Review on Various Pharmacological Activities of Neolamarckia Kadamba PDF

REVIEW ON VARIOUS PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NEOLAMARCKIA KADAMBA ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Neolamarckia Kadamba is also known as KADAMBA. It is very important tree for various pharmacological purpose. There are several varites of kadamb trees are available. Kadamba tree is a medicinal Plant with...

REVIEW ON VARIOUS PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NEOLAMARCKIA KADAMBA ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Neolamarckia Kadamba is also known as KADAMBA. It is very important tree for various pharmacological purpose. There are several varites of kadamb trees are available. Kadamba tree is a medicinal Plant with many pharmacological Property. Pharmacognosy of kadamba Tree: Common name -Kadamba,kadam tree,Bur flower. Scientific name - Neolamarckia cadamba Family – Rubiaceae Flower colour - White Cream, off white, Light Yellow. Parts Used - Barks, Flowers, Leaves, Fruits. Test – Sweet and sour Plant Size – More than 12 meters. Regional name - 1. Marathi Kadamba, 2. Hindi Kadamb, 3. Telugu Kadambamu, 4. Bengali Kadam, 5. Tamil Kapam, 6. Malayalam Attutek, 7. Kannada Kadawala. Distribution - India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Myanmar, Philippines, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia Native - South and Southeast Asia Light - Sun growing and Semi shade Water - Normal [can consume more] Primarily cultivation – Foliage Season – May, June, July, August, September. Uses – 1.Diabetes , 2. Cancer, 3. Fungal infections, 4. Musculoskeletal diseases, 5. High cholesterol, 6. Triglycerides, 7. Parasitic infection, 8. Digestive disturbances, 9.Antiinflamatory, 10.Carminative, 11.Laxative , 12.Diuretic , 13.Expectorant , 14.Constipation , 15.Antiemetic. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity: Flavonoids in Cadamba like quercetin, silymarin apigenin, daidzein, and genistein are known to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Research is being done to identify more and more active constituents in Cadamba having anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory activities of Cadamba are studied using active enzyme expressions of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Further, intact lysosomal membrane is important as the release of lysosomal constituent of activated neutrophil such as bacterial enzymes and proteases occurs during tissue inflammation. It has been reported that ethanolic extract of Cadamba leaves exhibited significant membrane stability as found from heat induced hemolytic effect on erythrocyte membrane. Anthocephalus cadamba bark and leaf extracts have analgesic,antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. At different concentrations (50, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg), the defatted aqueous extract of Anthocephalus cadamba leaves demonstrated considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Some researchers effectively investigated the methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba bark for analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory properties. Actions of Anti-inflammatory The Neolamarckia cadamba tree, also known as the Cadamba tree, has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments, including inflammation. Some of the ways it is thought to work include.The Neolamarckia cadamba, also known as the Cadamba tree, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties: Flavonoids: The flavonoids in the Cadamba tree, such as quercetin, silymarin apigenin, daidzein, and genistein, are known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids: A study found that monoterpenoid indole alkaloids could contribute to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the Cadamba tree. One of these alkaloids, 3β-dihydrocadambine, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Phytochemicals: The leaves of the Cadamba tree contain phytochemicals like cadambine and its derivatives, and indole alkaloids like Neolamarckines. The bark of the Cadamba tree contains quinovic acid derivatives. Other reported uses of N. cadamba include antihepatotoxic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic and laxative. above study proved that various parts of N. cadamba are used in the treatment of various ailments including diuretic and laxative property. 3β-dihydrocadambine: A study found that 3β-dihydrocadambine, a major constituent of the Cadamba tree, has significant anti- inflammatory activity. Benefits: cadamba are used in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, uterine complaints, blood diseases, skin diseases, tumour, anaemia, eye inflammation and diarrhoea. Other reported uses of N. cadamba include antihepatotoxic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic and laxative. Materials and methods: The in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ME, EA, and AQS fractions at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and two major constituents (compounds 5 and 7) at 50 and 100 mg/kg via intragastrically administrated, respectively, were evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid- stimulated writhing animal models. Aspirin (ASP) was used as the positive control at the dose of 200 mg/kg. The monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) in EA fraction were phytochemically studied utilizing chromatographic techniques, and their structures and absolute configurations were established on the basis of multiple spectroscopic analyses and quantum computational chemistry method. Moreover, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were assessed by suppressing releases of LPS- activated inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Dexamethasone (DXM) was used as the positive control." Diuretic and Laxative Activity :  The diuretic and laxative activity and it was found that themethanol extract (300 mg/kg) of the bark of N. cadamba significantly showed in increases the urinary outputas compared with aqueous, chloroform and petroleum etherextract, whereas the chloroform extract (300 mg/kg) produced significant laxative property. Mondal reported the diuretic and laxative activity of various extracts of the barks of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser studied in Wistar albino rats. Furosemide (9 mg/kg, p.o.) and agar-agar (300 mg/kg, p.o.) were used as reference standards for activity comparison. The methanol extract significantly increased the urinary output as well as urinary electrolyte concentration at the tested dosage regimen that is comparable with the reference standard except in increasing the urinary output. The chloroform extract produced significant laxative activity. Kumar reported that the extracts of the barks of Neolamarckia cadamba were studied for its diuretic and laxative activity and it was found that the methanol extract (300 mg/kg) of the bark of Neolamarckia cadamba significantly showed in increases the urinary output (i.e., diuresis) as compared with aqueous, chloroform and petroleum ether extract, whereas the chloroform extract (300 mg/kg) produced significant laxative property. Benefits: Neolamarckia cadamba, also known as the kadamba tree, has many potential benefits for digestion, including: Treating stomach issues: Extracts from the kadamba tree can help treat stomach-related problems like vomiting, loose motions, and abdominal cramps. Treating diarrhea, dysentery, and colitis: A decoction of the bark skin can help treat these conditions. Increasing digestibility: An extract from the leaves of the kadamba tree can increase the digestibility of stylo silage. Diuretic and Laxative activity The various extracts of the barks of Neolamarckia cadamba were studied for its diuretic and laxative activity and it was found that the methanol extract (300 mg/kg) of the bark of Neolamarckia cadamba significantly showed in increases the urinary output (ie., diuresis). Traditional Uses in Constipation Management In traditional medicine, Kadamba is frequently used to address digestive issues, particularly constipation. The plant's bark, leaves, and fruits are employed in various forms such as decoctions, powders, and pastes. Here’s how Kadamba is traditionally used to treat constipation.Neolambrina cadamba, or Kadamba, holds a significant place in traditional medicine systems for managing constipation and other health issues. Its use is supported by its high fiber content and the presence of beneficial compounds that may aid digestive health. However, while traditional applications are well- documented, scientific research is still needed to confirm these benefits and elucidate the mechanisms involved. As with any medicinal plant, it is advisable to consult healthcare professionals before use to ensure safety and effectiveness. Preparation and Administration Bark: The bark of the Kadamba tree is often dried and ground into a powder or used to make a decoction. To prepare a decoction, the bark is boiled in water until the liquid is reduced by half. This preparation is consumed to help alleviate constipation. Leaves: Kadamba leaves are sometimes used to make herbal teas or are incorporated into other herbal remedies. They can be boiled to extract beneficial compounds and consumed to support digestive health. Fruits: Although less commonly used, the fruits can be included in some traditional remedies for their purported benefits. Mechanism of Action: The therapeutic benefits of Kadamba in treating constipation are thought to stem from its high fiber content and the presence of various bioactive compounds. The fiber in Kadamba helps to increase stool bulk, which facilitates easier passage through the intestines. Additionally, compounds in the plant may stimulate peristalsis, the wave-like movement of the intestines that aids in bowel movements. Scientific Insights Despite its widespread use in traditional medicine, scientific research specifically investigating Kadamba's efficacy for constipation is limited. However, there are some general insights into the plant's potential benefits based on studies of similar species and its chemical composition: Phytochemical Components Kadamba contains several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The presence of these compounds may contribute to the plant's overall digestive benefits, including its laxative effects. Fiber Content While specific studies on Kadamba’s fiber content are scarce, it is well established that high- fiber plants can aid in managing constipation. Fiber helps to add bulk to the stool and promotes regular bowel movements. Given that Kadamba has traditionally been used for digestive issues, it is reasonable to infer that its fiber content plays a role in its laxative. Safety and Considerations: When using Kadamba for constipation or any other health condition, it's essential to consider safety and potential interactions: Dosage: Traditional preparations often involve specific dosages of Kadamba bark or leaves. Overuse can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort or other adverse effects. It’s important to follow traditional guidelines or consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosages. Interactions:Kadamba might interact with other medications or treatments. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial before incorporating Kadamba into a treatment regimen, especially for individuals on other medications or with pre-existing health condition. Antiemetic Activity :  Neolambrica kadamba, a member of the family Rubiaceae, is a plant of interest in traditional medicine systems for its therapeutic potential. Among its various uses, the plant has garnered attention for its antiemetic properties, which are significant for managing nausea and vomiting. This discussion provides a comprehensive overview of Neolambrica kadamba, focusing on its antiemetic effects, including its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological evidence, and potential mechanisms of action.In traditional medicine systems, particularly within various cultures in Africa and parts of Asia, Neolambrica kadamba has been used for various ailments. Its antiemetic properties are valued in managing conditions such as motion sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and general gastrointestinal disturbances. Traditional healers use different parts of the plant, including the leaves, roots, and bark, preparing them in various forms such as infusions, decoctions, or poultices. Pharmacological studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms through which Neolambrica kadamba exerts its antiemetic effects. Although research is still in its early stages, several lines of evidence support the plant’s efficacy: Animal Studies:Animal models of nausea and vomiting have been used to test the antiemetic potential of Neolambrica kadamba extracts. These studies often involve administering plant extracts to rodents and observing their effects on induced emesis. The results generally suggest a reduction in the frequency and severity of vomiting. Mechanistic Studies: Research has focused on understanding how Neolambrica kadamba interacts with neurotransmitter systems. For instance, studies might investigate its effects on serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine receptors, both of which are crucial in the emetic pathway. Comparative Studies:Comparing the antiemetic effects of Neolambrica kadamba with standard antiemetic drugs provides insights into its relative efficacy. These studies often show that while Neolambrica kadamba may not always be as potent as conventional drugs, it offers a natural alternative with fewer side effects. Mechanisms of Action The antiemetic action of Neolambrica kadamba likely involves multiple mechanisms: 1.Serotonin Modulation:Nausea and vomiting are strongly associated with the serotoninergic system. Neolambrica kadamba may interact with serotonin receptors or modulate serotonin levels, reducing the emetic response. 2. Dopamine Receptor Interaction: Dopamine receptors also play a role in the vomiting reflex. Compounds in Neolambrica kadamba may influence dopamine pathways, contributing to its antiemetic effect. 3.Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects:By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, Neolambrica kadamba may help prevent nausea related to these factors. Flavonoids and saponins in the plant are particularly noted for these properties. 4. Gastrointestinal Motility : Some studies suggest that Neolambrica kadamba might affect gastrointestinal motility, which can influence nausea and vomiting. This effect might be related to its saponin content. Safety and Toxicity: While Neolambrica kadamba shows promise, it is essential to consider safety and toxicity. Preliminary studies suggest that the plant is relatively safe when used in recommended doses. However, detailed toxicological studies are necessary to fully understand the safety profile, especially for long-term use or in combination with other medications. Neolambrica kadamba presents a promising natural remedy for managing nausea and vomiting, with its antiemetic properties supported by both traditional uses and emerging scientific evidence. The plant’s chemical constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids, contribute to its therapeutic effects. Pharmacological studies highlight its potential through various mechanisms, such as serotonin modulation and anti-inflammatory actions. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate its efficacy, mechanisms, and safety profile. As interest in natural remedies grows, Neolambrica kadamba represents a valuable addition to the repertoire of antiemetic agents, offering a natural alternative to synthetic drugs. Antidiabetic Activity: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes elevated blood glucose levels. It is caused by either impaired insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity to insulin from glucose absorption, or lack of glucose metabolism. Bangladesh is ranked second among adults (aged 20–79) with diabetes in the top five South East Asian nations. In Bangladesh, there were 5.10 million diabetics in 2013; by 2035, that figure is projected to rise to 8.20 million. Diabetes is an incurable chronic illness that must be managed for the rest of one's life with normal non-pharmacological (diet, exercise, and surgery) and/or pharmaceutical (insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications) approaches. The several parts of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.), such as the stem, bark, leaf, and flower, are described by Shirajum Munira et al. Traditional medicine has utilized bosser extensively to treat all forms of diabetes. In this work, we examined the extract from the flower's potential antidiabetic properties and assessed its historical application in the treatment of diabetes. The methanol soluble fraction (MESF) had larger phenolic contents (228.16±0.32 GAE/g of sample), but the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) had higher flavonoid quantities (2915.99 QE/g of sample).. With IC values of 30.522.40 and 6.26±0.82 µg/ml, respectively, the MESF had the strongest ability for scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the activity of a-amylase, and both results were encouraging when compared to the individual standards. The oral administration of N. cadamba flower extract (NCFE) for two weeks resulted in the greatest reduction in blood glucose levels (not in conjunction with metformin). In the diabetic group, NMCE at 500 mg/kg reduced blood glucose by 60.2% (p