Animal Anatomy and Physiology (Part 1) PDF

Unit II – Anatomy and Physiology (Part 1) Department of Animal Science CLSU Course Outcome Identify external and internal anatomy of domesticated animals Discuss basic physiology of domesticated animals important to production Introduction Anatomy – is th...

Unit II – Anatomy and Physiology (Part 1) Department of Animal Science CLSU Course Outcome Identify external and internal anatomy of domesticated animals Discuss basic physiology of domesticated animals important to production Introduction Anatomy – is the study of the structure of a body and the relation of its parts - External and Internal Physiology – deals with the function of living matter and includes a number of subsidiary disciplines such as behavior, biochemistry, and biophysics Body Systems ⚫ Skeletal & muscular ⚫ Cardiovascular ⚫ Respiratory ⚫ Nervous ⚫ Digestive ⚫ Reproductive ⚫ Endocrine and body temperature regulations Directional terms External Anatomy Cattle Integumentary System Skin derivatives : sweat and oil gland, hair, wool, fur, nails Functions: ⚫ Physical protection: barrier against outside ⚫ Prevention of dehydration ⚫ Body temperature regulation ⚫ Sensory information via cutaneous receptors ⚫ Metabolic ions ⚫ Excretion of wastes Sweat gland - specialized structure ▪ Eccrine – produces hypotonic water secretion that derives from intertitial fluids (water with some dissolved salts, lactic acid, and other wastes) ▪ Apocrine gland – located in distinct part of the body. Secretes watery fluid, fatty acids and some protein. This gland is affected by sex steroids Sebaceous gland ⚫ Also known as oil gland ⚫ Present in mammals ⚫ Sebaceous gland produces “sebum” ⚫ Sebum ◦ Acts as natural skin cream and hair protector ◦ Prevents excessive evaporation ◦ Keep the skin soft ◦ Has bactericidal Other Skin Glands ⚫ Submental gland in cats ⚫ Scent gland in goat Other Skin Glands ⚫ Uropygial gland – oil gland ⚫ Hair  ⚫ Chestnut - horny mass Appendages of Skin found in the medial aspect of Hoof or claw - It is the horny the forearm about halfway covering of the distal end of the between the carpus and the digit. elbow, and on the media aspect of the hind leg just below the hock of the horse. Appendages of Skin. Horns - epidermal derivatives bound together into a solid mass by keratin. It is Ergot. A horny mass found in supported for a variable all four legs, embedded in the distance by the horn core or hair on the posterior aspect of process cornus, (which is a the fetlock joint. bony outgrowth of the frontal bones of the skull). Appendages of Skin ⚫ Feathers – it helps protect the body, maintain body temperature in poultry and allows bird to fly Skeletal System Functions ⚫ Protection of vital organs ⚫ Rigidity and form to the body ⚫ Acts as levers ⚫ Storage of minerals and lipids ⚫ Site of blood formation Classification of bone ⚫ Long bones ⚫ Short bones ⚫ Flat bones ⚫ Irregular bones ⚫ Sesamoid bones Division of the body skeleton Appendicular Axial Visceral ⚫ os rostri (pig snout) ⚫ os cordis (cattle heart) ⚫ os penis (dog penis) Muscular System Functions ⚫ Production of movement ⚫ Maintaining posture ⚫ Stabilizing joints ⚫ Generating heat Properties of muscle ⚫ Excitability ◦ Sometimes called irritability ⚫ Contractility ⚫ Extensibility ⚫ Elasticity Classification of Muscle Voluntary Skeletal Striated muscle striated Involuntary muscle Cardiac striated muscle smooth Examples of muscle types ⚫ Voluntary and striated ◦ gastrocnemius (chief muscle of the calf of the leg) ◦ gluteus maximus (main extensor muscle of the hip) ⚫ Cardiac (heart muscle) ⚫ Involuntary smooth ◦ muscularis mucosae (intestine) Digestive System Functions ❑ Ingestion ❑ Mastication ❑ Digestion and Absorption ❑ Excretion  Parts of Digestive System Mouth ❑ Tongue, lips, teeth and salivary glands ❑ Responsible for food breakdown ❑ Serves as prehensile (grasping) mechanism, defensive and offensive Pharynx o Passage of food and air Esophagus o Connects pharynx and stomach Stomach A. Simple stomach A. Cardia (entrance) B. Fundus ( body) C. Pylorus (terminal) B. Compound Stomach B. Rumen (paunch) C. Reticulum (honeycomb) D. Omasum (many flies) E. Abomasum (true stomach) Enzyme Enzymes Origin Enzyme Target nutrient Salivary gland Amylase carbohydrates Mouth Lipase Lipid Stomach Pepsin Protein into peptide fragment or amino acid HCl* Denaturation of protein Destroy bacteria and virus Activate pepsinogen into pensin Gastric lipase lipid Liver Bile* Emulsify fats Origin Enzyme Target nutrient Pancreas Trypsin Protein and amino acid Chymotrypsin Protein and their aromatic amino acid Carboxypeptidase Terminal amino acid group from protein Elastases Protein elastin Lipase Triglycerides into FA and glycerol Amylase Starch and glycogen Small Intestine Maltase Maltose to glucose Lactase Lactose to glucose and galactose Sucrase Sucrose to glucose and fructose Origin Enzyme Target nutrient Stomach of young ruminants rennin Causes milk to coagulate Microorganism Cellulose Cell wall Cellobiose Soluble cellooligomers Xylan Arabinoxylan Laminarin Lichenin Pectin Polygalacturan  Small Intestine Parts Duodenum – Contains the pancreas Jejunum – Middle part Ileum – Terminal Part  Large Intestine Cecum – functional among pseudo-ruminants as site of microbial digestion “cul de sac”- colon Rectum – terminal part of intestine, organ of storage of waste Anus – end part of alimentary tract  Accessory Gland of Digestive System Pancreas – secretes insulin and Liver – produces bile; largest digestive enzyme gland Functions of Liver 1. Storage and formation of glycogen (animal starch) 2. Secretion of bile 3. Detoxification of poisons 4. Breakdown of uric acid 5. Formation of urea 6. Desaturation of fatty acids  Urinary System ⚫ Extraction and removal of waste products from the blood Kidneys – urine formation nephron is the unit of structure and function of the kidney. Ureters – conveys urine from kidney to bladder Urinary bladder (pantog) – hollow muscular organ that contains urine Urethra –passageway of urine and semen in male;solely urinary function for female Urine Formation Secretion moves substances out of the blood and into the collecting tubules where they mix with the water and other wastes and are converted into urine. Micturition – the term for the expulsion of urine from the bladder  Male Reproductive System Testis or testicles – primary organ of the male -sperm cells production -hormone production (testosterone produce in the Leydig cells) Scrotum – cutaneous sac serves as external covering of testes. Temperature regulation (6-9 0C below body temperature; cremaster and tunica dartos muscles for thermoregulatory. Seminiferous tubules are found inside the testes where spermatozoa are produced.  Duct System Epididymis – (head, body and tail) as storage, concentrate, site of sperm maturation Vas deferens – found at the tail of epididymis,enlarges to ampulla. Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra Urethra – where spermatozoa and accessory fluids mixed, with loop called sigmoid flexure (bull, boar, ram and buck) Penis –organ of copulation, ( glans, body and roots which is attached to the pelvis) Accessory Gland Seminal vesicles – paired, hollow, absent in dogs, secretion neutralizes urine residues ( ascorbic acid, citric acid, seminal fructose, ergothionine) Prostate – unpaired, more or less completely surrounds the pelvic urethra. Produces alkaline that gives characteristic odor to semen Cowper’s gland or bulbo-urethral gland – small paired, on either side of pelvic urethra. None in dogs, extremely large in boars, secretes sialoprotein  Female Reproductive System Ovaries – primary organ of the female ❑ Produces ovo (egg cell), ❑ Female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Oviduct or Fallopian tube ❑ Tube extending from the ovaries to uterus, with funnel fimbriated membrane portion near the ovary called infundibulum; ❑ Serve as site of fertilization Uterus ❑ site of implantation for fertilized egg; with body and horns; ❑ Types: bipartite, bicornuate, duplex, didelphic and simplex Cervix ❑ neck of uterus; ❑ its opening called os uteri closes when pregnant and not in-heat Vagina ❑ organ of copulation Vulva ❑ external genital organ Male Fowl Reproductive System two testicles in bird are located inside the abdominal cavity body temperature of fowl (about 104°F) does not inhibit spermatogenesis as it does in most mammals the quite small epididymis on the side of each testicle provides limited storage thus, the vas deferens which lead from the testicles to the cloaca are the main storage site of sperm cells no accessory glands in the bird  Female Fowl Reproductive System Ovary – left is functional Oviduct ❑ Infundibulum ❑ Magnum – secretes egg white ❑ Isthmus – secretes shell membrane Uterus – “ shell gland” Vagina Cloaca