Integrated Science Notes PDF

Integrated Science Notes LG 5.1 – 5.3 INTRODUCTION Answer the following questions: What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities? Do you have any background beforehand? What is magnitude? What is direction? Mathematical quantities can be categorized into two –...

Integrated Science Notes LG 5.1 – 5.3 INTRODUCTION Answer the following questions: What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities? Do you have any background beforehand? What is magnitude? What is direction? Mathematical quantities can be categorized into two – those that depend on the direction and those that do not. Differentiate each statement. 1. James is walking 25m. 2. James is walking 25m to the right. We notice that No. 2 depends on the direction while No. 1 does not. LESSON One-dimensional quantities that do not have direction are called scalar quantities. A scalar quantity only has magnitude or its numerical value. Some examples are temperature, volume, and mass. If you have a box which has a mass of 40 kilograms, it will not matter whether you put it on the left side of the room or the right side because it will always be 40 kilograms. On the other hand, a vector quantity has magnitude and direction. Some examples are velocity, displacement, and acceleration. Unlike scalar quantities, vectors are multi- dimensional quantities. If you travelled 25 meters northwards, your end location would be much different if you travelled the same distance but in the opposite direction. In our example above, No. 2 depends on the direction, so it is a vector quantity, while No. 1 doesn’t, so it is a scalar quantity. Table of Scalar and Vector Quantities Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities 1. Distance (d) 1. Displacement (𝚫x) - Distance is the measure of how far an - Displacement is the distance of the object has travelled or moved. It is object’s final position in reference to measured in units of length, such as its initial position. centimeter, meter, or kilometer. - walk 50 km northeast from your house - walk 50 km from your house (magnitude and direction) (magnitude only) 2. Speed (v) 2. Velocity - how fast an object moves - how fast the object changes its - the rate in which the object is moving position as it moves in a specific - how fast or slow and object is moving direction - car travelling at 60 km/h (magnitude - how fast the object moves with only) respect to its reference point - car travelling at 60 km/h to the east (magnitude and direction) Since scalar quantities only have magnitude or numerical value, scalars only change when their magnitude changes. Vector quantities, on the other hand, undergo change when their magnitude, direction, or both, also change. Formula for Displacement: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 In this lesson, we will only cover horizontal and vertical motions. For motions going North/Up/Right, we will assign it as a positive (+) direction. For motions going South/Down/Left, we will assign it as a negative (-) direction. It is important to note that the positive (+) and negative (-) signs only describe the direction of the motion with respect to a reference point. Unlike distance, the displacement of an object can be zero (0) if its final position is just the same as its final position. Word Problem: Find the displacement of the ant. Answer: ________________________ (solution next page) Givens: Final Position: 5.0 cm Initial Position: 2.0 cm 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 5.0 𝑐𝑚 − 2.0 𝑐𝑚 = 3.0 𝑐𝑚 Formula of Speed: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Suppose a car travelled 100 meters in just 10 seconds. What is the speed of the car? Givens: Distance: 100 meters Time: 10 seconds 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 100𝑚 𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 10 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 10𝑠 𝑠 Challenge 𝑚 𝑓𝑡 Convert 10 into 𝑚𝑖. 𝑠 Back to the lesson: Formula for Velocity: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Suppose that the ant travelled the 5 centimeters distance, rightwards, in 4 seconds. It then walked back with a distance of 2 centimeters, leftwards, in 1 second. What is the ant’s velocity? We know that the displacment is 3.0 cm. And the time is 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 3.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.6 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 sec (other word problems in next page) Word Problem #1 An athlete runs 4 kilometers northwards and runs back 6 kilometers southwards. (a) What is the distance covered by the athlete? (b) What is his displacement [Sol] (a) The total distance: 4 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 6 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑘𝑚 (b) The displacement: 4 𝑘𝑚 − 6 𝑘𝑚 = −2 𝑘𝑚 What are the givens of this word problem? Word Problem #2 A car travels at 30 kilometers per hour. How far can the car travel in 2 hours? [Sol] Method 1: We know that… 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Let speed = 30 km/h and our time = 2 hours or 2h. 𝑘𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30 = ℎ 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑚 30 (2ℎ) = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ 60 𝑘𝑚 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 We multiplied both sides by 2h to cancel out the hours. Method 2: Other formulas 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 30 (2ℎ) = 60 𝑘𝑚 ℎ What are the givens of this word problem? Word Problem #3 A race car has a maximum speed of 340 kilometers per hour. How long will it take to travel a 100-kilometer distance? [Sol] Method 1: We know that… 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Let speed = 340 km/h and the distance = 100 km. 𝑘𝑚 100 𝑘𝑚 340 = ℎ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑚 340 (𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒) = 100 𝑘𝑚 ℎ 100 𝑘𝑚 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑘𝑚 340 ℎ 100 𝑘𝑚(ℎ) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 340 𝑘𝑚 100 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = ℎ = 0.39 ℎ 340 Method 2: Other Formulas 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 100 𝑘𝑚 100 𝑘𝑚(ℎ) 100 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = = ℎ = 0.39 ℎ 𝑘𝑚 340 𝑘𝑚 340 340 ℎ Acceleration Acceleration is the speeding up or slowing down of an object in a certain amount of time. It is the rate of change in the velocity of an object. Acceleration is also, a vector quantity, which means that it is a multi-dimensional quantity with direction. 𝜟𝒗 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 𝜟𝒕 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑  DID YOU KNOW? 𝑚 The acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is 9.8 meters per second per second or 9.8 𝑠2. This means that if you drop an object at a certain elevation its speed increases by 9.8 every 1 second during its fall. ____________________________________________________________________________________ LG 6.1 – 6.1.1 INTRODUCTION Q&A: What is the scientific method? How can we present our discoveries to other scientists? Where can we present our discoveries to other scientists? Why should we present our discoveries to other scientists? What’s your opinion on the poster below? 1. Is the poster easy to read? 2. Is the poster arranged properly? 3. If the poster is bad, what would you do to make it better? In this module, we are going to discuss about the scientific method. LESSON THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Non-Summarized Version – Taken from the LG) Step 1: Making Observations and Formulations/Scientific Questions The first steps in solving problems or understanding phenomena scientifically is to observe what is happening using the five senses and to formulate scientific questions about what you have seen, heard, tasted, smelled, and felt. Keep in mind that scientific questions must be testable. These are questions about objects, organisms, or phenomena that can be answered by measuring and analyzing data gathered through experimentation.  Scientific questions should lead to actual investigations and not to a philosophical journey. Step 2: Forming a Hypothesis The second step of the scientific method is to propose a hypothesis to the problem identified. ✓ A hypothesis is an educated guess, a possible answer to the question, a possible solution to the problem or an explanation of what you expect to happen. A hypothesis is based on thorough observations and logical thought of what has been observed. ✓ A good hypothesis is something that is testable or something that can be confirmed or disproved through experimentation. It should include controlled and manipulated variables. Step 3: Experimenting and Collecting Data The third step of the scientific method is testing your predictions or hypotheses. To do this, you might need to do more observations. You may also need some apparatus, equipment, tools, and a valid and standard procedure in order to confirm or disprove your hypothesis or hypotheses. In an experiment, all factors and conditions must be controlled to maintain internal and external validity. Experimenting involves stages. ✓ The first stage of conducting an experiment is to specify the sample groups. ❖ The sample groups should be large enough to give a statistically viable study, but small enough to be practical. ❖ They should also be randomly selected for the results to represent the population as a whole. ✓ The second stage of conducting an experiment is to randomly divide the sample groups into a control and test group. ❖ The control and test group must be identical except for the factor being investigated. ✓ The third stage is to determine the time scale and frequency of sampling. ❖ The frequency of sampling must be fit to the type of experiment being conducted. For example, sampling for antibiotic resistance study should be more frequent than that of testing a cure for Parkinson’s disease. ✓ The fourth stage is the conduct of the experiment following the methods identified during the design phase. ❖ The independent variable is manipulated to generate meaningful data for the dependent variable. ❖ For example, if you want to determine the effect of fertilizer on the growth of plants, the independent variable would be the amount of fertilizer added to plants while the dependent variable is the change in the height of the plants given that all other factors are held constant. Step 4: Analyzing Data Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Oftentimes, scientists apply statistical tests to the results to help decide in an impartial manner if the results obtained are valid (meaningful; fit with another knowledge), reliable (give the same results repeatedly), and show cause-and-effect, or if they are just results of random events (Tillery, 2015). Step 5: Drawing a Conclusion This is the point in the scientific investigation when you give a conclusion, a solution or answer to the problem based on the collected and analyzed data. If your data supports your hypothesis, then the hypothesis may be the explanation for your problem. However, multiple trials must be done to confirm the result. It is important that the procedure generates a consistent result for it to be valid. If the data do not support the hypothesis, then more observations must be made, a new hypothesis must be formed, and the scientific method may be used all over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way. Step 6: Communicating Findings and Results The scientific method does not stop with drawing a conclusion to the question or problem. It is also important that the findings of the conducted scientific investigation be shared to the scientific community. Scientists do this by sharing their findings with their peers or by publishing their results in scientific journals. Sometimes, results may be challenged, questioned, or critiqued by other scientists or they may also serve as basis for another scientific problem. When conducting a scientific investigation, it is very important to keep a journal containing all of your important ideas and information about the experimentation. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Summarized Version) Step 1: Making Observations and Formulations/Scientific Questions When making observations, we use our five senses. These scientific questions must be testable can be answered by data through experimentation. Step 2: Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a testable, educated guess on what you expect to happen based on your previous observations that includes controlled and manipulated variables. Step 3: Experimenting and Collecting Data You may need more observations and apparatus when experimenting and collecting data. There are three steps to experimenting and collecting data:  1. Specify the sample groups. 2. Randomly divide the sample groups into a control and test group. 3. Determine the time scale and frequency of sampling. 4. Conduct an experiment following the methods identified during the design phase. Step 4: Analyzing Data In this step, collect your measurements and analyze if your hypothesis is true or false based on the data. Oftentimes, scientists apply statistical tests to the results to see if the results are valid. Step 5: Drawing a Conclusion If your data supports your hypothesis, then the hypothesis may be the explanation to your problem. However, multiple trials may be done to confirm the results. You may also want to test your hypothesis in a new way, even if it is true. However, if the data does not support your hypothesis: more observations should be made a new hypothesis must be formed the scientific method may be used all over again Step 6: Communicating Findings and Results Your findings may be shared in scientific journals to the scientific community. Other scientists may challenge results, or it may be served as basis for another problem. Keep a journal containing all your important ideas and information about the experimentation. Here are some breakthroughs and discoveries in science that changed our lives: 1. The Atomic Theory Defined that objects are made up of invisible and indestructible particles called atoms. Atoms are defined as the basic building blocks of matter and when joined together they form molecules which in turn form most objects around us. 2. The Copernican System Described that the sun is the center of the solar system and that planets are revolving around it including our planet earth. 3. Gravity Isaac Newton described that some “forces’ must be acting on falling objects like apples because otherwise, they would not start moving from rest. He called this “force” as gravity and that gravitational forces exist between all objects. 4. Penicillin The discovery of antibiotics is a major breakthrough in science that is able to kill bacteria that makes us ill. Without antibiotics, bacteria can thrive and infect a person and eventually may lead to death.  5. The Internet Said to be the most significant invention of our current time, the Internet has an enormous impact on science allowing not only real-time communications but also sharing of research outputs and other relevant information. 6. DNA It has catapulted medical treatment and paved the way to solving heinous crimes. It leads us to understand and investigate the building blocks of life and what makes us who we are. 7. Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) had been a subject of study in the past years. It enables machines to learn, process and store information more than humans could ever do. Moreover, artificial intelligence can detect patterns, errors, and duplication. 8. Medical Imaging This is an essential tool for clinical diagnosis that allows medical doctors to see beyond the skin for accurate treatment. Examples are x-ray, ultrasound and MRI scanners that ensure high and accurate treatment with a least invasive procedure to the patient. Some Limitations of the Scientific Method: - Highly subjective results due to the possibility of human error. Errors such as systemic or random may result in inaccurate and unreliable data collection. Incompetent and inefficient methods and laboratory personnel may lead to errors that invalidates data and conclusion. Examples: failure to follow the procedure, mishaps in measuring, contaminated laboratory tools and miscalculations of data. - UNREALISTIC experimental research. Controlled variables may produce corrupted or inaccurate results and may seem authentic. The variables can be controlled in such a way that it moves the data toward a desired result. Data can also be corrupted and assumed like they are positive, but because the real-life environment is sometimes far more different from the controlled environment; the positive results could never be achieved outside of the experimental research. - Time-consuming Examples are development of vaccines and effects of radiation on humans such as the use of smartphones and cables. - Ethics and Legal Responsibilities This pertains to whether issues are right or wrong. Example includes: using of laboratory animals for experiment, cloning, freezing human sperm and embryo, genetically modified organism (GMO), contraception, abortion, and assisted fertilization. Moreover, deception and fraud on scientific methods and procedures corrupts credibility and may lead to loss of correct and reliable conclusions.  - Experiment Design and Instrument availability Observation is the easiest and simplest form of data collection. However, not all can be considered reliable. Example: faulty perception of the observer, biases, and generalization over an observed phenomenon. One of the most important components of a research design is the laboratory instruments because they gather and collect data or information. Calibration of equipment and instruments are necessary for a precise data collection. - Constrained by the extent of existing knowledge Experiment design and formulation of hypotheses is based primarily on existing human knowledge. However, before the development of antibiotics, many diseases could not be explained. (Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causative agent of Tuberculosis).) ____________________________________________________________________________________