gksrk gS tks gekjs vklikl ?kfVr gks jgh gksrh gS vkSj ftuosQ ckjs esa ge FkksM+k&cgqr tkurs gSa vkSj lS¼kUrhdj.k dh izfØ;k blfy, vkjEHk gksrh gS D;ksafd fl¼kUrdkj bu ?kVukvksa osQ izfr v/wjs Kku ls vlarq"V gksrk gS vkSj og bls foLrkjiwoZd ,oa rkfoZQd Lrj ij 2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—1: jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo le>uk pkgrk gSA lS¼kUrhdj.k 'kks/ dh izfØ;k ossQ ekè;e ls le>us dh izfØ;k gSaA bl lS¼kUrhdj.k osQ uksV ifj.kkeLo:i izkIr fd, x, fu"d"kZ vFkkZr~ ^F;ksje* fdlh ?kVuk dh csgrj le> gksxh ftlosQ ckjs esa ge igys osQoy vLi"V :i ls tkurs FksA vr% lS¼kUrhdj.k dk vfHkizk; fdlh fo"k; vFkok ?kVuk dks le>us dk fujUrj] vfojy] vck/ iz;Ru gksrk gSA ;g ,sls fo"k; vFkok ?kVuk ls vkjEHk gksrk gS ftlosQ ckjs esa ge FkksM+k cgqr tkurs gSa ijUrq ftls foLrkjiwoZd vkSj Li"V :i ls tkuus dh vko';drk gS vFkkZr~ ;g fdlh ?kVuk vFkok fo"k; osQ ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkuus rFkk Kku izkIr djus dh izfØ;k gS vkSj bldk ewy eU=k gSµ^lekIr* 'kCn dk uke er yks (Never say the end)_ vFkkZr~ le>us dh ;g izfØ;k mruh nsj rd pyrh jgsxh tc rd fd ?kVuk,¡ vFkok fo"k; iwjh rjg ikjn'khZ ugha gks tkrs_ tc rd jgL;ksa dh vkf[kjh xqRFkh ugha lqy> tkrh ;k tc rd fl¼kUrdkj osQ ikl iwNus yk;d iz'u lekIr ugha gks tkrs ,d fl¼kUrdkj dk dk;Z fdlh vuqHko vFkok ?kVuk osQ rF; dks oqQN ,d vo/kj.kkvksa ;k ;fn gks losQ rks vo/kj.kkvksa dh O;oLFkk osQ vk/kj ij le>uk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ lEc¼ vo/kj.kkvksa osQ lewg osQ vk/kj ij tSls fopkjeUFku] mís';] eU'kk] fu"d"kZ] vkSfpR;] LorU=krk] lekurk] lUrqf"V vkfnA nwljk] ;fn lS¼kUrhdj.k dk vFkZ fdlh fo"k; dks le>us dh bPNk gS rks ^jktuhfrd* oLrqr% og 'krZ] lhek vFkok osQUnzfcUnq gS ftldk lS¼kUrhdj.k fd;k tkuk gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUr esaµ^jktuhfrd* dk vfHkizk; jktuhfrd ls gSA F;ksjh (fl¼kUr) dh rjg ^ikWfyfVDl* (jktuhfrd) 'kCn Hkh ,d xzhd 'kCn gS tks 'kCn ^iksfyl* (Polis) ls fudyk gS ftls ^uxj&jkT;* (city-state) dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr fdlh Hkh leqnk; osQ vPNs thou ls lEcfU/r lHkh i{kksa osQ fy, fu.kZ; ysus dh lkewfgd 'kfDrA vjLrq tSls fl¼kUrdkjksa us jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa rFkk muosQ dk;kZUo;u dks le>us osQ lUnHkZ esa jktuhfrd dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA vjLrq dk ;g dFkuµfd ^euq"; ,d jktuhfrd izk.kh gS*µ lekt dh vUrfuZfZ gr ekuoh; vko';drk dh rjiQ b'kkjk djrk gS rFkk bl rF; dh rjiQ Hkh fd ekuo viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ rFkk vkRe&flf¼ osQoy jktuhfrd leqnk; osQ ekè;e ls gh izkIr dj ldrk gSA vjLrq osQ fy, ^jktuhfrd* egÙoiw.kZ blfy, Fkk D;ksafd ;g ,d ,sls lk>s jktuhfrd LFkku dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftlesa lHkh ukxfjd Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA vius vk/qfud :i esa ^jktuhfrd* 'kCn jkT; rFkk blls lEcfU/r laLFkkvksa tSls ljdkj] fo/kueaMy vFkok lkoZtfud uhfr dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA fofHkUu fopkj/kjkvksa osQ ckotwn] ^jktuhfrd* osQ lnHkZ esa vHkh gky rd vk/qfud ^uxj jkT;* vFkok jkT; vf/drj jktuhfrd fl¼kUrdkjksa dk lk>k fo"k; jgk gSA tSls fd foy fdfefydk fy[krs gSa] ^vf/drj if'peh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrdkj uxj&jkT; osQ ,d ,sls vkn'kZoknh ekWMy ij dk;Z djrs vk;s gSa ftlesa lHkh ukxfjd ,d lkekU; oa'k] Hkk"kk rFkk laLÑfr lk>h djrs gSaA* ;gk¡ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr osQ ^jktuhfrd* i{k dk lEcU/ jgk gSµjkT; rFkk ljdkjksa osQ Lo:i] izÑfr rFkk laxBu ,oa bu lHkh dk O;fDrxr ukxfjdksas osQ lkFk lEcU/ dk vè;;uA D;k vki tkurs gSa vUrlZEcfU/r gksus osQ ckotwn ^jktuhfrd* dks ,d fof'k"V {ks=k ekuk tkrk gS tks vU; {ks=kksaµ tSls vFkZO;oLFkk] lekt] laLÑfr vkfnµls fHkUu rFkk izHksndkjh gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dh mnkjoknh ijEijk dk ;g izeq[k iQksdl jgk gSA blosQ foijhr ekDlZoknh fopkj/kjk izcy :i ls mnkjokn osQ bl ^jktuhfrd* rFkk ^xSj&jktuhfrd* vUrj dks iwjh rjg jí dj nsrk gS vkSj ;g roZQ nsrk gS fd jktuhfrd 'kfDr vkSj oqQN ugha] osQoy vkfFkZd 'kfDr dh nkl gksrh gSA ijUrq leLr :i ls] vo/kj.kk osQ Lrj ij vleatlrk osQ ckotwn] jktuhfr osQ lS¼kUrhdj.k dk lk>k vk/kj vHkh Hkh jkT; gh gSA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV rFkkfi] fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa] jktuhfrd dh LFkkfir vo/kj.kkvksa osQ izfr vlUrks"k ck tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUr jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dh og O;oLFkk gS tks dksbZ lekt viuh jktuhfrd okLrfodrk dks le>us vkSj vko';drk iM+s rks] blesa ifjorZu djus osQ fy;s viukrk gSA ;g vPNs thou dh izÑfr] bls izkIr djus osQ fy;s laHko laLFkk,¡] jkT; osQ mís';] bu mís';ksa dks izkIr djus osQ fy;s loksZÙke jkT;&izca/ tSls fo"k;ksa dk mPp Lrjh; vè;;u gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk egÙo bl ckr esa gS fd ;s ,sls uSfrd ekun.M iznku djrs gSa ftuls jkT; dh uSfrd ;ksX;rk dh tk¡p dh tk losQA vko';drk iM+us ij ;s oSdfYid jktuhfrd izcU/ vkSj O;ogkj dk us rFkk mlls lacaf/r leL;kvksa] tSls xjhch] fgalk] Hkz"Vkpkj] tkfrokn vkfn osQ lkFk tw>us osQ lS¼kfUrd fodYi iznku djrs gSaA 5- fl¼kUrksa dk dk;Z osQoy fLFkfr dh O;k[;k djuk ugha gksrkA ;s lkekftd lq/kj vFkok Økafrdkjh rjhdksa ls ifjorZu lEcU/h fl¼kUr Hkh izLrqr djrs gSaA tc fdlh lekt osQ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr viuh Hkwfedk lgh rjhosQ ls fuHkkrs gSa rks os ekuoh; fodkl dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lk/u cu tkrk gSA tulk/kj.k dks lgh fl¼kUrksa ls ifjfpr djokus dk vFkZ osQoy mUgsa vius mís'; vkSj lk/uksa dks lgh rjhosQ ls pquus esa lgk;rk djuk gh ugha gSA cfYd mu jkLrksa ls Hkh cpkuk gS tks mUgsa fujk'kk dh rjiQ ys tk ldrs gaAS jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ eqís (Issues in Political Theory) jktuhfrd fl¼kUrkssa dh izÑfr le>us osQ fy, mu fo"k;ksa vkSj eqíksa ij è;ku nsuk Hkh ”k:jh gS tks fiNys 2400 lkyksa esa blosQ vè;;u dk vax jgs gSaA ;|fi jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk eq[; fo"k; jkT; gS rFkkfi jktuhfrd fparu osQ bfrgkl osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa esa jkT; ls lacaf/r vyx&vyx fo"k; egÙoiw.kZ jgs gSaA Dykfldh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk eq[; fo"k; ^,d vkn'kZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk* (perfect political order) dh [kkst FkkA vr% ;s jktuhfrd osQ ewy fl¼kUrksa osQ fo'ys"k.k vkSj fuekZ.k esa tqVs jgs] tSls jkT; dh izÑfr vkSj mís';] jktuhfrd lÙkk osQ vk/kj] jktuhfrd vkKkikyu dh leL;k] jktuhfrd voKk vkfnA budk laca/ ^jkT; oSQlk gksuk pkfg,* vkSj ,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk tSls fo"k;ksa lss vf/d jgkA vkS|ksfxd Økafr vkSj vk/qfud jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fuekZ.k us ,d u;s lekt] u;h vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj jkT; osQ u;s Lo:i dks tUe fn;kA vk/qfud jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk vkjaHk O;fDrokn ls gksrk gS ftlesa O;fDr dh Lora=krk vkSj bldh lqj{kk jktuhfrd dk lkj ekus x;sA ifj.kkeLo:i] vk/qfud jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa vf/dkj] Lora=krk] lekurk] lEifÙk] U;k;] iztkrU=k] tu lgHkkfxrk] jkT; vkSj O;fDr esa laca/ vkfn eqís izeq[k gks x;sA bl lUnHkZ esa fofHkUu vo/kj.kkvksa esa laca/] tSls Lora=krk vkSj lekurk] U;k; vkSj lekurk vFkok U;k; vkSj lEifÙk ij Hkh cy fn;k x;kA chloha 'krkCnh esa jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dks jkT;] ljdkj vkSj ljdkj dh laLFkkvksa rFkk jktuhfrd izfØ;k dk vè;;u ekuk x;kA bl lanHkZ esa jkT; dk ,d dkuwuh laLFkk osQ :i esa vè;;u] lafo/ku] ljdkj rFkk ljdkj LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 7 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV osQ fofHkUu Lo:i vkSj dk;Z] yksd] iz'kklu] jktuhfrd izfØ;k] jktuhfrd ny&O;oLFkk rFkk jktuhfrd O;ogkj] tu lgHkkfxrk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr tSls fo"k; jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk fo"k; {ks=k ekus x;sA f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn osQ O;fDr osQ jktuhfrd O;ogkj ij vk/kfjr vkuqHkfod&oSKkfud (Empirical- Scientific) fl¼kUr dkiQh yksdfiz; gqvkA bl fLk¼kUr us vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ls izsj.kk ysdj dbZ ubZ jktuhfrd vo/kj.kkvksa dh jpuk dh tSls 'kfDr] lÙkk fof'k"V&oxZ lewg] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd lekt'kkL=k] jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkfnA bu vo/kj.kkvksa dks Hkh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk vfHkUu vax ekuk tkrk gSA fiNys oqQN lkyksa esa jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ vUrxZr oqQN vkSj u;s fo"k; mHkjdj vk;s gSA ewY;kRed jktuhfr dh iquLFkkZiuk osQ ckn fl¼kUrksa osQ Lrj ij Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj U;k; tSlh vo/kj.kkvksa dks nksckjk ls izfrf"Br fd;k x;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; u;s fo"k; jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk Hkkx cu jgk gS] tSls ukjhokn] i;kZoj.k] leqnk;okn] cgqlaLÑfrokn] mÙkj&vk/qfudokn] fodkl rFkk lEiksf"kr fodkl] mikfJr oxZ lewg vkfnA vkxs vkus okys vè;k;ksa esa bu fo"k;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk;sxkA ledkyhu fl¼kUrksa esa è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd vc fl¼kUrksa osQ vè;;u esa fdlh ,d ,dy n`f"Vdks.k (mnkjoknh vFkok ekDlZoknh) osQ iz;ksx dks egÙo ugha fn;k tkrkA bl i¼fr dks xyr rks ugha ijarq v/wjk vo'; ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s mnkjokn vkSj ekDlZokn nksuksa Lora=krk dh leL;k dks iq#"k&iz/ku lekt osQ lanHkZ esa gh ifjHkkf"kr djrs jgs gSa rFkk ukjh vkSj ifjokj osQ lanHkZ esa Lora=krk ,oa U;k; dh leL;k dh voKk djrs jgsA blh rjg leqnk;onh ys[kd Hkh bl ,dy n`f"Vdks.k dks vis{kkÑr de”kksj ekurs gSaA ledkyhu fl¼kUr Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj U;k; osQ fl¼kUrksa dks lkoZtfud HkykbZ osQ lanHkZ esa iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;Ru dj jgs gSaA jktuhfr fl¼kUr osQ vè;;u osQ mikxeµvkn'khZ rFkk vkuqHkfod (Approaches to the Study of Political Theory: Normative and Empirical) tSlk fd Åij Li"V fd;k x;k gS jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa dkiQh fofHkUurk gSA if'peh jktuhfrd ijEijk esa jktuhfrd fl¼kUr ,d fujUrj laokn dh rjg gS tks lfn;ksa ls pyrk vk jgk gSA gkykafd jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dh fo"k;oLrq esa yxHkx fujUrjrk cuh gqbZ gS ijUrq blosQ vè;;u osQ mikxeksa esa fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa dkiQh vUrj vk;k gSA O;kid Lrj ij ge bUgssa nks izeq[k mikxeksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA ;s gSa vkn'khZ rFkk vkuqHkfodA vkb;s budk foLrkj ls vè;;u djsaA vkn'khZ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr (Normative Political Theory) jktuhfrd fl¼kUrkssa esa vkn'kZ rFkk okLrfodrk (Ideals and reality), ewY; ,oa rF; (Value and fact) nksuksa dk lekos'k gSA vr% jktuhfr fl¼kUr osQ vè;;u osQ fy, ge ftu nks mikxeksa esa varj djrs gSa os gSaµvkn'khZ rFkk vkuqHkfodA vkn'khZ fl¼kUr dk lEcU/ jktuhfr] jkT;] U;k;] Lora=krk vkfn osQ ckjs esa fofHkUu jktuhfrd fopkjdksa osQ O;kid fpUru ls gSA ;g fpUru tks vf/drj nk'kZfud izÑfr dk gksrk gS] xzhd jkT;ksa ls ysdj orZeku le; rd lkoZtfud jktuhfrd fpUru dh ,d lqLi"V ijaijk jgh gSA jktuhfr fl¼kUr dh bl /kj.kk dks jktuhfrd n'kZu ;k vkn'khZ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkn'khZ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dks dkYifud vFkok nk'kZfud fl¼kUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa jktuhfrd fl¼kUr uSfrd'kkL=k] n'kZu vFkok uSfrdrk osQ lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+s gq;s gksrs gSaA blesa uSfrd eqís mBk;s tkrs gSa] bl fo'okl osQ lkFk fd O;fDr vfuok;Zr% ,d vPNk izk.kh gS vkSj og vius O;fDrxr ,oa lkewfgd nksuksa Lrjksa ij vPNk dk;Z djuk pkgrk gSA bldk fo'okl gS fd bl fo'o ,oa bldh ?kVukvkssa osQ roZQ] mís'; rFkk y{; 8 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—1: jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo dks fl¼kUrdkj dh roZQcqf¼] vUrcksZ/] vuqHko rFkk vUrnZ̀f"V osQ vk/kj ij dh xbZ O;k[;k }kjk le>k tk uksV ldrk gSA ;g uSfrd ewY;ksa dh nk'kZfud dYiuk dh ;kstuk gSA mRifÙkewyd 'kCn osQ :i esa] vkn'khZ fl¼kUrkssa esa ,sls fl¼kUrksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkrk gS ftudk lEcU/ eq[;r% ekudksa dk ewY;kadu djuk O;ogkj osQ Lo:ikssa dk fu/kZj.k djuk RkFkk thou osQ Lo:i ,oa lLFkkaxr k ldrs gSaA budk pfj=k vkn'kkZRed gS D;ksafd ;s lekt osQ fy, oqQN uSfrd vkn'kks± dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA dkscku osQ vuqlkj] vkn'kkZRed fl¼kUr dk dk;Z ,d ekun.M vFkok fu.kZ; iznku djuk gksrk gSA blh rjg Iyseuk”k Hkh fy[krs gSa fd bl izdkj osQ fl¼kUr dk mís'; oqQN ,d ewY;ksa osQ izfr dfVc¼rk vk'oLr djuk gksrk gSA 6- vkn'khZ jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; ¶vkn'kZ jkT;¸ (Ideal state) rFkk ljdkj dk loZJs"B LFkk;h Lo:i h tk ldrhA blosQ nks dkj.k gSaµigyk] lkekftd foKkuksa dk mís'; lkekftd O;fDr vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa dk vè;;u gS vkSj fofHkUu fpUrd budh O;k[;k fofHkUu rjhdksa ls djrs gSa rFkk nwljk] jktuhfrd fl¼karksa dks jktuhfr osQ Øec¼ fooj.k rd lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrk_ fl¼kaUrksa dks viuh vkykspukRed Hkwfedk vo'; fuHkkuh pkfg,] vFkkZr bUgsa jktuhfr osQ os Li"Vhdj.k Hkh nsus pkfg, tks vke O;fDr dh le> ls ckgj gksrs gSaA fofHkUu ppkZvksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa dbZ ifjorZu gq,A ;|fi bu lHkh ifjorZuksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k lEHko ugha gS] fiQj Hkh budh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSa igyh] vkuqHkfod fl¼kUrksa dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk mudh bfrgkl ls foeq[krk FkhA ledkyhu jktuhfrd fpUrdksa dk ekuuk gS fd fl¼kUrksa dks bfrgkl ls vyx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu fl¼karksa us jktuhfrd fpUru osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u dks iquthZfor fd;k gSA nwljh] ekuo fØ;kvksa ls lEcfU/r lEiw.kZ Kku dh dbZ rjg dh O;k[;k,¡ gks ldrh gSaA vr%] ewY;foghu vkSj rVLFk jktuhfrd fl¼karksa dh /kj.kk ewyr% xyr gSA rhljh] jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk lEcU/ vo/kj.kkvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Hkh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk dk;Z{ks=k oqQN eq[; vo/kj.kkvksa tSls izHkqlÙkk] vf/dkj] Lora=krk] U;k; vkfn dk Øec¼ vè;;u djuk gSA pkSFkh] jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa vkn'kZd rÙo (normative element) Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk lEcU/ ,d rjiQ gekjh jktuhfrd vkSj uSfrd xfrfof/;ksa osQ ewy kbZ tk ldrh gSaA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ iqutkZxj.k osQ ckn os fo"k; tks vf/d mtkxj gq;s gSa] os gSa% uhfr'kkL=kh; ifjizs{; osQ vUrxZr lkekftd U;k; rFkk dY;k.kdkjh&vf/dkj fl¼kUr] iztkrkafU=kd fl¼kUr rFkk cgqyokn] ukjhokn] mÙkj&vk/qfudokn] u;s lkekftd vkUnksyu] ukxfjd lekt rFkk mnkjokn&leqnk;okn fooknA okLro esa leqnk;okn us ekDlZokn dh ?kVrh yksdfiz;rk ls fjDr gksus okys LFkku dks Hkjus dk iz;kl fd;k gS ;g iqutkZxj.k ;g n'kkZrk gS fd jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa osQ iru (decline of political theory) osQ ckjs esa dh xbZ lHkh ?kks"k.kk,¡ xyr FkhaA ijUrq è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dk iqutkZxj.k lEcU/h ;g tks'k osQoy mnkjoknh fopkj/kjk rd gh lhfer gS D;ksafd ;g osQoy mnkjokn gh gS tks fopkjksa osQ eqDr vknku&iznku dk leFkZu djrk gSA ;g fl¼kUr dks O;ogkj osQ vuqlkj lefUor djus vkSj viukus dks iz;Ru djrk gS rFkk :fxM+ksa osQ fuokj.k osQ fy;s mnkjokn O;fDr osQ vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd thou esa Hkh ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls gLr{ksi djrk gSA iw¡thoknh lekt dks fu;fer djosQ rFkk fu%'kqYd f'k{kk] LokLF; chek] lkekftd lqj{kk tSls rjhosQ viukdj ;g lekt esa >xM+ksa osQ lzksrksa dks de dkjus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g lekt esa O;kid lgefr dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy;s f'k{kk] ekl ehfM;k] izksisxUMk] /eZ vkfn tSls oSpkfjd rFkk lkaLo`Qfrd lk/uksa dk Hkh lgkjk ysrk gSA ;g lg;ksx rFkk lkeUtL; dks ck&cq>kdj ,d Lora=k ,oa LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 15 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV eqDr okrkoj.k esa fgrksa esa lkeUtL; ykus ij ”kksj nsrk gSA vkfFkZd Lrj ij ;g iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk leFkZu djrk gSA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd fl¼kUr (Marxist Political Theory) mnkjoknh&O;fDroknh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dks mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk/Z esa ekDlZ] ,axsYl rFkk muosQ vuq;kf;;ksa us ^oSKkfud lektokn* (Scientific Socialism) osQ ekè;e ls pqukSrh nhA vkt dksbZ Hkh jktuhfrd fl¼kUr ekDlZokn }kjk dh xbZ bfrgkl] lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr vkfn dh O;k[;k dh voKk ugha dj ldrkA ekDlZokn us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfozQ;k dks ozQec¼ ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls csgrj le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk dh gSA lEiw.kZ ekuo eqfDr osQ :i esa ekDlZokn us n'kZu'kkL=k dh u;h /kj.kk izLrqr dhA blosQ vuqlkj Kku dk eq[; mís'; osQoy bl lalkj dks le>uk gh ugha gS cfYd ekuo thou dh HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djuk Hkh gSA ekDlZ dk fopkj Fkk fd O;fDr dh eqfDr blh lalkj esa gSa vkSj ;g orZeku lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ozQkfUrdkjh ifjorZu djosQ vkSj lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk djosQ izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mnkjoknh&iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk osQ fo#¼ ekDlZ dh eq[; f'kdk;r ;g Fkh fd ;g lEifÙk] vlekurk vkSj oqQN lEifÙk'kkyh ifjokjksa osQ ,s'o;Z dh lH;rk gS tks tulk/kj.k osQ fy, fuEu vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iSnk djrh gSA blosQ foijhr lektokn O;fDr dh eqfDr dh ;fn lkjh ugha rks dkiQh gn rd] ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iSnk djus dk iz;kl gSA ;g ,d ,sls lekt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;Ru djrk gS ftlesa O;fDr }kjk O;fDr dk 'kks"k.k lekIr gksxk vkSj ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr dks viuk O;fDrRo ,oa {kerk,¡ fodflr djus dk mfpr volj feysxkA ;g ,d ,slk oxZ&foghu vkSj jkT;&foghu lekt gksxk ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr dk fodkl lkjs lekt osQ fodkl dh vko';d 'krZ gksxkA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd fl¼kUr ewyr% lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj lekt osQ ozQkfUrdkjh iqu% fuekZ.k dk fl¼kUr gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ekDlZokn osQ rhu vUrlZEcfU/r rÙo gSa% (i) orZeku rFkk vrhr osQ lektksa dk ijh{k.k vkSj vkykspukA bls }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn vkSj ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dk uke fn;k x;k gS% (ii) oxZ&foHkkftr vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh lekt osQ foijhr ,d u;s lekt dk fodYiA ;g ,d ,slk lekt gksxk tks mRiknu osQ lk/uksa osQ lkewfgd LokfeRo ij vk/kfjr gksxkA ;g ,d oxZ&foghu vkSj jkT;&foghu lekt gksxk_ rFkk (iii) bl u;s oSdfYid lekt dk fuekZ.k oSQls gksxkA iw¡thoknh lekt osQ fo#¼ ;g ifjorZu loZgkjk&oxZ }kjk ozQkfUr osQ ekè;e ls lEiUu gksxk tks vU; oxks± dks lekIr djosQ ,d oxZ&foghu vkSj jkT;&foghu lekt dh LFkkiuk djsxkA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd fl¼kUr osQ ewy rÙo gSa% mRiknu dk wB] diV] gR;k vU; lHkh izdkj osQ lk/uksa osQ iz;ksx djus dk vf/dkj o vkns'k nsrk gSA blh izdkj gkWCl Hkh vjktdrk dh fLFkfr dks lekIr djus osQ fy, viuh iqLrd ^yksfo;kFku* esa fujaoqQ'k jktra=k dk leFkZu djrk gSA bl izdkj ijaijkxr fpardksa }kjk eq[;r% rRdkyhu lekt esa ekStwn leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku dh rjiQ gh è;ku fn;k x;kA vkSj muls gh lacaf/r jpuk dhA 3- n'kZu] /eZ vkSj uhfr'kkL=k dk izHkko% ijaijkxr fparu dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ;g jgh fd os /eZ vkSj n'kZu ls fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor jgs gSa rFkk muesa uSfrd ewY; fo|eku jgs gSaA IysVks vkSj vjLrq osQ fparu esa budk de izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS tcfd eè;;qx esa bZlkbZ /eZ us fpardksa osQ fparu dks cgqr izHkkfor fd;k gSA jkT; vkSj /eZ osQ >xM+ksa esa ;wjksi osQ dbZ fo}kuksa }kjk /eZ dk i{k fy;k x;k gS vkSj dgk fd /eZ jkT; ls izFke ;k Js"B gS rFkk /ekZf/dkjh jkT; osQ ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA bldk leFkZu loZizFke Fkkel ,Dohukl }kjk fd;k x;kA ckn esa fofy;e vkde us Hkh bl n`f"Vdks.k dk izfriknu fd;kA 4- O+kQkuwuh] vkSipkfjd rFkk laLFkkxr vè;;u% ijaijkxr vè;;u eq[;r% O+kQkuwu }kjk fufeZr vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa osQ vè;;u rd gh lhfer Fkk rFkk laLFkkvksa dk ek=k lajpukRed vè;;u fd;k x;k Fkk bu fopkjksa LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 25 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV osQ }kjk vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa osQ ckgj tkdj vè;;u djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k x;kA ykWLdh vkSj equjks vkfn tSls fo}kuksa us Hkh vius vè;;u esa laLFkkvksa osQ O+kQkuwuh o vkSipkfjd :i dk gh vè;;u fd;k gSA 5- vk/qfud jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh izÑfr% tgk¡ rd vk/qfud jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh izÑfr dk loky gS rks blosQ fu/kZj.k esa lcls cM+k ;ksxnku vkuqHkfod i¼fr;ksa dks jgk gSA ftuosQ }kjk bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd jktuhfrd vè;;u osQ fy, oSpkfjd i¼fr viukbZ tk,A ftlosQ varxZr fl¼karksa esa rF;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vc lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKku tSlh fo/kvksa ls Hkh [kqydj lgk;rk yh tkus yxh gSA buosQ igys izHkko osQ dkj.k gh 'kfDr] izHkko] lÙkk jktuhfrd vfHktu] jktuhfrd laLÑfr rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl tSls fofHkUu vo/kj.kkvksa dk tUe gks ik;k gSA 'kfDr fl¼kar fo'ks"k ;ksxnku pkYlZ esfj;e vkSj gSjksYM ykloSy dk jgk gS ogha eksLdk] isjsVks vkSj jkcVZ fepsYl us ^jktuhfrd vfHktu* dh /kj.kk dks fodflr fd;k gSA MsfoM bZLVu us Hkh ^O;oLFkk fo'ys"k.k* fl¼kar osQ varxZr fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k dks fuos'k ,oa fuxZr osQ ekè;e ls le>k;k gSA fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) jktuhfrd fl¼kUr ,d fujarj pyus okyk laokn gSA jktuhfrd fpUru vkSj ifjdYiuk pyrh jgsxh D;ksafd ;g thou osQ mu ewY;ksa osQ lkFk lEcfU/r gS tks O;fDr osQ fy, thus vkSj ejus osQ iz'u gksrs gSaA fl¼kUrksa dk mís'; lkekftd okLrfodrk osQ izfr gekjh le> esa foLrkj djuk vkSj vPNs thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iSnk djuk gksrk gSA ;g mi;qDr lkekftd thou osQ fy, fopkj foe'kZ gSA ;g 'kfDr osQ lkoZtkfud iz;ksx }kjk ifjHkkf"kr jktuhfrd thou dh le> gSA jktuhfr fl¼kUrksa dk lEcU/ ^jktuhfrd* ls gS rFkk ^jktuhfrd* ls lEcfU/r [kkst ijEijkxr n`f"Vdks.k ls ^vPNs thou* dh izÑfr dh tk¡p iM+rky jghA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrdkjksa dks bl iz'u dk tokc nsuk gksrk gS fd ^jktuhfrd] D;k gS\ ;g D;k gks ldrk gS vkSj ,d ,sls fo'o esa tgk¡ yxkrkj ,oa rsth ls ifjorZu gks jgs gSa] ^jktuhfrd* dk vFkZ D;k gks ldrk gSA jktuhfrd fl¼kUr ,d mPpre jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk ekWMy rS;kj djrs gSa rFkk jktuhfrd vkdM+ksa osQ Øec¼ lap; rFkk fo'ys"k.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSa A ;g ml fo'o dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSa ftlesa ge th jgs gSa rFkk mu p;uksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSa tks ge djrs gSaA ;s gekjs lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd thou osQ lq/kj ,oa ifj'kq¼u esa Hkh lgk;rk djrs gSaA jktuhfr fl¼kUr] tgk¡ rd ;s rF;ksa ij vk/kfjr gS] bfrgkl gS_ tgk¡ rd ;g ?kVukvksa dk ewY;kadu djrs gSa] ;g n'kZu'kkL=k gS vkSj tgk¡ rd ;s ?kVukvksa dh oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh tk¡p djrs gSa] ;g vuqHkooknh gSA tSlk fd MsfoM gsYM fy[krk gS] ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kUr nk'kZfud gS vFkkZr~ bldk lEcU/ vo/kj.kkvksa ,oa vkn'kks± ls gS] ;g vuqHkooknh gS D;ksafd ;g O;k[;k ,oa o.kZu ls Hkh lEcfU/r gS rFkk ;g lkekftd gS D;ksafd ;s bl izdkj osQ ewY;kadu ls lkFk tqM+s gq, gSa fd ge dgk¡ gSa vkSj dy dgk¡ tk ldrs gSaA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk fodkl nk'kZfud vkn'kZoknh vrhr ls vkjEHk gksdj f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn vuqHkooknh fl¼kUr rd vkrk gSA 1970 osQ n'kd esa vkn'kZoknh fl¼kUr dks ,d ckj fiQj ls thfor fd;k x;kA ijUrq lkFk gh 1970 rFkk 1980 osQ n'kdksa esa bls mÙkj&vkèkqfudrkokn rFkk vU; dbZ izdkj osQ lkekftd vkUnksyuksa] tSls ukjhokn dh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ;g iqu#RFkku eq[;r% jkWYl] uksf”kd rFkk gScjekl tSls nk'kZfudksa osQ iz;Ruksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA iqu#RFkku osQ ckn jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa ftu fo"k;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls mBk;k x;k gS] os gSa lkekftd U;k; rFkk dY;k.kdkjh vf/dkjA ijUrq tSlk fd Åij Li"V fd;k x;k bl izdkj dk tks'k gesa osQoy mnkjoknh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa esa gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA oLrqr% mu lHkh fopkj/kjkvksa] ftlesa 20oha 'krkCnh esa izfrLi/kZ jgh] esa ls osQoy mnkjokn us gh fopkjksa osQ eqDr vknku&iznku dh vkKk nhA 26 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—1: jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dh izÑfr ,oa egÙo ledkyhu ;qx igys osQ ;qx ls dkiQh fHkUu gS D;ksafd ;g lwpuk izkS|ksfxd rFkk oS'ohdj.k dk ;qx gSA tSls&tSls uksV jk"Vª&jkT; vf/dkf/d lja/z rFkk ckgjh izHkkoksa dks vkRelkr dj jgs gSa] jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dks oS'ohdj.k dh vka/h rd lwpuk izkS|ksfxd dh Hkwfedk osQ lkFk rkyesy fcBkuk gSA leqnk;okn] jk"Vªokn] cgqlaLÑfrokn] fofHkUurk fl¼kUr] vUrl±LÑfrokn] mÙkj mifuos'kokn] mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn tSls fo"k;ksa ij ledkyhu ppkZvksa us ,sls iz'u mBk;s gSa ftuesa jktuhfr dk pfj=k rFkk LFkku ,d jkT; dh lhekvksa ls ckgj gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vkt jktuhfrd fl¼kUr osQoy jkT; rFkk ljdkj dk vè;;u ek=k ugha jg x;k gSA tSlk fd ysÝVfop fy[krk gS% jktuhfr dk vè;;u okLro esa lEHkkouk osQ bfrgkl rFkk bfrgkl dh lEHkkoukvksa dk vkykspukRed vè;;u gSA Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment) fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crkb, (State whether the following Statements are True/ False)µ 7- HkkoukRed fparu dk vFkZ gS ,d ,slh ekufld n`f"V tks fd ,d oLrq osQ vfLrRo vkSj mlosQ dkj.kksa dks izdV djrh gSA 8- IysVks us ;wukuh uxj jkT;ksa esa O;kIr jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj dks lekIr djus osQ fy, ^nk'kZfud jktk* dh ckr dgh gSA 9- eSDl oscj jktuhfrd 'kfDr fl¼kar osQ i{k/j ugha FksA 1-4 lkjak'k (Summary) jktuhfrd fl¼kUr lekt dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa dk o.kZu] O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k djrs gS rFkk mudh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus osQ mik; djrs gSaA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z bu leL;kvksa dk xgjkbZ ls vè;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k djosQ jktusrkvksa dks oSdfYid lk/u iznku djuk gksrk gSA vkn'khZ rFkk vkuqHkfod fl¼kUrksa esa vUrj osQoy fo'ys"k.kkRed gSA O;kogkfjd Lrj ij ,slk dksbZ gh jktuhfrd fl¼kUr gksxk tks vuU; :i ls osQoy ^gS* ls lEcfU/r gks vkSj mlesa ^pkfg,* dk rÙo iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr gksA jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa dks ,d xfrfof/ osQ :i esas ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks O;fDr osQ lkoZtfud vkSj lkeqnkf;d thou ls lEcfU/r iz'u iwNrh gS] mlosQ lEHko mÙkj ryk'k djrh gS rFkk dkYifud fodYiksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA jktuhfr esa lkekU;r% vkSipkfjd lajpukvksa tSlsµjkT;] 'kkld o 'kklu rFkk muosQ ijLij laca/ksa dk vè;;u rks fd;k tkrk gS lkFk gh lkFk vukSipkfjd lajpukvksa tSlsµjktuhfrd ny] ncko lewg] ;qx laxBu] tuer vkfn dk vè;;u Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vkt osQ ;qx esa jktuhfr dk {ks=k mruk gh O;kid gks x;k gS ftruh fd euq"; dh xfrfof/;k¡] thou osQ izR;sd igyw dks jktuhfr Li'kZ djrh gSA izkphudky ls gh jktuhfrd fl¼kar }kjk jkT; dh mRifÙk] izÑfr] fodkl rFkk dk;Z{ks=k osQ ckjs esa fopkj gksrk jgk gS blosQ lkFk&lkFk gh ljdkj osQ fofHkUu :iksa tSlsµjktoa'k] oqQyhura=k] yksdra=k] lalnh; LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 27 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV vè;{kh;] ,dkRed] la?kkRed vkfn dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk buls lacaf/r dbZ leL;kvksa tSlsµfo/kueaMy ,d lnuh; gks ;k f}lnuh;] oqQ'ky dk;Zikfydk osQ D;k y{k.k gSa rFkk vf/dkjh ra=k dh D;k Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg, vkfn leL;kvksa dks jktuhfrd fl¼kar osQ varxZr mBk;k tkrk gSA vk/qfudhdj.k ls mRiUu ,d vU; leL;k nwf"kr i;kZoj.k dh gS ftldk vè;;u Hkh fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj ,sls mik; lq>k;s tk jgs ftuls u osQoy i;kZoj.k LoPN gks cfYd izkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk Hkh laj{k.k fd;k tk losQA 1-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords) 1- ledkyhu (Contemporary)% ,d gh le; dk] lelkef;dA 2- mRihM+u (Oppression)% lrkuk] nckuk] vR;kpkj djukA 1-6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions) 1- jktuhfrd fl¼kar ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A 2- jktuhfrd fl¼karksa dh ijEijkvksa dh O;oLFkk dhft,A 3- jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh mi;ksfxrk dks le>kb,A mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment) 1- ikWfyfVDl 2- vkuqHkfod oSKkfud 3- vkykspuk 4- (n) 5- (l) 6- (l) 7- lR; 8- lR; 9- vlR;A 1-7 lanHkZ iqLrosQa (Further Readings) iqLrdsa 1- n ikWfyfVdy F;ksjhµvkj- osQ- i:FkhA 2- ikWfyfVdy F;ksjhµ,l- jkekLokehA 28 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk uksV bdkbZµ2 % 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk (Power and Authority) vuqØef.kdk (Contents) mís'; (Objectives) izLrkouk (Introduction) 2.1 'kfDr dk cy] izHkko vkSj lÙkk ls Hksn (Distinction of Power with Force, Influence and Authority) 2.2 lÙkk] oS/rk vkSj izzHkko (Authority, Legitimacy and Influence) 2.2.1 lÙkk dh izÑfr (The Nature of Authority) 2.3 vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ;k oS/rk (Legitimacy) 2.3.1 izHkko (Influence) 2.4 lkjka'k (Summary) 2.5 'kCndks'k (Keywords) 2.6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions) 2.7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings) mís'; (Objectives) bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ 'kfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus gsrqA lÙkk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus gsrqA 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk esa Hksn crkus gsrqA vkSfpR; ,oa izHkko dks le>us gsrqA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 29 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV izLrkouk (Introduction) jktuhfr foKku osQ vè;;u osQ vUrxZr ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd gekjs }kjk ekuo osQ lkoZtfud O;ogkj dks fu/kZfjr djus okys vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk;s vkSj ;fn ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k tk;s rks bl lEcU/ esa tks rRo lcls izeq[k :i esa mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrk gS] og fuf'pr :i ls ^'kfDr* gh gSA izkjfEHkd dky ls ysdj vc rd jktuhfrd foKku fo"k; osQ fo}kuksa }kjk 'kfDr osQ egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd foKku osQ tud dkSfVY; us ^n.M&'kfDr* tks fd 'kfDr dk gh i;kZ; gS] dks jktuhfr dk ewy vk/kj ekuk gSA ,d LFkku ij os fy[krs gSa fd ¶leLr lkalkfjd thou dk ewy vk/kj n.M&'kfDr gh gSA¸ oLrqr% leLr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; n.M&'kfDr osQ egÙo ls Hkjk iM+k gSA ik'pkR; jktuhfrd foKku osQ vUrxZr Hkh ;gh ckr ns[kh tk ldrh gSA cSdj (Becker) osQ vuqlkj] ¶jktuhfr 'kfDr ls vi`Fkduh; gS¸ vkSj oSQVfyu us jktuhfr dks ^'kfDr dk foKku* ekuk gSA cVs.ªZ M jly us rks 'kfDr dks lekt foKku dh ewyHkwr vo/kj.kk osQ :i esa ekuk gS vkSj ,y- ,l- vyej osQ dFkukuqlkj] ¶lHkh lkekftd foKkuksa esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk ls bruk lEcfU/r dksbZ Hkh ugha gS ftruk fd jktuhfrd foKku gSA vjLrq ls ysdj vkt rd osQ jktuhfrd ys[kdksa dh fo"k;&oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ;g fuLlUnsg Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kfDr blesa ,d osQUnzh; /kj.kk jgh] ftlosQ lgkjs jktuhfrd foKku dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k¸ vkj- ,e- eSdkboj] ck;lZVsM] àkVfdUl vkSj fofy;e ,- jksclu vkfn osQ }kjk Hkh ,sls fopkj O;Dr fd;s x;s gSaA jktuhfrd foKku esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk dks le>uk blfy, Hkh vko';d gks tkrk gS fd bl lEcU/ esa tks feF;k fopkj izpfyr gSa] mUgsa nwj fd;k tk losQA ykMZ ,DVu dk izfl¼ dFku fd ^'kfDr Hkz"V djrh gS vkSj fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr iw.kZr;k Hkz"V dj nsrh gS*] gekjs eu vkSj efLr"d esa 'kfDr osQ izfr ,d nqHkkZouk dks tUe nsrh gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd 'kfDr rks lkekftd O;oLFkk osQ fy, furkUr vko';d gS vkSj 'kfDr osQ fcuk fdlh izdkj dh lkekftd O;oLFkk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh] osQoy 'kfDr vfr ;k 'kfDr osQ nq#i;ksx osQ lkFk gh Hkz"Vkpkj dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj ,d uSfrd /kj.kk osQ :i esa ^lR;eso t;rs* furkUr vkSfpR;iw.kZ fopkj gS vkSj ekuoh; thou esa gekjk vkn'kZ ;gh gksuk pkfg,] ysfdu oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd lR; osQ ihNs 'kfDr osQ cy gksus ij gh mlosQ fot; dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gSA ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls lR; vkSj 'kfDr ,d&nwljs osQ fojks/h ugha] oju~ iwjd gSa vkSj ikLdy (Pascal) us bl vk/kj ij gh U;k; vkSj 'kfDr osQ la;kstu dh vko';drk osQ fo"k; esa vius fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA 'kfDr dk vFkZ vkSj O;k[;k jkWcVZ ,- MSy osQ erkuqlkj] 'kfDr osQ vè;;u dh izeq[k dfBukbZ ;g gS fd blosQ vusd vFkZ gksrs gSaA oLrqfLFkfr ;gh gS vkSj 'kfDr dks fofHkUu fopkjdksa us vyx&vyx :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA 'kfDr dh oqQN ifjHkk"kk,¡ bl izdkj gSa% jkWcVZ ck;lZVsM osQ vuqlkj] ¶'kfDr cy iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gS u fd mldk okLrfod iz;ksxA¸1 eSdkboj ¶'kfDr gksus ls gekjk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa ;k O;fDr;ksa osQ O;ogkj dks fu;fU=kr djus] fofu;fer djus ;k funsfZ 'kr djus dh {kerk ls gSA¸ ekWxsZUFkkm ¶'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus okyksa rFkk muosQ chp] ftu ij bls ykxw fd;k tk jgk gS] ,d euksoKS kfud lEcU/ gksrk gSA 'kfDr esa og izR;sd oLrq lfEefyr gS] ftlosQ ekè;e ls O;fDr;ksa ij fu;U=k.k LFkkfir fd;k tkrk rFkk mls cuk;s j[kk tkrk gSA¸ 30 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk xksYMgSej rFkk f'kYl osQ vuqlkj] ¶,d O;fDr dks mruk gh 'kfDr'kkyh dgk tkrk gS ftruk fd og vius uksV y{;ksa osQ vuq:i nwljksa osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA¸ vkxsZUldh ¶'kfDr ls nwljs osQ vkpj.k dks vius y{;ksa osQ vuqlkj izHkkfor djus dh {kerk gSA¸ yklosy] osQiyku vkSj gjcVZ lkbeu us 'kfDr dks ^izHkko izfØ;k* (Influence Process) osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA mlosQ erkuqlkj 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, nwljksa dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dks izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl izfØ;k esa nksuksa i{kksa osQ chp ?kfu"B lEcU/ jgrk gSA jkcVZ ,- MSy osQ vuqlkj] ¶'kfDr osQ yksxksa osQ ikjLifjd lEcU/ksa dh ,d ,slh fo'ks"k fLFkfr dk uke gS ftlosQ vUrxZr ,d i{k }kjk nwljs i{k dks izHkkfor dj mlls oqQN ,sls dk;Z djk;s tk ldrs gSa tks mlosQ }kjk vU;Fkk u fd;s tkrsA¸ yklosy vkSj osQiyku dh mi;qDZ r /kj.kkvksa osQ vUrxZr 'kfDr dks izHkko dk i;kZ;okph ekuk x;k gSA oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g lR; gksrk gS] ysfdu lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ughaA 'kfDr vkSj izHkko ,d gh O;fDr esa ik;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ;k O;fDr lewgksa esa fLFkr Hkh gks ldrs gSaA uksV~l fgVyj vkSj paxst [kk¡ osQoy 'kfDr osQ izrhd Fks] fdUrq usiksfy;u vkSj fyadu vkfn esa 'kfDr vkSj izHkko nksuksa osQ n'kZu fd;s tk ldrs gSaA 'kfDr vkSj izHkko nksuksa izHkkfor O;fDr osQ O;ogkj dks ifjofrZr djrs gSa] fdUrq ml O;fDr dk O;ogkj 'kfDr osQ dkj.k ifjofrZr gqvk ;k izHkko osQ dkj.k bldk fu.kZ; Lo;a ogh dj ldrk gSA ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ fy, o¼Zudkjh Hkh gks ldrs gSaA okLro esa 'kfDr ekuo thou dk ,d ljy rRo gksus osQ LFkku ij cgqr vf/d tfVy vkSj eSdkbcj osQ vuqlkj ,d cgqi{kh; rRo gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc ;g dgk tkrk gS fd iz/kueU=kh dh efU=ke.My ij oqQN 'kfDr;k¡ gSa rks ;g dFku iw.kZr;k fujFkZd u gksrs gq, Hkh cgqr vf/d mi;ksxh ugha gSA 'kfDr dk lgh :i tkuus osQ fy,] vusd ckrksa dk mYys[k djuk gksxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] iz/kueU=kh dh 'kfDr dk lzksr] {ks=k ,oa vk/kj D;k gS] efU=ke.My ij viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, iz/kueU=kh }kjk dkSu&dkSu ls lk/u viuk;s tkrs gSa] efU=ke.My ij mldh 'kfDr dh ek=kk fdruh gS rFkk ;g 'kfDr fdruh O;kid gSA fu"d"kZ :i esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr osQ lEcU/ esa rhu ckrsa dgh tk ldrh gSaA izFke] jktuhfrd 'kfDr /kj.k djus okyksa esa mPp&vèkhuLFk lEcU/ izdV gksuk LokHkkfod gSA f}rh;] jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx vUrrksxRok lkekU; turk ij gksrk gS vkSj mls lÙkk dk iz;ksx djus okyksa dh ckr ekuuh gksrh gSA r`rh;] jktuhfrd 'kfDr euksoKS kfud lEcU/ izdV djrh gS] u fd HkkSfrd lEcU/A 2-1 'kfÙkQ dk cy] izHkko vkSj lÙkk ls Hksn (Distinction of Power with Force, Influence and Authority) 'kfDr vkSj cy (Power and Force) lkekU;r;k 'kfDr vkSj cy dks ,d gh le> fy;k tkrk gS] fdUrq okLro esa bu nksuksa esa vUrj gSA 'kfDr cy dk i;kZ; ugha gS] D;ksafd 'kfDr izPNUu cy gS vkSj cy izdV 'kfDrA 'kfDr dh i`"BHkwfe esa cy jg ldrk gS] fdUrq og fcYoqQy vyx gSA 'kfDr vizdV rRo gS] cy izdV rRo gSA cy dk vFkZ gS 'kkfLr;ksa (Sanctions) LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 31 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV dh iz;qfDr ;k izfrcU/ksa dh O;oLFkk] ftlesa lk/kj.k tqekZus ls ysdj izk.kn.M rd 'kfey gSA bl n`f"V ls 'kfDr ,d euksHkko vFkok iw.kZ {kerk gS tks fd cy dks lEHko cukrh gSA jkWcVZ ck;lZVsM osQ vuqlkj] ¶'kfDr cy iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gS u fd mldk okLrfod iz;ksxA¸ okLro esa] cy 'kfDr dk ,d :i gS] fdUrq cy gh 'kfDr ugha gSA ck;lZVsM us 'kfDr osQ rhu :i crk;s gSa% cy] izHkko rFkk izHkqRoA cy 'kfDr osQ neu esa mlh izdkj jgrk gS] tSls ckny esa fctyh jgrh gSA tc cy ve;kZfnr rFkk y{;ghu gksrk gS] rc mls neu dgk tkrk gSA LohÑr] lhfer rFkk fu;fU=kr cy dks 'kfLr;k¡ dgk tkrk gS] bl izdkj 'kfDr cy dh rqyuk esa fuf'pr :i ls ,d O;kid rRo gSA jktuhfrd 'kfDr ,oa lSfud 'kfDr esa vUrj (Distinction between Political Power and Mili- tary Power)&;|fi jktuhfrd 'kfDr vkSj lSfud 'kfDr nksuksa O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ls 'kfDr osQ gh izdkj gSa] fdUrq bUgsa ,d gh ugha le> fy;k tkuk pkfg,A jktuhfrd 'kfDr ,d tfVy 'kCn gS ftlesa lnSo gh 'kfDr osQ vU; :i Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSa tSls /u] 'kL=k&lkexzh] ukxfjd lÙkk] er ij izHkko vkfnA lSfud 'kfDr ,d Li"V rRo gS rks lSU; cy ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA jktuhfr esa lSfud 'kfDr dk LFkku vR;Ur xkS.k jgrk gS D;ksafd 'kfDr okLrfod cy iz;ksx ugha] oju~ cy iz;ksx dh {kerk gSA eksxsZUFkkm us jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks euksoKS kfud 'kfDr ekuk gS ftlosQ vuqlkj euq"; nwljs euq"; dh fØ;kvksa rFkk efLr"dksa ij fu;U=k.k j[krk gS lSfud 'kfDr neu dk okLrfod iz;ksx gSA tc fgalk ;k neu dk okLrfod iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks mldk vFkZ gS fd lSfud ;k v¼Z&lSfud 'kfDr osQ i{k esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr us vf/R;kx (addiction) dj fn;k gS] fdUrq Mk;d lSfud 'kfDr dks Hkh jktuhfrd 'kfDr osQ vUrxZr j[kus osQ i{k esa gSA mlosQ vuqlkj la?k"kZ jktuhfr dk ewy lkj gS pkgs og 'kCnksa }kjk ;k fgalk }kjk fd;k tk;A bl n`f"V ls lSfud 'kfDr dks jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk ,d mi&foHkkx le>k tkuk pkfg,A fiQj Hkh lSfud 'kfDr jktuhfrd 'kfDr dh i`"BHkwfe esa gh jgrh gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa 'kL=kksa] fgalk ;k neu }kjk LFkkfir lqO;oLFkk vkfne&dkyhu lekt dk izrhd gS tks fdlh Hkh lH; jktuhfrd lekt osQ fy, izfr"Bk dh oLrq ugha gks ldrh gSA jktuhfrd 'kfDr euksoSKkfud izHkko] usr`Ro rFkk LosPNk tSls rRoksa ij vk/kfjr gks ldrh gSaA 'kfDr ,oa izHkko (Power and Influence) lekurk,¡µ'kfDr vkSj izHkko] ;fn oqQN vk/kjksa ij ,d&nwljs osQ leku gSa rks nwljh vkSj buesa egÙoiw.kZ vlekurk,¡ Hkh gSaA czpk'k vkSj ckjkr (Brachach and Barat) us viuh iqLrd ‘Political Power’ esa bu nksuksa esa vusd vlekurk,¡ crk;h gSaA bu ys[kdksa osQ vuqlkj 'kfDr ,oa izHkko] nksuksa gh ckSf¼d ,oa lEcU/kRed gS rFkk ,d&nwljs dks lcyrk iznku djrs gSaA nksuksa vkSfpR;iw.kZ gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ gh izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSaA izHkko 'kfDr mRiUu djrk gS rFkk 'kfDr izHkko dksA nksuksa dks ,d&nwljs dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA 'kfDr vkSj izHkko vyx&vyx O;fDr esa gks ldrs gSa vkSj 'kfDr rFkk izHkko nksuksa osQ n'kZu ,d gh O;fDr esa fd;s tk ldrs gSaA 'kfDr ,oa izHkko nksuksa izHkkfor O;fDr osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] fdUrq og O;fDr 'kfDr osQ dkj.k ifjo£rr gqvk ;k izHkko osQ dkj.k] ;g ekywe djuk dfBu gksrk gSA bldk fu.kZ; rks okLro esa Lo;a ogh dj ldrk gSA ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ fy, o¼Zudkjh Hkh gks ldrs gSaA vlekurk,¡µ'kfDr vkSj izHkko ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/r gksrs gq, Hkh buesa egÙoiw.kZ Hksn gSa% (1) 'kfDr neukRed gksrh gS vkSj mlosQ ihNs dBksj HkkSfrd cy ,oa izfrcU/ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tc 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks 'kfDr ls izHkkfor gksus okys O;fDr ;k lewg osQ ikl mls Lohdkj djus osQ vykok vkSj dbZ fodYi ugha gksrkA izHkko vuqu;kRed] LosPNkiw.kZ rFkk euksoSKkfud gksrk gSA 32 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk (2) 'kfDr izk;% 'kfDr/kjd osQ ikl ,d LorU=k rRo osQ :i esa jgrh gSA mldk iz;ksx 'kfDr/kjd nwljksa dh uksV bPNk osQ fo#¼ ,oa izfrjks/ osQ jgrs gq, dj ldrk gSA izHkko lEcU/kRed gksrk gS vkSj mldh liQyrk dk vk/kj izHkkfor O;fDr dh lgefr ;k LohÑfr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ izHkko izHkkfor O;fDr dh LosPNk ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA (3) 'kfDr dks viztkrU=kkRed ekuk tkrk gSA og izfr&'kfDr (counter-power) dks vkefU=kr djrh gS rFkk Hk; ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA blosQ fo#¼ izHkko iw.kZr;k iztkrU=kkRed ekuk tkrk gSA mldk vuqikyu LosPNk ls fd;k tkrk gSA ^izHkko* dk izHkko fopkj dh lekurkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dh le:irk osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA (4) 'kfDr vkSj 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx ij vusd lhek,¡ yxh gksrh gSaA 'kfDr fdruh gh vf/d D;ksa u gks] mls fdlh&u&fdlh rjg osQ izHkko osQ lgkjs dh vko';drk iM+rh gS vU;Fkk 'kfDr osQ nqcy Z gksrs gh ;k izfrcU/ksa osQ vHkko esa mldk vuqikyu ugha fd;k tk,xkA izHkko dh 'kfDr vlhe gksrh gS vkSj izHkko izkIr dj ysus ij mldk [kqydj ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd izHkkod vkSj izHkkfor osQ chp ,d ln~Hkkoukiw.kZ lEcU/ LFkkfir gks tkrk gS lPps :i esa izHkko izkIr gks tkus ij 'kfDr vuko';d gks tkrh gSA (5) 'kfDr dk lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr osQ ckgjh rRo osQ :i esa le>k tkuk pkfg,A mldk iz;ksx fuf'pr] lhfer vkSj fof'k"V :i ls gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA mlosQ iz;ksxdrkZ dk Lo:i izk;% lqfuf'pr gksrk gS tcfd izHkko izk;% O;fDrxr] vewrZ rFkk vLi"V gksrk gSA oqQN ,sls mnkgj.k gSa ftuesa 'kfDr vkSj izHkko ,d&nwljs ls iw.kZr;k i`Fkd~ jgrs gSaA ,d O;fDr 'kfDr j[krs gq, Hkh izHkkoghu gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 25 ekpZ] 1971 ls 16 fnlEcj] 1971 rd ;kg~; [kk¡ dh iwohZ caxky osQ lEcU/ esa ;gh fLFkfr FkhA mUgsa iwohZ caxky osQ lEcU/ esa osQoy 'kfDr izkIr Fkh] izHkko ugha nwljh vksj 'ks[k eqthcqjZgeku dks fnlEcj 1971 osQ iwoZ iwohZ caxky osQ lEcU/ esa izHkko gh izkIr Fkk] 'kfDr ;k lÙkk ughaA vr% izHkko dks 'kfDr dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh vkSj 'kfDr Hkh fcuk izHkko osQ jg ldrh gSA] ysfdu ;g fLFkfr lkèkkj.kr;k yEcs le; rd ugha jgrhA 'ks[k eqthc ftUgsa 16 fnlEcj] 1971 osQ iwoZ osQoy izHkko izkIr Fkk] mUgksaus fnlEcj 1971 esa caxykns'k osQ lEcU/ esa 'kfDr Hkh izkIr dj yhA VkLd 'kfDr vkSj cy esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk (Power and Authority) jktuhfrd laxBu mu lajpukvksa }kjk fufeZr gksrs gSa tks fd cy osQ iz;ksx dk fu;eu djrh gSa rFkk lkekftd lg;ksx vkSj usr`Ro ls lEcfU/r gksrh gSaA buesa 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA 'kfDr O;fDr;ksa] lewgksa rFkk HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ izfrjks/ osQ gksrs gq, Hkh LorU=k dk;Z djus dh {kerk dk uke gSA ;g vkns'k nsus dh {kerk gSA mls viuh bPNk dks izHkko'kkyh k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu oqQN le; iwoZ rd 'kfDr osQ fopkj dks jktuhfrd vè;;u esa mfpr LFkku izkIr FkkA izkphu dky esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk dks vlhfer ;k fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr ls lEc¼ le>k tkrk Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k blosQ izfr lUnsg mRiUu gksuk furkUr LokHkkfod FkkA orZeku le; esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk us i;kZIr egÙo vkSj yksdfiz;rk izkIr dj yh gS vkSj tktZ oSQVfyu rFkk gSjYM Mh- yklosy us bl /kj.kk ij foLrkj ls fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA yklosy orZeku ;qx dk lcls vf/d izfl¼ ,oa izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr 'kks/drkZ gSA tktZ oSQVfyu osQ fopkjµjktuhfr 'kkL=k esa tktZ oSQVfyu og izFke O;fDr Fkk] ftlus 'kfDr dks osQUnzfcUnq cukdj O;ofLFkr fl¼kUr vFkok ladYiukRed lajpuk dk fodkl fd;kA tktZ oSQVfyu us 'kfDr dks jktuhfrd 36 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk thou dk izkFkfed rRo ekuk gSA oSQVfyu osQ vuqlkj izR;sd O;fDr esa viuh dkeukvksa dks iwjk djus dh bPNk uksV gksrh gS vkSj ;gh bPNk mlosQ leLr dk;ks± dk vk/kj gSA viuh bPNk ykxw djus osQ fy, vU; yksxksa dh bPNkvksa dks fu;fU=kr djuk vko';d gks tkrk gS vkSj O;fDr tc bl fn'kk esa ps"Vk djrk gS] rHkh 'kfDr ;k la?k"kZ osQ rRo dk mn; gks tkrk gSA 'kfDr dk vè;;u iw.kZ:i ls ;g Li"V ugha djrk fd ljdkj lekt dks fdl izdkj fu;fU=kr djrh gS vFkok O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk oSQls djrh gS] oju~ blosQ }kjk bl O;kid leL;k ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS fd ,d O;fDr ;k lewg nwljksa dh bPNkvksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gSA oSQVfyu dk fopkj gS fd ¶bPNkvksa osQ la?k"kZ dks jktuhfr foKku dk vk/kj cuk;k tk, rks jktuhfr foKku dh 'ks"k fo"k;&oLrq Lo;a gh Li"V gks tk;sxhA¸ yklosy osQ fopkj&'kfDr dh vo/kj.kk dk lcls foLr`r fo'ys"k.k gesa yklosy vkSj oSQiyku dh jpukvksa esa feyrk gSA ;|fi oSQVfyu vkSj yklosy nksuksa gh fopkjd 'kfDr ij ”kksj nsus osQ lEcU/ esa ,der gSa] ysfdu yklosy us jktuhfr osQ vè;;u dks oSQVfyu dh vis{kk oqQN O;kid n`f"V ls ns[kk gS vkSj blfy, muosQ fu"d"kZ Hkh fHkUu izdkj osQ gSaA yklosy dk fopkj gS fd jktuhfr foKku ewy :i ls ,d 'kfDr izfØ;k ugha gS] oju~ ;g lekt osQ ewY;ksa dh fLFkfr ,oa cukoV esa ifjorZu dk vè;;u gS] vr% jktuhfr foKku esa 'kfDr ,oa ewY; nksuksa dk gh vè;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj bu nksuksa dh ijLij&fuHkZjrk dks Hkh Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus viuh iqLrd ^dkSu] dc] D;k] oSQls izkIr djrk gS*(Who gets, What, When and How) esa Li"V fd;k gS fd mPp jktuhfrd oxZ osQ ikl tks 'kfDr gksrh gS] mldk lzksr D;k gksrk gS\ ;g iqLrd eq[; :i ls mu lk/uksa dk o.kZu djrh gS] ftlosQ ekè;e ls mPp oxZ osQ yksx 'kfDr osQ in ij igq¡prs gSa vkSj dk;e jgrs gSa rFkk viuh lqj{kk] vk; vkSj vknj dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ;fn ge jktuhfrd fopkj dks cnyrs gq, ewY;ksa osQ :i dk vè;;u ekusa rks yklosy dh ;g iqLrd lEiw.kZ izfØ;k osQ osQoy ,d NksVs Hkkx ek=k dks vfHkO;Dr djus okyh le>h tk;sxhA vusd fopkjdksa us yklosy dh /kj.kk dks ,d ladh.kZ fopkj/kjk ekuk gS] D;ksafd buosQ vkèkkj ij yklosy us jktuhfr foKku dh lEiw.kZ fo"k;&oLrq dks 'kfDr osQ fy, la?k"kZ eku fy;k gSA blosQ ckn yklosy dh ,d vU; iqLrd ^'kfDr vkSj lekt * (Power and Society) izdkf'kr gqbZ vkSj bl iqLrd esa mUgksaus ewY;ksa osQ forj.k dks Hkh jktuhfrd foKku osQ vè;;u esa lfEefyr dj fy;kA Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment) cgq&fodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)µ 1- ^'kfDr fufnZ"V izHkkoksa dh mRifÙk gS* bl dFku osQ ys[kd gSa% ( v)yklosy (c) cVsZª.M jlsy (l) ykLdh (n) IysVks 2- ck;lZVsM us 'kfDr osQ izdkj cryk, gSa% ( v)rhu (c) pkj (l) ik¡p (n) N% 3- vuqikyuk dh izR;k'kk vkSj bPNk gksrh gS% ( v)lÙkk esa (c) LorU=krk esa (l) lekurk esa (n) U;k; esa LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 37 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV 2-2 lÙkk] oS/rk vkSj izHkko (Authority, Legitimacy and Influence) ¶lÙkk 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx dk laLFkkRed vf/dkj gS] og Lo;a 'kfDr ugha gSA¸ µck;lZVsM jktuhfr esa lÙkk dh Hkwfedk lÙkk dks jkt O;oLFkk :ih ^'kjhj dh vkRek* dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g 'kfDr] izHkko vkSj usr`Ro dk ewy midj.k gS vkSj uhfr fuek.kZ] leUo;] vuq'kklu vkSj izR;k;kstu (delegation) vkfn jktuhfrd izfØ;k,¡ lÙkk osQ vk/kj ij gh lEHko gksrh gSaA vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd nksuksa gh izdkj osQ laxBuksa esa lÙkk dks egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr izkIr gksrh gS vkSj jktuhfrd thou esa lÙkk dh vogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA dksbZ O;fDr ;k O;fDr&lewg fcuk vkSipkfjd lÙkk osQ gksrs gq, Hkh ,d fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa lÙkk /kj.k fd;s jg ldrk gSA yksdrU=k esa lÙkk dk v/huLFkksa vFkkZr~ turk osQ }kjk LohÑr fd;k tkuk egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA jkt O;oLFkkvksa ,oa jktuhfr esa lÙkk dh ek=kk dks crk ;k le> ldrk gks] (ii) vius fu'p; djus osQ le; mldk ;g fo'okl gks fd vkns'k laxBu osQ mís';ksa osQ lkFk vlaxr ugha gS] (iii) fu.kZ; ysus osQ le; esa og ;g lksprk gks fd ,d lexzrk osQ :i esa lEcfU/r vkns'k mlosQ O;fDrxr fgrksa osQ vuqowQy gS rFkk (iv) og ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls ml vkns'k osQ vuqikyu dh {kerk j[krk gksA oLrqr% lÙkk dh izÑfr osQ lEcU/ esa izfrikfnr bu nksuksa gh fl¼kUrksa dh viuh nqcZyrk,¡ gSa vkSj bUgsa vfroknh dgk tk ldrk gSA bu nksuksa fl¼kUrksa dh lR;rkvksa dks xzg.k djrs gq, ,d lUrqfyr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gqvk gS] ftlosQ vUrxZr lÙkk dh vo/kj.kk esa laLFkkÑr vkSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr vkSj v/huLFkksa dh LohÑfr nksuksa dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku iznku fd;k x;k gSA ;gh mfpr n`f"Vdks.k gS vkSj jktuhfr foKku esa lkekU;r;k blh dks viuk;k x;k gSA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 39 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV lÙkk osQ lzksr ;k lÙkk osQ izdkj lÙkk dh vo/kj.kk dh foospuk lqdjkr] IysVks] vkWxLVkbu vkfn osQ le; ls gksrh jgh gS] fdUrq bldh foLr`r foospuk chloha lnh esa jktuhfrd vkSj lekt'kkL=kh; fo'ys"kd eSDl oscj }kjk izLrqr dh x;h gSA lÙkk ,oa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ijLij ?kfu"B lEcU/ gS vkSj eSDl oscj us bl lEcU/ dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, vkSfpR;iw.kZ osQ vk/kj ij lÙkk osQ lzksrksa ,oa izdkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA mlosQ vuqlkj vius lzksr osQ vk/kj ij lÙkk rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS% 1- ijEijkxr (Traditional)&tc iztk ;k v/huLFk ofj"B vf/dkfj;ksa osQ vkns'kksa dks bl vk/kj ij Lohdkj djrs gSa fd ,slk lnSo ls gksrk vk;k gS] rks lÙkk dk ;g izdkj ijEijkxr dgk tk;xkA bl izdkj ijEijkxr lÙkk dk vfHkizk; 'kklu osQ ml vf/dkj ls gS tks jktuhfrd 'kfDr ls vuojr iz;ksx ls mHkjrk gSA bl izdkj dh lÙkk esa ^izR;k;kstu* (delegation) ek=k vLFkk;h :i ls fd;k tkrk vkSj iw.kZ :i ls loksZPp lÙkk/kjh dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA v/huLFk lsod le>s tkrs gSa vkSj os vkKkikyu ijEijkvksa osQ izrhd fo'ks"k O;fDr osQ dkj.k djrs gSa] tSls] jktrU=k esa jktkA 2- ckSf¼d dkuwuh ;k oS/kfud ukSdj'kkgh lÙkk (Rational Legal or Legal Bureaucratic Authority)&tc v/huLFk fdlh fu;e dks bl vk/kj ij Lohdkj djrs gSa fd og fu;e mu mPpLrjh; vewrZ fu;eksa osQ lEer gS ftls os vkSfpR;iw.kZ le>rs gSa] rc bl fLFkfr esa lÙkk dks ckSf¼d&dkuwuh ekuk tkrk gSA ;g lÙkk laoS/kfud fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr /kj.k fd;s x;s in ls izkIr gksrh gSA vesfjdk esa tc jk"Vªifr in dk dksbZ mEehnokj fuokZpd e.My dk cgqer izkIr dj ysrk gS vFkok tc Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk osQ cgqer lnL; fdlh dks Hkh viuk usrk fuokZfpr dj mls iz/kueU=kh in ij izfrf"Br dj nsrs gSa_ rc ;g lÙkk dk ckSf¼d&rkfdZd vk/kj gh gksrk gSA blesa lÙkk dk izR;k;kstu ckSf¼d vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gS vkSj deZpkjhx.k oS/kfud :i ls LFkkfir fuoSZ;fDrd vkns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij vkKkikyu djrs gSaA lÙkk dk ;g :i vk/qfud ukSdj'kkgh dks vius fo'kq¼ :i esa izdV djrk gSA 3- dfj'ekRed lÙkk (Charismatic Authority)&tc v/huLFk ofj"B lÙkk/kjh osQ vkns'kksa dks bl vk/kj ij U;k;laxr ekurs gSa fd mu ij lÙkk/kjh dk O;fDrxr izHkko gS] rc bls dfj'ekRed lÙkk dgrs gSaA bl lÙkk dh fLFkfr esa izk;% dksbZ izR;k;kstu ugh gksrk vkSj v/huLFk deZpkjh lÙkk/kjh osQ O;fDrxr lsod osQ :i esa vkpj.k djrss gSaA v/huLFk vuq;k;h gksrs gSa vkSj vius fiz; usrk osQ dfj'ekrh ,oa vkn'kZoknh O;fDrÙo osQ dkj.k mlosQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA Li"Vr;k eSDl oscj osQoy vkSfpR;iw.kZ lÙkk dk fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djrk gSA eSDl oscj crykrk gS fd ckSf¼d&dkuwuh lÙkk de”kksj ,oa Hkatu'khy gksrh gS] vr% mls lcyrk iznku djus osQ fy, mlesa ijEijkxr ,oa dfj'ekrh rRoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A laxBukRed lÙkk osQ fofHkUu izfreku (eSDl oscj osQ vk/kj ij) lÙkk dk izdkj deZpkjh oxZ dk lÙkk iz;ksx dh ftlosQ izfr deZpkjh laxBukRed izdkj izdkjkRed fof/ oxZ vkKkikyd gSA ijEijkxr lsod rnFkZ izR;k;kstu usrk dk O;fDrRo vkSj ijEijk ckSf¼d&dkuwuh C;wjks@foHkkx ckSf¼d izR;k;kstu dkuwuh :i ls LFkkfir O;fDrxr O;oLFkk dfj'ekRed O;fDrxr deZpkjh izR;{k izR;k;kstu usrk dk vkn'khZÑr vkSj lsod ugha peRdkfjd O;fDrRo 40 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk laLFkkRed 'kfDr dh n`f"V ls lÙkk dk fofHkUu izdkj ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl lÙkk osQ vk/kj ij O;kid uksV lUnHkZ esa lÙkk osQ vkSj Hkh izdkj gks ldrs gSa% (i) {ks=kh;rk dh n`f"V ls jk"Vªh;] izkUrh; vkSj LFkkuh;] (ii) vis{kkÑr O;kid lUnHkZ dh n`f"V ls jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh;] (iii) laoS/kfud n`f"V ls lafo/ku ls izkIr vFkok lk/kj.k dkuwuksa ls izkIr] (iv) ljdkj osQ ijEijkxr vaxksa osQ vk/kj ij dk;Zikfydk O;oLFkkfidk ,oa U;k;ikfydk lEcU/h] (v) jktuhfrd n`f"V ls jktuhfrd rFkk iz'kklfud] (vi) fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh n`f"V ls lÙkk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kfeZd] rduhdh vkfn gks ldrh gSA lÙkk osQ ;s fofHkUu :i lÙkk&iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls gh cryk;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj lÙkk osQ bu rFkkdfFkr :iksa esa ijLij dksbZ ewy vUrj ugha gSA lÙkk osQ vk/kj lÙkk ,d ,slk LorU=k ifjoR;Z gS ftldk 'kfDr] izHkko vkfn ls ?kfu"B lEcU/ gksrk gSA lÙkk osQ vusd lzksr ,oa vk/kj gksrs gSaA lÙkk dk ewy vk/kj rks vkSfpR;iw.kZrk gh gS D;ksafd lÙkk osQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu lÙkk/kjh vkSj v/huLFk osQ chp ewY;ksa dh lekurk osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr fo'okl] fopkjksa dh ,d:irk] fofHkUu n.M fo/ku] v/huLFkksa dh izÑfr] i;kZoj.kkRed ncko vkfn Hkh lÙkk osQ vkèkkj :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA i;kZoj.kkRed ncko vkUrfjd vkSj ckgjh nksuksa gh :iksa esa gkssrs gSaA jkt O;oLFkkvksa esa vkUrfjd ncko vkUrfjd jktuhfrd lajpukvksa tSls] lafo/ku] iz'kklfud laxBu] inkuqØe esa vk;ksftr fofHkUu inksa rFkk bu inkf/dkfj;ksa osQ vf/dkj rFkk 'kfDr;ksa osQ :i esa gksrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr lÙkk/kjh dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk vkSj oS;fDrd xq.k Hkh lÙkk osQ vk/kj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA vius jkT; dk HkyhHkk¡fr vfLrRo cuk;s j[kus dh bPNk] ckgjh ncko osQ :i esa lÙkk osQ vk/kj dk dk;Z djrh gSA lÙkk dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy, v/huLFk osQ ikl ,d ^rVLFkrk dk {ks=k* (Zone of indifference) gksrk gS ftlosQ vUrxZr vkus okys ekeyksa esa og lÙkk osQ vkns'kksa dks vk¡[k ehapdj Lohdkj djrk gSA LohÑfr dk {ks=k lhfer gksrk gS rFkk ?kVrk&cko vkSj vkns'kksa dks vf/d egÙo nsrk gS tks mlosQ lkFk fopkjksa vkSj vkn'kks± dh ,d:irk j[krs gSaA lÙkk ikyu osQ izlax esa ,d:irk osQ egÙo dks Lohdkj djrs gq, gh jkt O;oLFkk,a mnkjokn] lkE;okn ;k iQklhokn esa ls vius vuqowQy fdlh fopkj/kjk dk izfriknu djrh gSa rFkk jktuhfrd usr`Ro v/huLFkksa ,oa lkekU; ukxfjdksa dks vius vuqowQy kSrs dh LohÑfr gSA blosQ vR;Ur vkjfEHkd :i ls ;g yksxksa dk ,d ,slk le>kSrk gS ftlosQ v/hu yksx thfor jgus vkSj cUnhx`g ls ckgj jgus ds cnys ljdkj osQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk vkSj dj nsuk Lohdkj djrs gSaA¸ vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ ml lgefr ;k Loho`Qfr ls gS tks yksxksa }kjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ lEcU/ esa nh tkrh gSA ;fn fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k fdlh laLFkk dks yksxksa dh ,slh Loho`Qfr izkIr ugha gksrh] rks ml O;oLFkk esa oS/rk dh deh gks tkrh gS vkSj ,slh O;oLFkk vf/dka'k le; rd vfLrRo esa ugha jg ldrhA 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx ls ;k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus dh /edh ls izkIr dh x;h yksxksa dh Loho`Qfr fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k laLFkk dks oS/rk iznku ugha dj ldrhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yksxksa dh ;g Loho`Qfr muosQ bl fo'okl ij vk/kfjr gksuh pkfg, fd og jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vU; O;oLFkkvksa dh vis{kk vf/d mfpr ,oa lehphu gS] ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk yksxksa osQ ekufld ewY;ksa osQ vuqlkj gS vkSj ml jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ }kjk yksxksa dh mfpr vko';drk,¡ oS/ :i esa iw.kZ gksrh gSaA ;fn fdlh Hk; ;k ykylk osQ dkj.k yksx jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k vU; laLFkkvksa osQ izfr lgefr O;Dr djrs gSa rks ge ;g ugha dg ldrs fd ml O;oLFkk dks oS/rk ;k vkSfpR;iw.kZrk izkIr gSA lk/kj.k 'kCnksa esa] vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk lzksr Hk; ;k izyksHku osQ vk/kj ij izkIr dh x;h yksxksa dh Loho`Qfr ugha_ vfirq muosQ ^fo'oklksa ,oa ewY;ksa* (Beliefs and Values) ij vk/kfjr ,sfPNd Loho`Qfr gSA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Legitimacy) oS/rk ;k vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dksbZ HkkSfrd oLrq ugha gS ftlosQ dksbZ fuf'pr fu/kZjd rRo ;k fuekZ.kdkjh rRo cryk;s tk losaQ_ vfirq ;g rks ,d /kj.kk gS] jktuhfrd thou dh ,d fLFkfr gS ftldh viuh oqQN fo'ks"krk,¡ cryk;h tk ldrh gSaA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk Lrj vkSj izHkko fo'o osQ leLr ns'kksa esa ,d tSlk ugha gks ldrk_ vfirq ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ lEcfU/r ns'k osQ yksxksa osQ ekufld Lrj] jktuhfrd ewY;&fo'okl vkSj vknrsa rFkk mudh jktuhfrd psruk dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 45 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV vkSfpR;iw.kZ dh oqQN eq[; vkSj lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vUrxZr cryk;h tk ldrh gSa % 1- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh /kj.kk esa ,d fo'ks"k fo'okl fodflr djus dh O;oLFkk dh {kerk lfEefyr gS% fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk vkSfpR; bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ogk¡ osQ yksx vius fo'oklksa osQ vk/kj ij ml iz.kkyh dks fdl lhek rd oS/ le>rs gSaA ;fn oqQN O;fDr;ksa us vius laoqQfpr fgrksa dks lkeus j[kdj jDr ozQkfUr ;k vU; fdlh voS/kfud lk/u }kjk 'kklu 'kfDr dks vius gkFk esa ys fy;k gS] rks ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh 'kfDr dks yksxksa dh LokHkkfod Loho`Qfr izkIr ugha gks ldrhA ijUrq lEHko gS fd oqQN le; i'pkr~ yksx ;g Lohdkj djus yxsa fd u;h ljdkj muosQ fgrksa osQ vuqowQy gSA ;fn yksxksa esa ,slk fo'okl mRiUu gks tk;s rks ml jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks oS/rk izkIr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh /kj.kk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ;g ;ksX;rk lfEefyr gS fd og yksxksa esa bl fo'okl dks mRiUu djsa vkSj cuk;s j[ksa fd ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vkSj mlosQ vUrxZr LFkkfir dh x;h laLFkk,¡ muosQ fgrksa dh n`f"V ls lokZf/d mi;qDr gSaA 2- vkSfpR; dh /kj.kk osQ lkFk izHkkodrk dh /kj.kk lEc¼ gS&izks- fyilsV dk dFku gS fd fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk vkSj mldh oS/rk] mldh izHkkodrk ij fuHkZj gSA fdlh O;oLFkk dks oS/rk rHkh izkIr gks ldrh gS tcfd mlus oqQN lhek rd izHkkodrk izkIr dj yh gSA oS/rk dh fLFkfr izkIr djus osQ fy, t:jh gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQoy dgus Hkj osQ fy, gh ugha gks] oju~ mlosQ }kjk ukxfjdksa osQ thou ij vko';d izHkkoh fu;U=k.k j[kk tk losQA ^lTtu dh j{kk vkSj fgr o`f¼ rFkk nqtZu dks n.M* dkSfVY; osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk vko';d dk;Z gS vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks oS/rk rHkh izkIr gksrh gS tcfd mlosQ }kjk izHkko'kkyh :i esa bl dk;Z dks lEiUu fd;k tk,A 3- fdlh O;oLFkk dk vkSfpR; lEcfU/r yksxksa osQ ewY;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS% fdlh O;oLFkk dks yksxksa dh LokHkkfod ;k ,sfPNd lgefr_ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] oS/rk rHkh izkIr gksrh gS tcfd og ns'k dh loZlkekU; turk osQ ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa ij vk/kfjr gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn fdlh ns'k esa yksdrU=k dh tM+sa xgjh teh gqbZ gSa rks ,slh ljdkj dks oS/rk dh fLFkfr izkIr gksuk cgqr vf/d dfBu gks tkrk gS ftlus xSj&yksdrkfU=kd vkSj xSj&laoS/kfud rjhdksa ls lÙkk izkIr dh gksA 4- oS/rk 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa ifjofrZr djus dk xq.k gS% ,d jktuhfrd dgkor gS] ^mfpr 'kfDr gh lÙkk gksrh gS* (Legitimate Power is Authority), bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd 'kfDr dks lÙkk dh fLFkfr rHkh izkIr gksrh gS tcfd mlus tulkekU; dh n`f"V esa oS/rk dks izkIr dj fy;k gksA ;fn fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk osQ ikl 'kfDr dk vfLrRo gS vkSj mlosQ }kjk ncko ;k Hk; osQ vk/kj ij vius vkns'kksa dk ikyu djok;k tkrk gS rks bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd og O;fDr ;k laLFkk osQoy 'kfDr&lEiUu gS] lÙkk&lEiUu ughaA ;fn 'kfDr yksxksa dh foosd;qDr dlkSVh ij iwjh ugha mrjrh] rks mls lÙkk dk uke ugha fn;k tk ldrkA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd oS/rk gh ,d ,slk xq.k gs tks 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa ifj.kr djrk gSA 5- oS/rk fo'kky lkekftd Loho`Qfr ij vk/kfjr% fdlh O;oLFkk dh oS/rk oqQN&,d fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa dh lgefr ij ugha] oju~ fo'kky lkekftd lgefr ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;g fo'kky lgefr ;k Loho`Qfr fdlh ckgjh ncko ;k izHkko osQ dkj.k ugha gksuh pkfg,] oju~ bldk vk/kj lEcfU/r yksxksa dh foosd'khyrk vkSj muosQ vius fo'okl ;k fopkj gksus pkfg,A bl izdkj oS/rk oqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa ;k osQoy vfHktu ij fuHkZj ugha djrh] oju~ fo'kky lkekftd Loho`Qfr ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA oS/rk dh /kj.kk ewyr% ml ;ksX;rk ij vk/kfjr gS ftl ;ksX;rk }kjk yksxksa dks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ vPNs gksus osQ izfr fo'okl djok;k tk ldrk gSA oS/rk dh /kj.kk eq[;r;k fo'kky lkekftd Loho`Qfr ij vk/kfjr 46 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—2: 'kfDr ,oa lÙkk gS vkSj oS/rk og xq.k gS tks 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA fdlh O;oLFkk dh oS/rk bl ckr ij fuHkZj uksV djrh gS fd mldh dk;Ziz.kkyh vkSj Lo:i lEc¼ yksxksa osQ ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa osQ vuqowQy gksus pkfg,A bl lEcU/ esa izks- fyilsV fy[krs gSa fd ¶lewg jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks oS/ ;k voS/ bl vk/kj ij le>rs gSa fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ ewY;ksa dk muosQ vius ewY;ksa ls lkeatL; gS vFkok ugha¸ 2-3-1 izHkko (Influence) izHkko dk egÙo jkWcVZ Mgy osQ vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa 'kfDr vkSj izHkko osQUnzh; vo/kj.kk,¡ gSa u osQoy fozQ;kRed jktuhfr oju~ lkekU; lkekftd thou esa Hkh izHkko cgqr vf/d egÙoiw.kZ rRo gSA O;kogkfjd thou dk ,d rF; ;g gS fd ekuo dh lakLo`Qfrd izxfr osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kfDr dh rqyuk esa izHkko dk egÙo fujUrj ck tk losQA ekuo&lekt vusd Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA ftl Hkkx dks ,d i`Fko~Q lqlaxfBr leqnk; le>k tk losQ] ogh ,d i`Fko~Q jkT; gSA bl n`f"V ls izQkal] phu] Hkkjr vkfn ekuo&lekt osQ ,sls fof'k"V Hkkx gSa] ftUgsa i`Fko~Q :i ls laxfBr bdkbZ le>k tk ldrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ mPpre U;k;ky; us ,d eqdnes dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, jkT; dk y{k.k bl izdkj fd;k Fkkµ¶jkT; LorU=k euq";ksa osQ ,sls leqnk; dk uke gS] tks bl mís'; ls laxfBr gks fd lcdk fgr lEikfnr gks losQ] tks oqQN mu euq";ksa dk viuk gS] mldk os 'kkfUriwoZd miHkksx dj losaQ vkSj nwljksa osQ izfr U;k; dj losaQA¸ ,d vU; volj ij vesfjdk osQ mPpre U;k;ky; us jkT; dk y{k.k oqQN fHkUu izdkj ls fd;k Fkkµ¶jkT; LorU=k euq";ksa osQ ,sls jktuhfrd leqnk; dks dgrs gSa] tks fdlh ,sls izns'k esa clk gqvk gks] ftldh lhek,a fuf'pr gksa vkSj ftldk laxBu fdlh ,slh ljdkj osQ v/hu gks] ftldh LFkkiuk 'kkflr yksxksa dh vuqefr }kjk gqbZ gks vkSj ftldh 'kfDr ,d fyf[kr lafo/ku }kjk e;kZfnr gksrh gksA¸ bl y{k.k ls jkT; dk Lo:i HkyhHkkafr Li"V gks tkrk gS] ;|fi blosQ vuqlkj mu jkT;ksa dks ^jkT;* ugha dgk tk losQxk] ftuesa fdlh ,drU=k LosPNkpkjh jktk dk 'kklu gks ;k ftudk dksbZ fuf'pr o fyf[kr lafo/ku u gksA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa vktdy tSlh ljdkj gS vkSj ogk¡ lafo/ku dk tks :i gS] mldk bl y{k.k ij izHkko Li"V gSA lEHkor%] lalkj osQ vusd iqjkru o orZeku jkT;ksa ij ;g y{k.k ykxw ugha gks losQxkA fiQfyeksj us jkT; dk tks y{k.k fd;k gS] ;g lEHkor% jkT; osQ Lo:i dks vf/d Li"V djrk gSA mlosQ vuqlkj] ¶jkT; euq";ksa dk og leqnk; gS tks fd fuf'pr izns'k o Hkwfe[kaM ij LFkk;h :i esa clk gqvk gks vkSj tks ,d dkuwu] ,d vH;kl vkSj ,d jhfr&fjokt }kjk ,d lqn`rs gksaA (3) ;g leqnk; iw.kZ&izHkqRo&lEiUu gks] fdlh cká 'kfDr o lÙkk dk bl ij fu;U=k.k u gks vkSj (4) blesa ,d ,slh ljdkj fo|eku gks] ftlosQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu bl Hkw[kaM osQ lc fuoklh djrs gksa vkSj ;g laLdkj ml jkT; osQ mís';ksa dks iwjk djus dk lk/u :i gksA jkT;fo'ks"k vkSj jkT;lkekU;µij ;gka ;g è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s fd jktuhfrd 'kkL=k dk izfrik| fo"k; tks jkT; gS] og dksbZ jkT;fo'ks"k ugha gS] vfirq jkT; lkekU; gSA phu] Hkkjr] izQkal vkfn jkT;fo'ks"k gSA iqjkru dky esa ,FksUl] LikVkZ] jkse] ex/] dks'ky] ofTt vkfn tks jkT; Fks] os Hkh jkT;fo'ks"k FksA jktuhfr'kkL=k esa bu fof'k"V jkT;ksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tkrk] ;|fi bu jkT;ksa osQ mnkgj.k ls fo"k; dks lee>us esa lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA bfrgkl osQ izkphu] eè;dkyhu o vk/qfud dkyksa osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa tks jkT;Ro leku :i ls gS] ogh jktuhfr'kkL=k dk izfrik| fo"k; gSA ml ^jkT;* dk D;k Lo:i gS] mlosQ D;k vax gSa] mldk D;k è;s; gS] mldh mRifÙk fdl izdkj gqbZµblh izdkj osQ iz'uksa ij] gesa fopkj djuk gSA izQkal o Hkkjr ln`'k jkT;fo'ks"k dh mRifÙk fdl izdkj gqb]Z mldk Lo:i o è;s; D;k gSµbu iz'uksa ij gesa fopkj ugha djuk gSA vkn'kZ jkT; vkSj okLrfod jkT;µoqQN fopkjdksa us vkn'kZ jkT; vkSj okLrfod jkT; esa Hkh Hksn djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA jkT; gekjs lEeq[k ,d vkn'kZ dk fp=k mifLFkr djrk gSA jkT; dk fujUrj fodkl gks jgk gSA ekuo&bfrgkl osQ izHkkrdky esa tks NksVs&NksVs o vO;ofLFkr jkT; Fks] mudk LFkku vc ,sls fo'kky o lqO;ofLFkr jkT;ksa us ys fy;k gS] ftuesa fo'kky turk dk fuokl gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd Hkfo"; esa ^jkT;* fo'oO;kih gks tk;s] lEiw.kZ ekuo&lekt ,d ^leqnk;* ls laxfBr gks tk;s_ jkT; dh turk dk vfHkizk; lEiw.kZ 58 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—3: jkT; ekuo&lekt ,d ^leqnk;* ls laxfBr gks tk;s_ jkT; dh turk dk vfHkizk; laiw.kZ euq"; tkfr vkSj jkT; dh uksV Hkwfe dk vfHkizk; laiw.kZ i`Foh gks tk;sA vk/qfud ;qx dh varjkZ"Vªh; gesa blh vksj ys tk jgh gSA ftl le; ;g vkn'kZ fØ;k esa ifj.kr gks tk,xk] rHkh jkT; dk pje mRd"kZ laHko gksxkA ge dgrs gSa] jkT; ekuo leqnk; dk loksPZ p :i gS_ ij jkT; ekuo leqnk; dk mRÑ"Vre :i rHkh cusxk] tc laiw.kZ euq"; tkfr ,d jkT; esa laxfBr gks tk;xhA rHkh jkT; ml iz;kstu dh iwfrZ dj losQxk] ftlosQ fy, euq";ksa us lewg esa jguk izkjaHk fd;k Fkk vkSj ftlosQ dkj.k mls ^lkekftd izk.kh* dgk tkrk gSA ij jkT; dk ;g vkn'kZ vHkh okLrfodrk ls cgwr nwj gSA vHkh rks jkT; mlh ekuo leqnk; dk uke gS] tks fdlh fuf'pr izns'k ij clk gqvk gS vkSj tks loksZifj lÙkk j[krs gq, ,d ,slh 'kfDr osQ :i esa laxfBr gS] ftlosQ vkns'kksas dk ikyu ml izns'k osQ lc fuoklh djrs gSaA Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment) fjDr LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the blanks)µ 1- :l dh Økafr lu~ --------- esa gqbZ FkhA 2- ,d le; teZuh esa fgVyj vkSj bVyh esa --------- dh lÙkk dkfct FkhA 3- --------- euq";ksa dk ,d ,slk leqnk; gS] tks lk/kj.kr;k fdlh fuf'pr izns'k ij --------- :i ls clk gksA 3.1.1 jkT; osQ vko';d rRo (Important Elements of State) jkT; osQ Lo:i dks HkyhHkk¡fr Li"V djus osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd ge turk] Hkwfe] ljdkj vkSj loksZifjrkµjkT; osQ bu pkjksa rRoksa ij fo'kn :i ls izdk'k MkysaA (1) turkµjkT; dk iz/ku rRo turk gSA turk osQ ,d leqnk; fo'ks"k dk uke gh jkT; gSA ;fn turk u gks] rks jkT; dh dYiuk Hkh laHko ughaA ftl izdkj feV~Vh osQ fcuk ?kV o lwr osQ fcuk oL=k dk fuekZ.k djuk laHko ugha gS] oSls gh turk osQ fcuk jkT; dh lÙkk laHko ugha gSA turk tSlh gksxh] jkT; Hkh oSlk gh gksxkA turk osQ Lo:i ij gh jkT; dk Lo:i fuHkZj gSA ;fn fdlh jkT; dh turk ifjJeh] R;kx'khy o ekr`Hkwfe ls izse djus okyh gks] rks og jkT; fujUrj mUufr djsxkA blosQ foijhr ;fn fdlh jkT; dh turk vkylh] LokFkhZ vkSj ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr mis{kko`fÙk j[kus okyh gks] rks og jkT; v/ksxfr dks gh izkIr gksxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd turk dks lqf'kf{kr] ifjJeh] fou;lEiUu vkSj fu;fU=kr djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk mfpr gSA tgk¡ jkT; osQ fy;s turk dk ;ksX;] xq.kh o leFkZ gksuk vko';d gS] ogk¡ lkFk gh turk dk cgqla[;d (U;wejl) gksuk Hkh mi;ksxh gSA :l vkSj vesfjdk tSls fo'kky jkT;ksa esa djksM+ksa dh la[;k esa euq"; fuokl djrs gSaA csfYt;e o viQxkfuLrku tSls NksVs jkT;ksa dh tula[;k vis{kkÑr cgqr de gSA ;g LokHkkfod gS fd vesfjdk vkSj :l dh 'kfDr csfYt;e o viQxkfuLrku osQ eqdkcys esa cgqr vf/d gksA phu vkSj Hkkjr tSls jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr dk ,d cM+k dkj.k ogk¡ dh turk dk cgqla[;d gksuk gh gSA fo'kky tula[;k u osQoy lSU;'kfDr esa lgk;d gksrh gSa] vfirq Ñf"k] O;olk; vkfn dh mUufr Hkh tula[;k dh izpqjrk ij gh vkfJr gksrh gSA jktuhfr'kkL=k osQ vusd if.Mr bl ckr ij fopkj djrs jgs gSa fd jkT; esa turk dh la[;k fdruh gksA izfl¼ xzhd fo}ku IysVks dk ;g er Fkk fd vkn'kZ jkT; og gS] ftlosQ ukxfjdksa dh tula[;k 5040 gksA xzhd fopkjdksa osQ vuqlkj] jkT; bruk NksVk ugha gksuk pkfg;s fd vU; jkT; mls lqxerk ls ijkLr dj losaQA lkFk gh] jkT; LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 59 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV bruk cM+k Hkh ugha gksuk pkfg;s fd mldk HkyhHkkafr lq'kklu dj lduk dfBu gks tk;A jkT;s dk ogh vkdkj mfpr gS] ftlesa fd og vkRefuHkZj jg losQ] 'k=kqvksa ls viuh j{kk dj losQ vkSj mldk 'kklu Hkh lqpk# :i ls laHko gksA bUgha ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj IysVks us jkT; osQ ukxfjdksa dh vkn'kZ tula[;k 5040 fu;r dh FkhA vjLrq Hkh bl fo"k; esa IysVks dk gh vuq;k;h Fkk vkSj mldk fopkj Fkk fd fdlh jkT; osQ fy;s nl gtkj uxkfjd gksuk Hkh vR;f/d gh gS] izkphu xzhl esa cgqr&ls NksVs&NksVs uxj jkT; FksA mudk foLrkj izk;% oqQN lkS oxZ ehyksa ls vf/d ugha gksrk FkkA budh vkcknh Hkh oqQN gtkj rd gh lhfer gksrh FkhA bu jkT;ksa dk 'kklu izk;% yksdra=k gksrk FkkA ml ;qx esa izfrfuf/ pquus dk fjokt ugha FkkA lc ukxfjd yksdlHkk esa ,d=k gksdj jkT;&laca/h ekeyksa dk fu.kZ; fd;k djrs FksA bl n'kk esa IysVks vkSj vjLrq tSls fopkjdksa osQ fy;s ;g mfpr gh Fkk] fd os vkn'kZ jkT; osQ ukxfjdksa dh la[;k dks ikap gtkj osQ yxHkx j[kasaA ;fn fdlh jkT; dh tula[;k vf/d gksxh] rks mlosQ ukxfjdksa osQ fy;s ;g mfpr gh Fkk] fd os vkn'kZ jkT; osQ ukxfjdksa dh la[;k dks ik¡p gtkj osQ yxHkx j[ksaA ;fn fdlh jkT; dh tula[;k vf/d gksxh] rks mlosQ ukxfjdksas osQ fy;s yksdlHkk esa ,d=k gksdj jkT; dk;Z dk lapkyu djuk dfBu gksxk vkSj mldk 'kklu Bhd rjg ls ugha gks losQxkA jkse osQ bfrgkl esa ge ns[krs gSa fd ukxfjdksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d chy] ioZr vkfn gksa] os lc Hkwfe osQ vUrxZr ekus tkrs gSaA ;fn jkT; ls feyk gqvk dksbZ leqnz gks] rks LFky ls 12 ehy nwj rd dk leqnz Hkh jkT; esa lfEefyr le>k tkrk gSA tehu osQ mQij tks ok;qeaMy gS] og Hkh jkT; dh Hkwfe osQ gh vUrxZr gksrk gSA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 61 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV jkT; dh Hkwfe dk jkT; osQ Lo:i ij cgqr izHkko gksrk gSA xzsV fczVsu dk jkT; leqnz ls f?kjk gqvk gS] og ,d }hi osQ leku gSA ;gh n'kk tkiku dh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr ls bu jkT;ksas dks lkeqfnzd {ks=k esa mUur gksus esa cgqr enn feyh gSA xzsV fczVsu tks izcy ukS&'kfDr fodflr dj ldus esa liQy gqvk] mldk dkj.k mldh Hkwfe dh ;g fo'ks"krk gh gSA ;wjksi osQ bfrgkl esa ge ns[krs gSa fd baXySaM cká vkØe.kksa ls izk;% cpk jgk gSA chloha lnh osQ nks egk;q¼ksa esa Hkh fczVsu 'k=kq osQ vkØe.k ls izk;% lqjf{kr jgkA bldk dkj.k ;gh Fkk fd bl jkT; dh Hkwfe leqnz ls f?kjh gqbZ gS vkSj LFky }kjk mldk fdlh vU; jkT; osQ laca/ ugha gSA blosQ foijhr] teZuh vkSj izQkal dh dksbZ izkÑfrd lhek ugha gSA bu jkT;ksa dh Hkwfe dh bl fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr osQ dkj.k muesa fujarj la?k"kZ gksrk jgk gS vkSj os fczVsu osQ leku fuf'prrk osQ lkFk viuh mUufr ugha dj losQA vusd fopkjdksa osQ vuqlkj izkphu xzhl esa uxj jkT;ksa dk tks fodkl gqvk] mldk dkj.k Hkh xzhl dh Hkwfe dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ka gh FkhaA xzhl dh Hkwfe ioZriz/ku gSA ioZrJsf.k;ksa osQ dkj.k og vusd ?kkfV;ksa esa foHkDr gSA izkphu le; esa tc euq"; us oSKkfud mUufr ugha dh Fkh] ;s ikoZR; ?kkfV;k¡ ,d&nwljs ls loZFkk i`Fko~Q FkhaA blhfy, buesa ,sls vusd NksVs&NksVs uxj jkT;ksa dk fodkl gqvk] tks lfn;ksa rd ,d&nwljs ls i`Fko~Q jgsA tSls Hkwfe dh izkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr dk jkT; ij vlj iM+rk gS] oSls gh Hkwfe dh tyok;q] mit'kfDr o le`f¼ dk Hkh jkT; ij izHkko gksrk gSA i`Foh dk dksbZ Hkkx vf/d mitkmQ gS] dksbZ deA dgha [kfut inkFkks± dh izpqjrk gS] dgha mudk vHkko gSA dgha dh tyok;q vR;f/d xje gS] dgha dh vR;Ur B.MhA izsaQp fopkjd :lks us izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk fd xje tyok;q esa LosPNkpkjh 'kklu dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj vfr'khr tyok;q esa euq"; mUufr osQ ekxZ ij vxzlj ugha gks ikrkA ftu izns'kksas dh tyok;q u vf/d xje gksrh gS] u vf/d B.Mh] ogk¡ oS/ yksdrU=k 'kklu dk fodkl gksrk gSA bfrgkl osQ vuq'khyu ls :lks osQ bl eUrO; dh iqf"V ugha gksrhA ;wjksi osQ vusd jkT;ksa esa orZeku le; esa yksdrU=k oS/ 'kklu fo|eku gSa ij eè;dky esa ogk¡ fujaoqQ'k jktkvksa dk 'kklu FkkA xeZ ns'kksa esa Hkh yksdrU=k 'kklu jg pqosQ gSa] vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh jg ldrs gSaA Hkkjr bldk mnkgj.k gSA ofTt] ekyo] {kqnzd] f'kfo vkfn fdrus gh x.kjkT; bl ns'k esa igys jg pqosQ gSa vkSj vc fiQj lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ,d fo'kky x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk gks xbZ gSA :lks dk eUrO; lok±'k esa lR; u gksrs gq, Hkh ;g rks Lohdkj djuk gh gksxk fd tyok;q dk jkT; ij i;kZIr izHkko iM+rk gSA tks jkT; viuh tyok;q dh n`f"V ls vf/d mÙke n'kk esa gSa mUgsa viuh mUufr djus esa lgk;rk vo'; feyrh gSA blh izdkj [kfut inkFkZ] taxy esa izkIr gksus okyh dherh ydM+h vkfn dh miyfC/ ls Hkh jkT; dh mUufr esa lgk;rk igq¡prh gSA baXyS.M tks O;kolkf;d mUufr esa bruk vf/d vkxs crs FksA izsaQp fo}ku :lks us fy[kk gS fd ftl izdkj izÑfr us euq"; dk ,d vkdkj fu;r dj fn;k gS] mlls cgqr yEck o mlls cgqr NksVk euq"; 'kksHkk ugha nsrk_ blh izdkj ,d lq'kkflr o lqO;ofLFkr jkT; dk vkdkj Hkh izÑfr us fu/kZfjr dj fn;k gSA jkT; dks cgqr foLrh.kZ ugha gksuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd ml n'kk esa 'kklu lqO;ofLFkr ugha gks losQxkA lkFk gh] jkT; dks cgqr NksVk Hkh ugha gksuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd ml n'kk esa og vosQys viuh j{kk ugha dj losQxkA 62 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—3: jkT; ;fn jkT; cgqr cM+k gksxk] rks lqnwjorhZ izns'kksa ij 'kklu djuk dfBu gksxk vkSj turk esa jkT; osQ izfr vuqjfDr uksV Hkh ugha gks losQxhA :lks ;g Hkh dgrk Fkk fd 'kklu o ljdkj dk Lo:i Hkh jkT; osQ vkdkj ij fuHkZj gSA yksdrU=k 'kklu NksVs vkdkj osQ jkT;ksa esa laHko gS] chp osQ vkdkj osQ jkT;ksa esa Js.khrU=k 'kklu mi;qDr jgrk gS vkSj fo'kky jkT;ksa esa jktrU=k 'kklu osQ vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ 'kklui¼fr laHko ugha jgrhA ekUVsLD;w ln`'k vU; Hkh vusd izsaQp fo}kuksa us blh izdkj osQ fopkj izxV fd;s gSaA vBkjgoha lnh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa laHkor% ;g ckr Bhd Hkh FkhA rc rd O;kolkf;d mUufr HkyhHkk¡fr ugha gqbZ Fkh vkSj u gh euq"; us ns'k vkSj dky ij fot; izkIr dh FkhA jsy] eksVj] jsfM;ks vkfn dk vkfo"dkj rc rd ugha gqvk FkkA ?kksM+s dh vis{kk vf/d rst py ldus okyh fdlh lokjh dk euq"; dks rc rd Kku ugha FkkA bl n'kk esa ;fn :lks vkSj ekaVsLD;w ln`'k jkt'kkL=kh fo'kkydk; jkT;ksa esa yksdrU=k 'kklu dks vlaHko le>s] rks blesa vk'p;Z dh dksbZ ckr ughaA oSKkfud mUufr dh orZeku n'kk esa fo'kkydk; jkT;ksa esa Hkh yksdrU=k 'kklu dh lÙkk laHko gks xbZ gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk bldk mnkgj.k gSA mldk {ks=kiQy Hkkjr dh vis{kk nqxquk gSA brus cM+s jkT; esa tks yksdrU=k 'kklu liQy gks jgk gS] bldk dkj.k ns'k vkSj dky ij izkIr dh xbZ og fot; gh gS] tks oSKkfud vfo"dkjksa dk ifj.kke gSA 'kklu dh lqO;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls Hkh jkT; dk fo'kky gksuk vc dksbZ uqdlku dh ckr ugha jgh gSA fczfV'k lkezkT; Hkwe.My osQ izk;% lHkh Hkkxksa esa foLr`r gS] vusd }hi o izns'k mlosQ vUrxZr gSaA ij mldk 'kklu NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa osQ eqdkfcys esa de O;ofLFkr ugha dgk tk ldrkA vkokxeu osQ lk/uksa esa mUufr gh bldk dkj.k gSA orZeku ;qx esa jkT;ksa dk NksVk gksuk ?kkVs dh ckr gks xbZ gSA chloha lnh osQ nks egk;q¼ksa us ;g fl¼ dj fn;k gS fd NksVs jkT;ksa osQ fy, vkRej{kk dj lduk lqxe ugha gSA 1914&18 osQ egk;q¼ esa teZuh us csfYt;e tSls NksVs&ls jkT; dks ckr dh ckr esa ijkLr dj fn;k FkkA 1931&45 osQ laxzke esa rks psdksLyksokfd;k] izQkal] iksyS.M vkfn osQ fy;s Hkh teZuh osQ eqdkcys esa vkRej{kk dj lduk laHko ugha jgkA teZuh dh 'kfDr dk eqdkcyk vxj fd;k tk ldk] rks fczfV'k lkezkT;] :l vkSj vesfjdk tSls fo'kkydk; jkT;ksa dh lfEefyr 'kfDr ls ghA vktdy rks dksbZ Hkh NksVk jkT; vosQyk viuh j{kk ugha dj ldrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd if'peh ;wjksi osQ fofo/ jkT; vkRej{kk osQ fy, la?k cukus dh vko';drk vuqHko dj jgs gSaA vVyk¯Vd iSDV vkfn dk fuekZ.k blh vuqHkwfr osQ dkj.k gqvk gS fd e>ys vkdkj osQ jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr Hkh vc vkRej{kk osQ fy;s i;kZIr ugha gSA NksVs jkT;kssa dks vU; Hkh vusd vlqfo/k;sa jgrh gSaA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls os vkRefuHkZj o LokoyEch ugha gks ldrsA mudh jktdh; vk; bruh ugha gksrh fd os orZeku oSKkfud ;qx osQ vL=k&'kL=kksa o vU; lk/uksa dks Hkjiwj ifjek.k esa tqVk losaQA ijek.kq'kfDr dk fodkl o mi;ksx djus osQ fy;s ftu lk/uksa dh vko';drk gS] os vR;f/d O;;&lkè; gSA bl [kpZ dks tqVk lduk rks mudh dYiuk ls Hkh ckgj dh ckr gSA lkFk gh] bl ;qx esa lH;rk] laLÑfr o Kku osQ fodkl osQ fy;s ftl O;kid n`f"V dh vko';drk gS] og NksVs jkT; esa laHko ugha gks ldrhA cM+s jkT;ksas esa ftl tuleqnk; dk fuokl gksrk gS] og uLy] tkfr] /eZ] laLÑfr vkfn dh n`f"V ls fofo/ rRoksa dk lfEeJ.k gksrk gSA bl dkj.k mlesa n`f"V dh fo'kkyrk o fofo/ izdkj osQ xq.kksa dh izpqjrk laHko gksrh gSA blesa lUnsg ugha fd izkphu dky osQ NksVs jkT;ksa dk bfrgkl cgqr xkSjoiw.kZ FkkA ,FksUl tSls uxj&jkT; us ekuo bfrgkl esa tks dke dj fn[kk;k] og jkseu lkezkT; tSls fo'kky jkT; us ugha fd;kA IysVks vkSj vjLrq tSls nk'kZfud] lqdjkr tSls rRoosÙkk] ifjDyht tSls jktuhfrK vkSj ghjksMksVl tSls ,sfrgkfld xzhl osQ NksVs&NksVs uxj jkT;ksa esa gh gq,A Hkkjr esa JhÑ".k] o/Zeku egkohj vkSj xkSre cq¼ tSls fopkjd o rRoKkuh x.kjkT;ksa esa gh izxV gq, FksA ekuo&lH;rk dh n`f"V ls tks egÙo vU/d o`f".k la?k] 'kkD;x.k vkSj ofTtla?k tSls NksVs jkT;ksa dks izkIr gS] og ex/ vkSj oRl tSls fo'kky jkT;ksa dks izkIr ugha gSA cM+s jkT;ksa esa vkUrfjd fonzksg] vO;oLFkk vkSj LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 63 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV x`gdyg vkfn gksrs jgs gSaA eqxy lkezkT;] phu vkfn blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA teZuh] izQkal vkfn jkT;ksa dks fo'kkydk; ugha dgk tk ldrkA Hkkjr] phu] :l vkfn osQ eqdkcys esa rks os NksVs jkT; gh gSA fiQj Hkh lSfud 'kfDr] O;kolkf;d mUufr vkSj laLÑfr dh n`f"V ls os cM+s jkT;ksa osQ eqdkcys esa vkxs crk Fkk fd f'kYih o O;kikjh vius ^lewgksa* ;k leqnk;ksa osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djsaA LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 69 jktuhfrd fl¼kar uksV Jeh la?k (VsªM ;wfu;u) vkfn osQ :i esa vktdy tks vkfFkZd leqnk; gSa] os Hkh ekuo&lekt esa vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSaA vkfFkZd thou esa mudh fLFkfr cgqr mQ¡ph gSA viuh Js.kh osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djus] O;kolkf;d mUufr esa lgk;d gksus o ljdkj ij izHkko j[kus esa os cM+s egÙo osQ dk;Z djrs gSaA muosQ Hkh lqfuf'pr lnL;] ckdk;nk fu;e] fLFkj dks"k] fu;fer vkenuh vkSj n.Mfo/ku vkfn lc gksrs gSaA vusd ckj rks mudh 'kfDr vkSj izHkko brus vf/d ck tk; fd jkT; bu lc leqnk;ksa osQ mQij gS\ mls buosQ ln`'k gh ,d leqnk; D;ksa u ekuk tk;s] tks fd buosQ mQij u gksdj budk led{k o lg;ksxh ek=k gS\ 72 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—3: jkT; eè;dkyhu ;wjksi esa ppZ vkSj jkT; ,d&nwljs osQ izfr}U}h jgs gSaA ml le; izR;sd O;fDr osQ fy;s ;g vfuok;Z uksV Fkk fd og ppZ dk lnL; gks vkSj ppZ osQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu djsaA jktkvksa rd ij ppZ viuk fu;U=k.k j[krk FkkA ;wjksi osQ ftu jktkvksa us ppZ osQ vkns'kksa dh vogsyuk djus dk iz;Ru fd;k] mUgsa ppZ us n.M Hkh fn;kA eè;dkyhu ;wjksi esa jkT; ,d ,slk leqnk; Fkk] tks ppZ dh vis{kk vf/d mRÑ"V ugha FkkA vf/d&ls&vf/d mls ppZ dk led{k dgk tk ldrk gSA bl le; Hkh iQkflLV] ukth] dE;qfuLV vkfn nyksa osQ :i esa ,sls leqnk;ksa dk fodkl gks x;k gS] ftuosQ izfr muosQ lnL;ksa dh HkfDr o fu"Bk vR;Ur mxz gSA vius jktuhfrd ny osQ fy, oqQN yksx jkT; dh vogsyuk djus esa Hkh ladksp ugha djrsA fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ dE;qfuLV ny vius fl¼kUrksa osQ fy;s fonzksg rd djus osQ fy;s m|r jgrs gSaA 1939&45 osQ egk;q¼ ls iwoZ vusd ;wjksfi;u jkT;ksa ls iSQflLV o ukth ny vius jkT; osQ f[kykiQ bVyh vkSj teZuh dk i{k ysus dks rS;kj jgrs FksA baXyS.M tSls yksdrU=k jkT; Jeh&la?k (VsªM ;wfu;u) dh tks 'kfDr gS] mlosQ dkj.k mlosQ lnL;ksa dh vius vkfFkZd la?k osQ izfr HkfDr cgqr mxz gSA ;g lc n`f"V esa j[krs gq, D;k ;g dguk mfpr ugha gksxk fd jkT; Hkh ,d tuleqnk; ek=k gS vkSj euq";ksa dh HkfDr (,yhft;Ul) ,d ls vf/d leqnk; osQ izfr jg ldrh gSA jkT; dk dk;Z iz/kur;k jktuhfrd thou dk fu;U=k.k gS] cká vkSj vkH;Urj foifÙk;ksa ls j{kk djuk mldk eq[; iz;kstu gSA mls vius blh {ks=k rd lhfer jguk pkfg;sA /kfeZd] vkfFkZd o blh izdkj dk vU; ekeyksa esa vU; leqnk;ksa dks LorU=krkiwoZd dk;Z djus nsuk pkfg;sA f'k{kk dk Lo:i o uk pkfg;sA D;ksafd vU; leqnk; Hkh euq";ksa osQ fy;s mrus gh LokHkkfod o mi;ksxh gSa ftruk fd jkT;] blfy, jkT; dks muls mRÑ"V o loksiZ fj ugha ekuk tk ldrkA jkT; dk drZO; osQoy bruk gS fd og euq";ksa osQ lkewfgd laca/ksa dh lewph O;oLFkk esa ,d izdkj dh ,drk o ,d:irk dks LFkkfir djsA cgqleqnk;okn osQ fo"k; esa fiNys izdj.k esa foospuk dh tk pqdh gSA bl fopkj/kjk osQ vuqlkj jkT; osQ vfrfjDr vU; leqnk;ksa dk egÙo Hkh bruk vf/d cdj ,sls lk/uksa] dk;ks± o uhfr dk izfriknu djrk gS] ftlls Jethoh oxZ dk vf/d&ls&vf/d 'kks"k.k gksA bldk iz/ku y{; Jethfo;ksa osQ Je dk vf/dre vfrfjDr ewY; (Surplus Value) izkIr dj ysuk gksrk gSA ysfuu osQ vuqlkj jkT; lnk gh ,d fof'k"V oxZ dk laxBu&ek=k jgk gS vkSj mldk Lo:i lnk gh ,slk jgsxk] ftlls fd fdlh ,d fof'k"V oxZ dk fgr&lk/u gksrk jgsA jkT; dHkh ,slk :i izkIr ugha dj ldrk] ftlosQ dkj.k fd lEiw.kZ turk osQ fgr dk lk/u gks losQ ;k ftlesa fofo/ vkfFkZd oxZ ijLij lg;ksx ;k le>kSrs ls dk;Z dj losaQA yksdrU=koknh yksx jkT; ls tks ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd og turk osQ lkoZtuhu fgrksa dk lk/d gks ldrk gS] loZFkk fujFkZd gSA blhfy;s tc iwathoknh O;oLFkk dk vUr gksdj lektoknh O;oLFkk LFkkfir gks tk;sxh] rc Hkh jkT; ,d fof'k"V oxZ osQ fgrksa dk gh lk/d jgsxkA ml O;oLFkk esa jkT; loZlk/kj.k fdlku e”knwj oxZ osQ fgrksa dk lk/u djsxkA rc og iwathifr;ksa ;k ,sls oxks± dks] tks Jethoh u gksa] fgrlk/u ugha dj losQxkA blh dkj.k lektoknh :l osQ lafo/ku esa osQoy mu ckfyx iq#"kksa o fL=k;ksa dks oksV dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k gS] tks ^lekt* osQ fy;s fgrdkjh o mRiknu dk;Z esa lgk;d Je djosQ viuh vkthfodk dekrs gksaA lektoknh fopkjd bl rF; dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd :l ls LFkkfir O;oLFkk Hkh lc oxks± osQ fgrksa dk laiknu u djosQ osQoy ,d oxZ (Jethoh&oxZ) osQ fgrksa dk gh lEiknu djrh gSA ;g LokHkkfod o mfpr Hkh gS] D;ksafd jkT; lnk fdlh fof'k"V oxZ osQ fgrksa dk izfriknd jgk gS vkSj jkT;laLFkk dk Lo:i gh ,slk gS fd og fdlh fof'k"V oxZ osQ fgrksa dk gh lEiknu dj ldrh gSA iqjkus jkT;ksa (nklizFkk] lkeUr&i¼fr vkSj iwathokn ij vkfJr) }kjk ftl oxZ dk fgr gksrk Fkk og vYila[;d Fkk] mlesa Jethoh oxZ dk 'kks"k.k gksrk FkkA ij lektoknh jkT; ftl oxZ osQ fgrksa dk lEiknu djrk gS og cgqr fo'kky gS vkSj bl jkT; dk è;s; ;gh jgrk gS fd vU; oxks± dk vUr dj ,d oxZfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A ij tc ;g le; vk tk;sxk] tc Jethfo;ksa osQ vfrfjDr ekuo lekt esa dksbZ vU; oxZ jg gh ugha tk;sxk] rks jkT; dh dksbZ vko';drk gh ugha jgsxhA bl izdkj lektokfn;ksa vkSj vjktdrkokfn;ksa (Anarchists) esa bl iz'u ij dksbZ erHksn ugha gS fd vUr esa ,d ,slh n'kk mRiUu dj nh tkuh pkfg;s] ftlesa jkT; Lo;eso lekIr gks tk,A Jethoh oxZ dks Hkh jkT; dh rHkh rd vko';drk gS] tc rd fd Jethoh oxZ dk 'kks"k.k djusokys iwathifr rRo u"V ugha gks tkrsA mudk vUr gksrs gh jkT; dks Hkh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA 76 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY  bdkbZ—3: jkT; bl izdkj lektokfn;ksa osQ er esa jkT; dk vk/kj oxZ&O;oLFkk gh gSA D;ksafd lekt esa vusd oxZ gS vkSj bu uksV oxks± osQ fgrksa esa fojks/ jgrk gS] vr% jkT; osQoy ml oxZ osQ fgrksa dk lk/u djrk gS] ftlosQ gkFkksa esa 'kfDr gksA ;g 'kfDr lnk ,d gh oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa ugha jgrhA eè;;qx esa ;g 'kfDr tkxhjnkjksa ;k lkeUrksa osQ gkFkksa esa FkhA vk/qfud ;qx esa ;g 'kfDr iwathifr oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa vk xbZ vkSj vc lektoknh jkT;ksa esa ;g 'kfDr fdlku&e”knwj oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa vkrh tk jgh gSA tc rd lekt esa fofo/ oxks± dh lÙkk jgsxh] jkT; dh vko';drk Hkh cuh jgsxh] D;ksafd jkT; }kjk ,d fof'k"V oxZ vius fgrksa osQ lk/u esa leFkZ jgrk gSA jkT; dk 'kfDrewyd :i (State as power system)–dfri; fopkjdksa us jkT; osQ Lo:i dk izfriknu djrs gq, 'kfDr osQ fl¼kUr dks cgqr egÙo fn;k gSA muosQ vuqlkj jkT;&laLFkk 'kfDr ij vk/kfjr gSA bl fopkj/kjk dk izkjaHk bVyh osQ izfl¼ jktuhfrK eSfd;koyh (1461-1527) }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA eSfd;koyh osQ vuqlkj euq"; dks izsj.kk nsus okyh nks 'kfDr;ka gSa] LokFkZ vkSj Hk;A euq"; LoHkko ls gh LokFkhZ vkSj ykyph gksrk gSA ij lkFk gh] Hk; Hkh euq"; osQ thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA euq"; tks jkT;&laLFkk esa laxfBr gq,] mldk dkj.k Hk; gh FkkA vr% jktk dks ,slh uhfr cjruh pkfg;s] ftlls iztk mlls Mjrh jgsA jkT; dk vk/kj 'kkldksa dh 'kfDr gh gSA teZu fopkjd uhRls dk dFku Fkk fd jkT; dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu blfy, fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd og lcls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gSA ;fn mldh vkKkvksa dk ikyu u fd;k tk,] rks mlosQ ikl og 'kfDr gS ftlls og cykr~ viuh vkKkvksa dks euok ldrk gSA ,d vU; teZu fopkjd VªhV~LosQ us Hkh blh ckr dk izfriknu fd;k gSA og jkT; dks ^'kfDr dk lk{kkr~ :i* dgk djrk FkkA vaxzst nk'kZfud gcZVZ LisUlj us Hkh jkT; dks 'kfDr dk ifj.kke crk;k gSA ;wjksi osQ vU; Hkh cgqr ls fopkjdksa us jkT; osQ Lo:i ij fopkj djrs gq, 'kfDr osQ rRo dks cgqr egÙo fn;k gSA Hkkjr osQ izkphu jktuhfrdkj Hkh jkT; esa ^n.M* ;k 'kfDr dks cgqr egÙo nsrs Fks vkSj ^n.M* dks gh jkT; dk vk/kj ekurs FksA fgVyj osQ usr`Ro esa tc teZuh esa ukth O;oLFkk dk;e gqbZ] rks ogk¡ osQ ukth fopkjdksa us Hkh vius fl¼kUr dk vk/kj 'kfDr dks gh ekukA oxZ laxBu vkSj 'kfDr fl¼kUr esa lkeatL;µtks yksx jkT; dks ,d oxZ&laxBu ekurs gSa] os Hkh ;gh izfrikfnr djrs gSa fd jkT; esa ,d ,slk 'kfDr'kkyh oxZ jgrk gS tks vU; oxks± dk 'kks"k.k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa vius fgr osQ fy;s iz;qDr djrk gSA vksisugksej osQ vuqlkj tks