Thigh Muscles PDF

Thigh muscles Muscles of the pelvic limb Girdle musculature or sublumbar muscles: fascia of the pelvic limb intrinsic muscles of the limb Fascia of the pelvic limb Muscles of the pelvic limb Superficial fascia Insert in the cutaneous muscle of the trunk...

Thigh muscles Muscles of the pelvic limb Girdle musculature or sublumbar muscles: fascia of the pelvic limb intrinsic muscles of the limb Fascia of the pelvic limb Muscles of the pelvic limb Superficial fascia Insert in the cutaneous muscle of the trunk Deep fascia of the pelvic limb Toracolombar fascia Gluteal fascia – gluteal region Femoral fascia – medial side of the femur Fascia lata – lateral side of the femur Fascia of the stifle joint: Forms the retinacula of the stifle Crural fascia Crural fascia of the tarsus: Extensor and flexor retinaculum Digital fascia (anular ligaments Intrinsic m of the limb Muscles of the pelvic limb M of hip and stifle: Gluteal region or the hip joint region Thigh region or the femoral region Stifle region  Muscles of the pelvic limb Movements Coxofemoral or hip joint – Spheroidal joint Extension of the hip joint (orange and red and yellow) Flexion of the hip joint (blue and green) Adduction and Abduction – (except horse; more developped in carn.) Circumduction – evident in Humans Rotation – just if the limb is flexed Stifle joint Extension of the stifle joint (green) Flexion of the stifle joint (yellow) Rotation  Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) Grouped around the femur. Most of these muscles have their origins in the coxal or in the femur and end in the femur or in the proximal part of the leg (crural region) Function: movement of the stifle joint Cranial muscles of the thigh Tensor muscle of the fascia lata (M. tensor fasciae latae) Quadriceps muscle of the thigh (M. quadriceps femoris) Articularis genou muscle (M. articularis genou) Caudal muscles of the thigh Biceps muscle of the thigh (M. biceps femoris) Abductor muscle of the thigh (M. abductor cruris caudalis) Semitendinous muscle (M. semitendinosus) Semimembranous muscle (M. semimembranosus) Medial muscles of the tigh: Sartorius m Gracilis m Pectineal m Adductor m  Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) Cranial muscles of the thigh Tensor muscle of the fascia lata (M. tensor fasciae latae) Quadriceps muscle of the thigh (M. quadriceps femoris) Articularis genou muscle (M. articularis genou) They end in the patella. Main function: extension of the leg. In a superficial plane: Tensor muscle of the fascia lata (M. tensor fasciae latae) In a deep plane: Quadriceps muscle of the thigh (M. quadriceps femoris) → also considered to be a muscle of the stiflejoint Articularis genou muscle (M. articularis genou)  Muscles of the pelvic limb Cranial muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region Tensor muscle of the fascia lata (M. tensor fasciae latae) Triangular muscle that models the cranial border of the thigh. Insertion Origin: Cranial ventral iliac spine (Horse and Rum.: coxal tuberosity) and the aponeurosis of the middle gluteal muscle Termination/Insertion: fascia lata (indirectly inserts in the patella, the patellar ligament and in the cranial border of the tibia) Present a caudodorsal portion that joins to the superficial gluteal muscle (and ends in the greater trochanter of the femur). Anatomical relations Fills the triangle between the lateral angle of the ilium (cranial ventral iliac spine – coxal tuberosity)) and the stifle joint. Covers the quadriceps muscle of the thigh: Cranially → sartorius muscle Medially → iliac muscle Dorsally → middle gluteal muscle Innervation: cranial gluteal nerve Blood supply: deep circumflex iliac a Function: tensor fascia lata, flexion hip and extenson stifle 1.  Muscles of the pelvic limb Cranial muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region Quadriceps muscle of the thigh (M. quadriceps femoris) Present four heads: Lateral vastus muscle (M. vastus lateralis) Medial vastus muscle (M. vastus medialis) Intermediate vastus muscle (M. vastus intermedius) Straight muscle of the thigh (M. rectus femoris) The four heads converge to form just one tendon, that covers the patella and extends to the patellar ligament. Anatomical relations: Is covered by the tensor muscle of the fascia lata, the sartorius muscle, the fascia lata and the femoral fascia Insertions: Laeral vastus m: covered by tensor m fascia lata and O craniolateral surface of femur medial vastus m: by sartorius m and O craniomediali surface femur Intermediate vastus m: by other heads of quadriceps m and O cranial surface femur, weakest portion m and in dog fuse with lateral vastus m Straight m thigh (rectus femoris): by sartorius m, O linea arcuate, btw L and M vastus m, horse largest portion Termination/insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity (patella ligament) Inervation: femoral n Blood supply: latreal circumflex femoral a Function: strongest extensor stifle joint and i nassist flexing hip  Muscles of the pelvic limb Cranial muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Articularis genou muscle (M. articularis genou) Thin and short muscle Carnivores and bovines Bovines: divided into two portions (lateral and medial) Insertion O.: Cranial surface of the femur proximal to the trochlea for the patella. Femoropatellar joint capsule Anatomical relations Covered by the quadriceps m. of the thigh Innervation: Femoral n. Function Extension of the stifle joint Tensor of the stifle joint capsule  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Biceps muscle of the thigh (M. biceps femoris) Abductor muscle of the thigh (M. abductor cruris caudalis) Semitendinous muscle (M. semitendinosus) Semimembranous muscle (M. semimembranosus) In the caudal part of the thigh. Extend from the ischium to the tibia (or distally in the femur) The tendinous component continue as part of the common calcaneal tendon (tendo calcaneus communis). Main function→flexion of the leg (flexion of the stifle joint) (the are multiarticular – present functions in the hip, stifle and sometimes in the tarsus joints) Three are constant and developed: Biceps muscle of the thigh (M. biceps femoris) Semitendinous muscle (M. semitendinosus) Semimembranous muscle (M. semimembranosus) The Abductor muscle of the thigh (M. abductor cruris caudalis) is specific of the carnivores  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Biceps muscle of the thigh (M. biceps femoris) Largest and most lateral of the caudal muscles of the thigh. Two portions (heads): Vertebral head – strong cranial part. 1. Ungulates – this portion is fused with the gluteofemoral muscle (horse) or with gluteofemoral and superficial gluteal m. (swine and rum.)→Gluteobiceps muscle 2. Pelvic head – smaller caudal part. - Part of the common calcaneal tendon Insertion O.: Vertebral head: sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament and Pelvic head: ischium (ischiatic tuberosity) Termination/Insertion: Carn, Sw. and Rum.: two tendons: Cranial : insertion in the fascia lata and crural fascia, in the patella, patellar ligament and tuberosity of the tibia; Caudal: Calcaneal tuber (one portion inserts in the cranial border of the tibia) Horse: three tendons (cranial, middle and caudal) Anatomical relations Superficial muscle, covered by the fascia and the skin Cranial position → Superficial gluteal m. (dog) or gluteofemoral m. (others) Caudal position → Semitendinous m. Medial position → adutor muscle of the thigh and semimembranous m. (sciatic nerve and blood vessels)  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Biceps muscle of the thigh (M. biceps femoris) Innervation: Vertebral head: Caudal gluteal nerve (distal branch) Pelvic head (Middle and caudal part): Tibial nerve (muscular branch) – Sciatic n. Blood supply: Lateral and medial circumflex femoral a. Deep femoral a. Caudal gluteal a. Function General: extension and abduction of the limb. Cranial part – extends the stifle, With no weight bearing – extends the stifle Cranial part/Medial part (horse): With weight bearing - extends the hip and stifle – important for the propulsion of the limb Caudal part – Extends the hip, flexes the stifle and extends the tarsus - With no weight bearing – flexes the stifle  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Abductor muscle of the thigh (M. abductor cruris caudalis) Only present in carnivores Insertion O.: Sacrotuberous ligament (dog), near the gluteofemoral m. at the base of the tail (cat) Termination/Insertion: Crural fascia Anatomical relations Lies deep to the biceps muscle, in a caudal position; Lateral to the quadrate femoral m., the adductor (7) and the semimembranous m. (6) Popliteal space – between the biceps m and the semitendinous m. (5) Innervation: Fibular nerve (Sciatic n.) Function: Assists the biceps muscle of the thigh in the abduction of the limb and in the flexion of the stifle  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Semitendinous muscle (M. semitendinosus) Large and fleshy muscle that forms the large part of the caudal contour of the thigh. Horse and Sw.: Present two heads: Pelvic head and vertebral head Insertion O.: Ventral surface of the ischial tuberosity Horse and sw.: vertebral head originates from the spinous and transverse processes of the sacrum, first caudal vertebrae and sacrotuberous ligament. Termination/Insertion: Craniomedial and proximal margin of the tibia (together with the insertion of gracilis and sartorius muscle) – in the medial side of the tibial crest Separate tendon of insertion on the calcaneous tuber. Part of the common calcaneal tendon Anatomical relations: Cover by the fascia lata and the skin. Between the biceps muscle (cranially) and the semimebranous muscle (medially) Medially is also related with the adductors muscle of the thigh. Participates in the common calcaneus tendon. Forms the medial limitation of the popliteal space (the biceps muscle forms the lateral limitation) Innervation: Tibial nerve (Sciatic n.) and caudal gluteal nerve Blood supply: Medial circumflex femoral a. Obturator a. Caudal gluteal a. Function Extension of the hip and tarsal joints; Non weight bearing limb – flexion of the stifle joint (and adduction of the leg)  Muscles of the pelvic limb Caudal muscles of the thigh Thigh region or femoral region) Semimembranous muscle (M. semimembranosus) The most medial muscle of this group One head – pelvic head Horses: two heads – vertebral and pelvic. (muscle is very large in horses and form the caudal contour of the croup and thigh, together with the semitendinous m.) Insertion O.: Ventral surface of the ischial tuberosity (pelvic head) Horse: Vertebral head originates from the sacrotuberous ligament and the first caudal vertebra. Termination/Insertion: two bellies with two tendons Short tendon: medial condyle of the femur Longer tendon: medial condyle of the tibia Anatomical relations: Is covered by the gracilis m. In a cranial position → adductor muscle of the thigh In a lateral position → semitendinous muscle Innervation: Tibial nerve (Sciatic n.) and caudal gluteal nerve Blood supply: Medial circumflex femoral a. Caudal femoral a. Obturator a. Caudal gluteal a. Function: Weight bearing limb - Extension of the hip and Stiffle (support the propulsion of the trunk) Noweight bearing limb - Flexion of the stifle joint and adduction of the limb (contributes to the hip extension and to the retraction of the limb) Medial muscles of the tigh: Sartorius m Muscles of the pelvic limb Gracilis m Thigh region or femoral region) Pectineal m Adductor m In the medial part of the thigh. Principal function: adduction of the limb and prevention of unwanted abduction Between the pelvic floor and the femur on the medial side of the thigh Superficial plane: Insert in the medial surface of the tibia Adductors of the leg Sartorius muscle (M. sartorius) Gracilis muscle (M. gracilis) Deep plane: Shorter and thicker muscles that insert in the femur Adductors of the thigh Pectineal muscle (M. pectineus) Adductor muscles (M. adductor) Medial muscles of the tigh: Sartorius m Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) Superficial muscle and in a craniomedial position. Dog: present two portions – cranial part and caudal part Caudal part is distal and medial regarding the cranial part Ruminants and Sw.: the muscle is divided in two heads in its origin (for passage of femoral vessels) Horses: one head Insertion O.: Iliac fascia - Dog: Cranial part: Iliac crest Caudal part: Ventral iliac spine Termination/Insertion: Cranial part: Patella (femoral fascia and fascia of the stifle) Caudal part (dog and others): aponeurosis of the gracilis muscle and ends on the cranial border of the tibia. Anatomical relations: Carnivores: does not cover the femoral triangle → favourable site for taking the pulse. Cross the medial surface of the quadriceps m. of the thigh The caudal border limits the femoral triangle. Innervation: Saphenous nerve and femoral nerve Blood supply: Femoral a. and saphenous a. Function: flexion hip, stifle, adduct limb, extension stifle Medial muscles of the tigh: Gracilis m Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) Superficial and extensive muscular sheet; Covers the greater part of the caudomedial surface of the thigh. Insertion O.: region of the pelvic symphysis (through the symphysial tendon) Ung.: symphysial tendon extends to the prepubic tendon Termination/Insertion: Crural fascia (through a aponeurosis) which attaches to the tibial crest. Dogs: a caudal part of the gracilis m. attaches to the calcaneous tuber anir Part of the common calcaneal tendon Anatomical relations The saphenous vessels and nerves pass superficially to the muscle The muscle covers the medial surface of the pectineus, adductormuscles and semimembranous m. The cranial border limits (with the sartorius muscle) the femoral triangle. Innervation: saphenous nerve (obturator n) Blood supply: femoral a, saphenous a, medial circumflex a Functions: strong adductor limb, assist extension stifle, caudal portion=extensor tarsus in dog  Medial muscles of the tigh: Pectineal m (yellow) Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) Small fusiform muscle Insertion O.: Pre pubic tendon (tendinous part)/iliopubic eminence (fleshy part) - Horse: accessory ligament - Termination/Insertion: Medial border of the femur (popliteal space) enici Anatomical relations Cranial to the greater adductor muscle and to the gracilis muscle yra Pass between the vastus medial m. and the greater adductor muscle. nire Part of the femoral triangle Innervation: Saphenous nerve (obturator nerve) Blood supply: Femoral a. and deep femoral a. (and obturator a.) Function: Adductor and supinator of the limb and Flexor of the hip. Pt mot: surgical procedure in dogs suffering from hip dysplasia is to dissect pectineal m to prevent the adduction of the limb. It eliminates the action of this muscle (adduction) and improves the position of the femoral head within the acetabulum Medial muscles of the tigh: Adductor m (pink) Muscles of the pelvic limb Thigh region or femoral region) These muscles are divided into several individual muscles that differ depending on the species. Carnivores and Horses: Greater adductor muscle (m. adductor magnus) – strong en Short adductor muscle (m. adductor brevis) – small icid Long adductor muscle (m. adductor longus) – fused with the pectineal muscle in dogs and horses but remains separate in the cats. Swine and Ruminants: Greater and short adductor muscles→fused to form a strong unite muscle Long adductor muscle (m. adductor longus) – fused with the pectineal muscle Insertion O.: Ventral aspect of the pelvic floor Termination/Insertion: Medial aspect of the femur (linea aspera/facies aspera), in the fascia of the stifle and in the medial ligaments of the stifle. Anatomical relations nicid Between the pectineal muscle and the semimebranous m. eM Medially→gracilis m. yra Laterally → External obturator m and quadrate femoral muscle (sciatic nerve). Innervation: Obturator nerve Blood supply: Femoral a. and Medial circumflex femoral a. (and Function: Adductor of the limb and Greater adductor also has supination functions  Weird stuff chiant mais bref Pes anserinus Region of the insertion of the tendons of: Sartorius m.; Semitendinous m.;Gracilis m. Common calcanean tendon: =achilles tendon consists in all the structures that attach to the calcaneous tuber tendon from superficial flexor digital m and from gastrocnemius m tendons of biceps femoris m, semitendinous ù and gracilis m  Femoral triangle ntermuscular space, in the craniomedial surface of the thigh. Occupies by the: femoral vessels (a. and v.), iliofemoral lymph nodes, deep inguinal lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and the saphenous nerve. Limited by: Sartorius m. → cranially Gracilis m. → caudally Ilipsoas m. - proximally Medial vastus and pectineal m. → laterally Femoral fascia and skin → medially Because of the superficial position of the artery is a favourable site for taking the arterial pulse. 1) 2) tensor m fascia lata 3) Middle gluteal m 4) superficial gluteal m 5) biceps m 6) semitendinous m 5) quadriceps m 7) 2 and 1: sartorius m 8) pelvic diaphragm 10) gracilis m 9) 10) 3) pectineal m 11) rectus abdominis m 9) adductor m 13) pectineal m 14) adductor m 15) gracilis m