Eudaimonia: The Good Life PDF

Eudaimonia: The Good Life The good life refers to the state that a morally good person lives. It is synonymous to happiness or welfare, human flourishing or prosperity. Good life is good-spirited, a condition of well-being-happy. healthy, and prosperous regarless of the emotional state of the one e...

Eudaimonia: The Good Life The good life refers to the state that a morally good person lives. It is synonymous to happiness or welfare, human flourishing or prosperity. Good life is good-spirited, a condition of well-being-happy. healthy, and prosperous regarless of the emotional state of the one experiencing it. Good life places the individual person\'s personal happiness and inner peace at the core of ethical concern. Greek Philosophy on the Good Life Eudaimonia, or the good life, is associated primarily with Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle the Greek triumvirate-who emphasized virtue as the moral meaning of good life. 1. ) Socrates believed that eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of the human being; it is the highest good that is desired more than anything else. To achieve eudaimonia, Socrates stressed that humans should practice virtues such as justice, courage, self-control and wisdom. 2. ) Likewise, Plato, the greatest student of Socrates, maintained that a person has a good life when he enjoys inner peace and lives in harmony with the world. A person who wallows in wealth, power, and worldly pleasure and sows detestable deeds cannot achieve peace and harmony with himself and with the world. Like Socrates, Plato considered moral virtue as necessary for the health of the soul. 3. ) In Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle\'s bestknown work consisting of ten books, the highest good for humans or the purpose of a human being is to have a good life and to be happy. Book VI of Nichomachean Ethics deals with intellectual virtue. For Aristotle, the intellectual virtues help humans to know what is just and admirable, while the moral virtues help persons to do just and admirable deeds. Without intellectual virtue (prudence, in particular), a virtuous person would not necessarily know how to act; without moral virtue, the clever person would not always pursue the appropriate ends. Intellectual virtues are important because: 1. They lead to happiness, and so are ends in themselves; 2. They help in determining the best means to the ends at which the moral virtues teach to aim; and 3. They help persons in grasping the right principles of action. The same Book VI revealed Aristotle\'s view that the soul is divided into parts: a rational part and an irrational part. The rational part can be further divided into two: 1. A contemplative part, which deals with the invariable truths of science and mathematics; they are not related to human action, as revealed in the natural sciences and mathematics. 2. A calculative part, which deals with the practical matters of human life. Right reasoning with respect to the contemplative intellect corresponds to truth. Further, Book VI explained Aristotle idea of the five intellectual virtues by which the soul arrives at truth. 1. Scientific knowledge, which arrives at eternal truths by means of deduction or induction. Scientific knowledge consists most of logical inferences that cannot be inferred through scientific reasoning, but can be grasped only through intuition. 2. Art or technical skill, which involves production according to proper reasoning. This virtue guides persons in the correct manner of producing things. 3. Prudence or practical wisdom (from the Greek phonesis, which guides persons in the correct manner or proper behavior in all situations. Without phronesis, a virtuous person would not necessarily know how to act; and without moral virtue, the clever person would not always pursue the appropriate ends. 1. Intuition, which helps a person to grasp first principles from which scientific truths are derived; and 2. Wisdom (derived from the Greek word sophia), which is a combination of scientific knowledge and intuition. It helps a person to arrive at the highest truths. Wisdom is the highest of all intellectual virtues because it involves a deep and profound understanding of the eternal truths of the natural world. Other Philosophies on The Good Life Hedonism. Hedonism is a philosophy that views the good life as the pleasant life. Hedonism states that all and only pleasure is intrinsically valuable and all and only pain is intrinsically not valuable. To the hedonists pleasure and pain include both physical and mental phenomena. Epicurus, founder of Epicurianism, a form of hedonism, expressed that the greatest good (happiness in sustaihest form; the good life) is pleasure. A person becomes happy when he/she does simple and sustainable pleasures as eating good food, living in a comfortable home, spending enough money Stoicism. Stoic philosophy was founded by the Zeno of Cyprus around 300 B.C. This philosophy is associated with eudaimonism, the moral philosophy that emphasizes the practice of virtues and right actions in order for a person to achieve \"well-being,\" flourishing, and happiness. Hinduism. The Hindus believe that life is a continuous cycle of rebirth (samsara) and is governed by the law of karma. This means that persons who commit evil deeds are rebom into subhuman forms; those who live righteously are reborn into more favored human forms. Confucianism. Confucianism emphasizes filial piety. An individual lives a righteous life, harmonizes the family, makes good govemment, and brings peace to the whole world. Humans should live in accordance with the natural law. This law requires all people to live righteously, to offend no one, to respect every person, particularly the elderly, and to give each one his/her due. The Golden Rule of Confucius, \"Do to others what you wish others to do to you\" is based on the natural law. This implies that if the Golden Rule is followed, there would be peace, order, and harmony in society; hence, ensuring a good life and happiness for everyone. Moreover, to achieve a good life, Confucius taught that people must practice virtues, particularly in his work, The Analects. 1. Jen (or human-heartedness) principle. This is synonymous with moral character, benevolence, integrity, respect and love for humanity and for oneself. To Confucius, a person of jen is the perfect person. 2. Li (or propriety) principle. Li means the way things ought to be morals. done. It implies living with proper manner or behavior, right conduct or 3. Yi (or \"oughtness\" of good actions) principle. This means doing a good thing for its own sake, or performing a duty for duty\'s sake. This requires people to be righteous all the time regardless of personal interested. 4. The principle of five relationships. Li and Yi should operate in a scheme of five relationships as follows: \(a) between father and son; (b) between elder brother and junior brother; (c) between husband and wife; (d) between elder friend and junior friend; and (e) between ruler and 5\. Ten (or power) principle. This refers to the power by which the people are governed effectively by a moral ruler, who serves as a model of righteous conduct and virtues. Buddhism. Buddhism was founded by Prince Siddharta Gautama, also known as Buddha meaning \"the Englightened One\". According to Buddha, the ultimate human goal is Nirvana, the state of perfect happiness, perfect wisdom, perfect knowledge, and perfect peace. Christianity. The essence of Christianity revolves around the Christians\' beliefs on the life, the death, and the resurrection of Jesus. For Christians, the good life is found in Jesus Christ, the Savior of mankind. The good life results from following Christ\'s teachings and God\'s principles for healthy relationships between and among humans, between humans and nature, between human and himself/herselt, between human and God. Objectivism. Objectivism is the philosophy designed and advocated by Ayn Rand, a Russian-American writer and philosopher. Objectivism teaches that happiness is the moral purpose of life. Happiness is eared through one\'s personal sacrifices and achievements. The Public Good: Gripaldo\'s Filipino Philosophy Rolando M. Gripaldo, a Filipino philosopher, shares his views on the concept of the public good. In his article The Concept of the Public Good: A View from a Filipino Philosopher, Gripaldo considered public good as that which benefits the greatest number of the local or national population. According to Gripaldo, there are two levels of public good. The first level comes from the people themselves; the people perceive the public good to be beneficial to most if not to all of them. This level is the condition when the people unite or bond and work together to achieve their common good, welfare, and interests. Otherwise, their aspirations would not be realized. The second level of public good comes from the local or national goverment, which provides necessary projects or services desired by the people for their common welfare. Examples of these public services or public goods are national defense, education, public health, public ports/airports and highways, social services, postal services, and many more. The government or State is mandated to provide these services for the benefit of the people, that is, the general public. In doing these, the private sectors are enjoined to participate. Chapter 7: When Technology and Humanity Cross Meaning of Humanity Humanity is love of people; it encompasses both love and altruism. Humanity is a moral practice of selfless concern for the wellbeing of others resulting in a quality life. in other words, humanity refers to the qualities that make every person human, such as being kind sympathetic, merciful, caring, cooperative, and compassionate; it makes one naturally humane, God-fearing, creative, environment-friendly, and nature-loving; it is creativity and stewardship; it is not to be a robot or alien. Technology: Boon or Bane? Technology and innovation are incredibly rising exponentially. While many affirm their beneficial influence on human ways of life, others are critical about their ill effects upon humanity. Global connectivity allows people throughout the world to contact each other, or connect, via the internet. Thanks to WhatsApp, Skype, Facebook, Viber and the like, people stay in touch with relatives, friends, and others in distant places; businesses are run smoothly despite geographical barriers. The Megashifts. Unlike paradigm shifts, which are philosophical in essence and which represent a new way of doing things, the technological Megashifts represent new ways of being. From Gerd Leonhard\'s \(2016) book Technology us Humanity, & Megoshift is an exponential shift in human experience which is sudden in arrival, and unpredictable in outcome. The Megashifts include the following: Digitization. Everything that can will become digital. Mobilization. Everything is becoming mobile, and soon wearable or \'hearable. Computing is becoming invisible, omnipresent, and indispensable. Screenification. Everything that used to be physical (or printed) is now available on screens. What used to be between people (such as conversations in foreign languages) can soon be done via a screen using free translation apps such as SayHi, Google Translate, or soon, Waverly Labs\' Pilot prototype. Disintermediation. Many traditional middlemen are suffering because technology makes it possible to \'go direct\'. Examples include record labels, publishers, advertising: brands can now tell their stories without TV or print. Musicians now launch their careers via YouTube. Datafication. What used to happen face-to-face is now being tured into data. For example, electronic medical records vs. talking to the doctor, or the grocery delivery service that tracks all its products. Intelligization. Whatever that can be made intelligent will be because now the means are available. Everything that used to be dumb is now becoming connected and intelligent, such as gas pipelines, farms, cars, shipping containers, traffic lights, etc. Automation. The result of smart machines will be wide- spread unemployment. Everything can be automated. Virtualization. People no longer rely only on physical things in a room but on an instance in the cloud. For example, software defined networking instead of local routers; virtual friends such as Hello Barbie: Augmentation. Humans can increasingly use technology to augment themselves. Examples include brain computer interfaces (BCls) and implants. brain computerh Augmented and Virtual Reality, Intelligent Digital Assistants, and (sooner or later) Anticipation. Software (IA/Al) can now anticipate and predict human behavior; thus, changing che way maps, email, and online collaboration work. Crime prevention based on algorithms is quickly becoming a very popular topie among law enforcement officials. These programs are essentially using big data such as crime statistics, social media, mobile phone locations, and traffic data to predict where a crime may happen so that police patrols in that area can be stepped up. Robotization. Robots will perform many white-collar jobs and house chores. De-humanization. Taking humans out of the equation by cutting a complex human task to its bare bones and giving it to machines. Re-humanization. Realizing that customers don\'t buy technology, they buy relationships! Thus, brand value is defined by being more human, not less! SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS Chapter 8: The Information Age Meaning of Information Age The Information Age is the modern time in which information has become a commodity that is transmitted freely, easily, and quickly by using personal computers and computer networks. This period is also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age, and the New Media Age. It is the period that started in the last quarter of the 20th century. Characteristics of the Information Age The Information Age comprises the innovations that have emerged in the computing and cybernetics after the Industrial Revolution. Computer and communication technology converge to hasten work systems such as Library Systems, Electronic Commerce, Integrated Enrolment Systems, and Integrated The Information Age is a period in which human work, play, and interaction patterns are fundamentally affected by systems for processing and distributing information through computer technology. The Information Age creates a high-tech global economy based on the information computerization. Development of the Information Age The Pre-Gutenberg Era. Prior to the invention of the printing press, information was disseminated in the laborious and difficult manner; time was greatly consumed; books were read comprehensively; tablets were available but Information was not accessible to all groups of people, but rather only to a small elite group. Transmission of was, therefore, the story of others. The Gutenberg Era. The Information Age started when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which was significant in the quicker and cheaper production of more books. The term Gutenburg Revolution refers to the democratizing effects of the invention of the printing press. This period was revolutionary because it allowed global social and cultural changes, as well as development of societies. The Post-Gutenberg Period. This is the Age of Social Media characterized by the dominance of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Broadband Internet access is made possible and video presentation and researches become readily available. Blogging and social networking make business; call center communication becomes accessible in all parts of the world. Life-sharing and socialization through Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, among others, also become a trend that makes global connections. YouTube, Flicker, Amazon, and Google make the life of people of all levels easier and more modernized because of these accessibilities. Impact of the Information Age The internet is the most prominent invention of the Digital Age, has turned humans into passive homebodies instead of doing outdoor activities. Smarter than ever, people using the Internet can perform various tasks online through the desktop or a smartphone shopping. paying bills, ordering foods, calling a taxi, entertaining oneself with videoke or movies through Youtube, communicating face-to-face via Skype or Messenger with loved ones in distant places, online tutoring, conducting job interview and many more Maners New lication services such as texting, email, and social media bring people closer, beyond barriers. New languages are leamed through instant translation; thus, people, regardless of culturall background, get connected. oh automation Age stimulates business. li makes industries and industrial countries stronger. Production of quality goods are done faster, easier, and more efficiently with automated machines. Cost of labor decreases. Business becomes progressive because marketing and sales can be done online. thoreover, this period is the Age of Entrepreneurship. People from all social classes, after leaming new things from the internet, take the risks of engaging in business-small and big. Business owners/ customers sell/buy products online. The Internet has also become the medium of committing crimes such as cyber bullying, trafficking and abuse of children and women, libel, business scam, hacking into goverment records or private information, and others. Chapter 9: Biodiversity and the Healthy Society The term biodiversity was first coined by Walter C. Rosen in 1986. It comes from the Greek word, bios, meaning \"life\" and the latin term biological diversity, abbreviated as biodiversity, represents the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi-cellular organisms such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological levels including gens, habitats, and ecosystem. The biosphere comprises a complex collection of innumerable organisms, known as the biodiversity, which constitute the vital life support for survival of human race. This means that biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things. Types of Biodiversity Biodiversity has three types, namely: species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. 1\. Species diversity. Species diversity is a measurement of biodiversity in a particular ecological community. It characterizes the species richness or number of species thriving in an ecological community, the abundance of species. Species diversity is a standard that can be utilized to evaluate the condition of ecosystems. In a healthy ecosystem, a diverse and balanced number of species exist and maintain the equilibrium of the ecosystem. 1. Ecosystem diversity. The different types of ecosystems, such as terrestrial or aquatic, natural or artificial, are sustained due to their strategic geographical locations on earth. 2. Genetic diversity. During reproduction, the fertilized egg cell involves a series of cell divisions that produce individuals with a distinctive assemblage of genes. No individual members of any population (except identical twins, which develop from a single egg) are precisely identical in their genetic makeup Benefits of Biodiversity Consumptive value. It often refers to non-market worth of resources that are consumed directly, with or without passing through a market. This includes food/drink, fuel, medicine, better crop varieties, and industrial materials. Non-consumptive value. This pertains to the worth of natural resources which are not diminished by their use, that do not require the user to have access to them, or make active use of them. Examples are recreation, education and research, and traditional values. Ecological services. Ecological functions are the major resources that support our health, social, cultural, and economic needs. The sustainabity of communities is determined by our capacity to conserve or restore the ecological services of both urban and rural areas. Threats to Biodiversity Natural causes. These are threats that occur in nature, and are considered inevitable. Natural causes include the following: 1\. Narrow geographical area. The narrower the area of a certain community, the lesser the number of species that will be able to thrive in it: area, population. The lesser the number of individucals to procreate, the lower the biodiversity in an 3\. Low breeding rate. The slower the breeding rate of the individuals, the less diverse. species, thus diminishes biodiversity. s\. ecies al disasters. The occurrence of natural calamithe clivse the destruction of habitats of various Chapter 10: The Nano World Impact of Nanotechnology impact on the following: The wide use of nanotechnology brings about positive and negative Health. Nano-particles are so tiny and invisible to the naked eye. They can come into our body through the skin, nose, lungs, and digestive system. They can cause damage our cell. if these particles enter our blood vessels, they can flow and damage our brain, our central control system. National security. Nano-bomb containing self- multiplying deadly virus can be used as terror weapots that are capable of annihilating thousands to billions of the Earth\'s population. Nanobots or nanorobots can be made into self-replicating machine that may go out of control and have the ability to consume all living matter on Earth. They are also called gray goo or grey goo. Social interaction. Because of the speed in communication many false news can be spread easily and can cause many chaos and misunderstanding. Culture. Slow traditional practices may be refused by the millennials as they marvel at the speed of modern technology, comparing the old activities as slow versus the fast pace of nanotechnology. Economy. Investment in developing nanomachines to create nanorobots, nanomedicine and the like involves huge cash outputs. Nanotechnology is believed to take 20 to 50 years to become fully commercialized; but the next industrial revolution may completely change human way of life. Politics. While nanotechnology is a work of human hands, its use must be regulated and used in moderation. For instance, the use of synthetic drugs and high powered weapons. Appropriate laws must be enacted manipulating humans and destroying our environment. Environment, Nanotechnology can improve the environment by making solar energy more affordable through the more efficient use of silicon - based solar cells, nanoparticles, and ultrathin films. Chapter 11: Gene Therapy Understanding Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a technique that utilizes genes to treat or prevent disease. Gene therapy involves inserting genes into a person\'s cells with the purpose of providing treatment for a certain ailment. Generally, a healthy and normal gene is implanted into a cell or tissue to substitute an abnormal gene and which causes disease. There are techniques in order to deliver the gene which may be difficult and requires some vectors like to \'carry the normal gene into the cell. With future endeavors along this field, such technique may be used by doctors as an alternative of using drugs or surgery. The following are some of the approaches in gene therapy: (1) An altered gene that causes disease is replaced with a healthy copy of the gene; (2) A mutated gene thatfunctions improperly is inactivated or \"knocked-out\"; (3) A new gene is introduced into the body to help fight a disease. Gene Therapy and Stem Cells Stem cells hold great potential in gene therapy. One of the best characteristics of stem cells is that they have the capacity to self-renew. Particularly, hematopoietic stem cells are a best choice because they can easily be obtained from the blood, bone marrow or umbilical cord. Stem cells are cells of variable potency that has the capacity to self-renew (stemness). Stem cells are unique compared to other cells of the body because they can both: - Self-renew or make copies of themselves; and - Differentiate to other types of cells - specialized cells of the body. Once a cell becomes, \'specialized\' or differentiated\', it plays vital roles in the body such as blood cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells. This makes stem cells very important since body needs stem cells to replace specialized cells that are damaged or get used up and even die. Self-renewal and differentiation are important for the various reasons. sell-renewalis necessary because if the stem cells cannot make copies of themselves, their supply mao, ditferentiation is essentie for the body to presee polo copieself to use throughout life. Also, differentiation is essential because specialized els are used up, damaged or die continually during puemselves. Stem well ou give rise to specialize are used up, diated cel occino mine copies of themselves once worn out. However, they can be replaced in the body through stem cells to still carry out its functions. Chapter 12: Climate Change What is Climate Change? Cmate change is a change that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that chan of time. composition of the global atmosphere and natural climate variability observed over a period of time. The truth is, the climate is changing each and every day. Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as global warming. What is Global Warming? Global warming refers to the current increase in temperature of the Earth\'s surface (both land and water) as well as it\'s atmosphere. Average temperature around the world have risen by 0.75°C over the last 100 years about two thirds of this increase has occurred since 1975. in the past, when the Earth experienced increases in temperature it was the result of natural causes but today it is being caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produced by human activities. Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases from human activities are the most significant driver of observed climate change since the mid-20th century. 1 The indicators characterize emissions of the major greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, the concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere, and how emissions and concentrations have changed over time. When comparing emissions of different gases, these indicators use a concept called global warming potential to convert amounts of other gases into carbon dioxide equivalents. Global greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide, net emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities increased by 35 percent from 1990 to 2010. Emissions of carbon dioxide, which account for about three-fourths of total emissions, increased by 42 percent over this period The majority of the world\'s emissions result from electricity generation, transportation, and other forms of energy production and use. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased since the beginning of the industrial era. Almost all of this increase is attributable to human activities. Climate forcing. Climate forcing refers to a change in the Earth\'s energy balance, leading to either a warming or cooling effect over time. An increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases produces a positive climate forcing, or warming effect. From 1990 to 2015, the total warming effect from greenhouse gases added by humans to the Barth\'s atmosphere increased by 37 percent. The warming effect associated with carbon dioxide alone increased by 30 percent. Causes of Climate Change such as: Natural factors. Climate change may be caused by natural phenomena 1. Volcanic eruptions. When a volcano erupts, it throws out large volumes of sulfur dioxide (SO2), water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years by increasing planetary reflectivity causing atmospheric cooling. 2. Ocean current. Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Interactions between the ocean and atmosphere can also produce phenomena such as El Niño, which occurs every two to six years. Deep ocean circulation of cold water moves from the poles towards the equator and movement of warm water from the equator back towards the poles. Without this movement, the poles would be colder and the equator warmer. 1. 3Earth orbital changes. The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. 2. Solar variations. The sun is the source of energy for the Earth\'s climate system. Although the sun\'s energy output appears constant from an everyday point of view, small changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate changes. Solar variations have performed a role in past climate changes. Human factor. Climate change can also be caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of land for forestry and agriculture. In addition to other environmental impacts, these activities change the land surface and emit various substances to the atmosphere. These, in turn, can influence both the amount of incoming energy and the amount of outgoing energy and can have both warming and cooling effects on the climate. The dominant product of fossil fuel combustion is carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Impacts of Climate Change Climate change and its impacts are happening. In particular, here are Extreme weather. Climate change causes a change in weather patters, precipitation, sea level rise, and wildlife. 1. Droughts and floods. A combination of changes in precipitation and weather patters brings out droughts in one sector and great floods in neighboring areas. decrease in size. 2. Shrinking of lakes. A decrease in precipitation causes lakes to decrease in size. 3. Desertification. Millions of square kilometers of once agricultural land becomes barren. 4. Shortage of food and water. Agricultural output in many regions of the world is becomes scarce because of drought, desertification, heat waves, wildfires, and changes in precipitation. Also, fresh water supplies are decreasing due to the melting of glaciers, the shrinking of lakes, and water contamination. 5. Extinction of species. Mass extinction of species is one of the most troubling effects of climate change. Humans have the technology to help us adapt to drastic changes in weather patterns, but animals could not adapt to it. Ocean acidification. The increasing pH of oceans due to carbon dioxide will affect marine life at the bottom of the food chain. As a result, the entire food chain is being affected, and eventually, land animals that are dependent on fish will suffer as well. Melting glaciers and polar ice caps. The polar ice caps and glaciers around the world, play an essential role in regulating temperature by at only absorbing heat but also by reflecting the sun\'s light. Spread of disease and food poisoning. An increase in temperature will also spread malaria and dengue fever as well as several other diseases. Chapter 13: Alternative Energy Resources (Environmental Awareness) Energy Resources Energy is the capacity to do work. All forms of life, particularly humans, need energy to perform life processes. Likewise, energy is required to enable machines to function. An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity. Most of the energy being use today come from fossil fuels. Fossil fuel is biomass energy buried within the Earth where it is stored until humans extract and burn it to release the energy. Among these sources are petroleum (oil and natural gas), oil shale, tar sands, and coal. Currently, society relies mostly on fossil fuels for energy (39% natural gas, 24% natural gas, 23% coal, 8% nuclear, and 6% other). Energy sources can be classified into renewable resources and on-renewable resources. Renewable resources are unlimited natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. On the other hand, non-renewable resources are limited natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown in a short amount of time at a scale comparable to its consumption. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy Non-renewable energy E.0550 Solar Biomass Oil Hydropower Ceotnermal Wind Nuclear Natural gas Alternative Energy Resources (AER) Alternative or renewable energy sources are important and necessary to respond to societys energy needs and to battle against climate change. At present, research and development of new technologies are undertaken to harvest renewable energy in more efficient ways. Alternative energy resources refer to clean natural and renew. able energy sources. They can be generated repeatedly when needed. These may be solar, wind, geothermal, waves, tides, waste, biomass, hydrogen, and so on. Solar energy. Solar energy is energy derived from the sun\'s light forming electromagnetic waves, which are converted to electrical or mechanical energy. Solar power is a reliable and safe alternative energy source today because it produces free heat and free electricity without producing and releasing harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydropower is energy that comes from dams (e.g., Angat Dam) and reservoirs. It is one of the largest but oldest renewable resource. The hydropower plants convert energy from the flowing water when water release through turbines to produce electricity. Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is energy that comes from the heat inside of the earth. The underground heat is produced by the presence of the molten rock called magma. The underground water is heated up by the heated rocks and the steam released is harvested by geothermal heat pumps. Wind Energy. Wind energy is clean energy derived from wind; it is harvested offshore and onshore by large wind turbines. Wind turbines use the momentum of moving air to quietly turn large blades that are attached to the shaft of an efficient generator. Wind power is converted to mechanical or electrical energy. Biomass energy. Biomass represents the green fuel obtained from non-fossilized, biodegradable organic waste materials like wood, certain crops, green algae, manure, agricultural products, forestry residues, and organic waste. These materials are burned to create steam from a centralized water source, which then tums a turbine so that energy can be created. Biomass energy can be converted into stable forms of heat and electricity. Ocean energy. Ocean energy is derived from tidal current or wave energy which is converted into mechanical energy or electrical energy. About 71.11 percent of the earth is covered by water bodies, especially oceans.