Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics PDF

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جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الأردنية

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pharmacology medicine anxiety drugs

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This document discusses anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, and clinical uses. It explores the role of GABA and its relation to these drugs.

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Page 1 of 10 Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics  Anxiolytics: Drug used to treat anxiety by Reduce anxiety excitement, nervousness & irritability.  Sedatives: A drug that subdues excitement and calms the subject  Anxiolytics Sedatives Are usually given durin...

Page 1 of 10 Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics  Anxiolytics: Drug used to treat anxiety by Reduce anxiety excitement, nervousness & irritability.  Sedatives: A drug that subdues excitement and calms the subject  Anxiolytics Sedatives Are usually given during daytime hours. Make the patient drowsy. They usually do not produce sleep (the dose is imp.)  Hypnotics: o A drug that are produce drowsiness. o Are induce sleep by induces the onset & and maintenance of sleep (allows the patient to fall asleep & stay asleep). o Are given at sleep or bedtime.  Classification of Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics: A. Benzodiazepines (BDZs) (the most important)  The BNZ drugs end with “pam” or “lam’ ‫ ركزوا إللي عليه نجمه‬ Page 2 of 10 B. Barbiturates  The barbiturates drugs end with“pental” or “bital’ distribution ‫ وال‬absorption ‫ هاد الدجول بقارن بين االدويه من ناحيه ال‬ Page 3 of 10 ‫? )‪What is G-aminobutyric Acid (GABA‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪GABA is the transmitter most associated with inhibition‬‬ ‫‪in the CNS via activation the GABA receptor.‬‬ ‫‪ GABAA Activation cause chloride influx. The‬‬ ‫‪influx of chloride ions (Enhancement of Cl‬‬ ‫‪conductance) causes hyperpolarization of the neuron‬‬ ‫‪& decreases neurotransmission by inhibiting the‬‬ ‫‪formation of action potentials‬‬ ‫‪Depression of CNS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪GABA NT produce many effects as sedative, amnestic,‬‬ ‫‪anti-seizures, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬يعمل ‪ )gamma aminobutyric acid( GABA‬كناقل عصبي مثبط في الجهاز العصبي المركزي ‪ (CNS).‬عندما‬ ‫ينشط مستقبالت‪ ، GABA_A‬يسمح بدخول أيونات الكلوريد )‪ (Cl-‬إلى الخاليا العصبية‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬شرح مبسط‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬دخول أيونات الكلوريد‪ :‬عندما تدخل أيونات الكلوريد إلى الخلية العصبية‪ ،‬تؤدي إلى فرط االستقطاب (أي تجعل الشحنة داخل‬ ‫الخلية أكثر سلبية)‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬فرط االستقطاب‪ :‬يجعل من الصعب على الخلية العصبية إطالق إشارات عصبية جديدة‪ ،‬مما يقلل من نشاط الجهاز العصبي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬تثبيط الجهاز العصبي‪ :‬يؤدي هذا إلى تهدئة الجهاز العصبي ويقلل من النشاط العصبي الزائد‪ ،‬مما يسبب تأثيرات مثل التهدئة‪،‬‬ ‫تقليل التوتر‪ ،‬تقليل التشنجات‪ ،‬واسترخاء العضالت‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬بالتالي‪GABA ،‬يؤدي إلى تثبيط نشاط الجهاز العصبي المركزي‪ ،‬وهذا هو السبب في استخدامه في أدوية مثل المهدئات‬ ‫ومضادات القلق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Page 4 of 10‬‬ ‫‪ Mechanisms of Action BZDs & Barbiturates‬‬ ‫‪ Benzodiazepines‬‬ ‫‪1. Anxiolytic effect: At low doses‬‬ ‫‪2. Hypnotic effect: at high doses‬‬ ‫‪3. Anterograde amnesia: all BZDs cause‬‬ ‫‪ ‬البنزوديازيبينات )‪ (BZDs‬والباربيتورات هما مجموعتان من األدوية التي تؤثر على الجهاز العصبي المركزي وتستخدم لعالج‬ ‫حاالت معينة مثل القلق‪ ،‬األرق‪ ،‬والنوبات‪.‬على الرغم من أنهما يشتركان في بعض الخصائص‪ ،‬إال أن هناك اختالفات كبيرة‬ ‫بينهما‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬البنزوديازيبينات‪(BZDs):‬‬ ‫‪ ‬استخداماتها‪ :‬تستخدم البنزوديازيبينات بشكل أساسي كعقاقير مهدئة ومضادة للقلق‪ ،‬وكذلك في عالج النوبات التشنجية واضطرابات‬ ‫النوم‪.‬من أمثلتها الديازيبام (فاليوم) واللورازيبام‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬كيفية العمل‪ :‬تعمل عن طريق تعزيز تأثير الناقل العصبي "حمض الغاما‪-‬أمينوبيوتيريك ")‪ (GABA‬الذي يقلل من نشاط الدماغ‪،‬‬ ‫مما يؤدي إلى تأثير مهدئ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬األمان‪ :‬تعتبر أكثر أمانًا من الباربيتورات فيما يتعلق بجرعة زائدة‪ ،‬ولكن يمكن أن تؤدي إلى اإلدمان إذا تم استخدامها لفترات طويلة‬ ‫أو بجرعات عالية‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬الباربيتورات‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬استخداماتها‪ :‬تُستخدم الباربيتورات كعقاقير مهدئة ومنومة‪ ،‬كما كانت تُستخدم في الماضي لعالج النوبات والقلق‪ ،‬ولكن قل استخدام‬ ‫نظرا لخطرها العالي في التسبب باإلدمان والجرعة الزائدة‪.‬‬ ‫الباربيتورات بشكل كبير ً‬ ‫‪ ‬كيفية العمل‪ :‬تعمل بطريقة مشابهة للبنزوديازيبينات‪ ،‬حيث تعزز من تأثير‪ ، GABA‬ولكن بشكل أكثر كثافة‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى تأثيرات‬ ‫‪Page 5 of 10‬‬ ‫مهدئة أقوى‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬األمان‪ :‬الباربيتورات أكثر خطورة من البنزوديازيبينات‪ ،‬ألن جرعة زائدة صغيرة يمكن أن تؤدي إلى فشل في الجهاز التنفسي‬ ‫والموت‪.‬‬ temporary impairment of memory & The ability to learn and form new memories is also impaired. 4. Anti-seizures: several BZDs have this activity 5. Muscle Relaxant. At high doses, several BZDs relax the spastic of skeletal muscle  Barbiturates 1. CNS depression: potent CNS depressant effects 1. At low doses: sedation (have a calming effect and reduce excitement) 2. At normal doses: Anxiolytic & Anticonvulsant 1. At higher doses: cause hypnosis, followed by anesthesia (loss of feeling or sensation), & finally, coma & death. 2. CVS depression: 1. At low doses: Minimal Effect 2. At higher doses: hypotension 3. Respiratory depression 1. suppress the hypoxic and chemoreceptor response to CO2 1. overdose (Lethal doses) is followed by Respiratory depression & death 2. induce cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsomal enzymes in the liver  Both BZDs & Barbiturates cause: 1. Tolerance is decreased responsiveness to repeated doses of the drug that occurs when used for more than 1 to 2 weeks.  In general, these drugs should be given for only a limited time, usually less than 2 to 4 weeks. 2. Dependence, stopping BZ treatment after weeks and months causes an increase in symptoms of anxiety, together with tremor and dizziness. Tolerance led to dependence and potential to addiction  If a benzodiazepine has been used regularly for more than 2 weeks, its use should be tapered rather than discontinued abruptly  Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are not necessarily the best choice for anxiety or insomnia. ‫مممهههم‬ Page 6 of 10.‫ التحمل يعني أن الجسم يصبح أقل استجابة لجرعات متكررة من الدواء عندما يستخدم لفترة تتراوح بين أسبوع إلى أسبوعين‬.‫ تحتاج إلى زيادة الجرعة للحصول على نفس التأثير‬،‫نتيجة لذلك‬ ‫ عادة ً أقل من أسبوعين إلى أربعة‬،‫ لفترة محدودة فقط‬، (BZs)‫ مثل البنزوديازيبينات‬،‫ يُنصح باستخدام هذه األدوية‬،‫ بشكل عام‬.‫ لتجنب المشاكل الناتجة عن استخدامها الطويل‬،‫أسابيع‬ ،‫ االرتجاف‬،‫ االعتماد يحدث عندما يؤدي التوقف عن تناول الدواء بعد أسابيع أو أشهر إلى زيادة في األعراض مثل القلق‬.‫ وقد يكون هناك خطر حدوث اإلدمان إذا استُخدم الدواء لفترة طويلة‬،‫ التحمل يؤدي إلى االعتماد‬.‫والدوار‬ ‫ لتجنب‬،‫ يجب تقليل الجرعة تدريجيًا بدالً من التوقف المفاجئ‬،‫ إذا تم استخدام البنزوديازيبينات بشكل منتظم ألكثر من أسبوعين‬.‫أعراض االنسحاب‬  Clinical uses of BZDs & Barbiturates  Benzodiazepines (BDZs) have largely replaced barbiturates because BDZs are safer & more effective.  Benzodiazepines 1. Anxiety disorders: 2. Insomnia & sleep disorder 3. Adjuvant in anesthesia a. Pre-anesthetic medication b. Induction of Anesthesia c. Minor procedures 4. Seizures 5. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome 6. Muscle spasm.  Barbiturates 1. Seizures  Ex: Phenobarbital is preferred:  To Control seizure (Grand mal epilepsy) at low doses  In status epilepticus via Intravenous 2. Adjuvant in anesthesia A. Minor & short procedures where full anesthesia is not required. B. Induction of Anesthesia  Ex: Thiopental is preferred:  It is Ultra-short acting.  Act within seconds, short duration.  It highly lipid soluble.  Clinical uses of BZDs: 1. Anxiety disorders: Page 7 of 10 1. such as OCD, GAD, Panic disorder & extreme anxiety associated with phobias such as flying  Indicated for continued sever anxiety and NOT to alleviate the normal stress of every day of life.  should only be used for short periods of time because of their addiction potential.  Certain antidepressants such as the SSRIs are preferred in anxiety disorder. 2. As Intravenous diazepam are favored in the management of acute anxiety states & for rapid control of panic attacks. 2. Insomnia & sleep disorder Are indicated for people with problems in sleep initiation & maintenance.  during chronic nocturnal use of BZDs, the effect on various stages of sleep usually declines within a few nights.  BZDs Should be used for only a limited time, usually 1 to 3 weeks.  BZDs Cause Rebound insomnia after discontinuation (increased nightmares) 3. Pre-anesthetic medication  Diazepam is commonly prescribed before surgery to relief anxiety, induce hypnotic & amnesia effect 4. Induction of Anesthesia  Diazepam is commonly used for the induction of anesthesia.  Anterograde amnesia (inability to recall events that occur during the drug’s action). 5. Minor procedures where full anesthesia is not required.  In anxiety provoking & unpleasant minor procedures as endoscopy & dental procedures  Ex: midazolam o Is preferred because its short acting agent (has short duration of action). o Cause conscious sedation, to allow the patient to be receptive to instructions during these minor procedures. 6. Seizures 1. To Control seizures as diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam 2. In status epilepticus High doses of intravenous diazepam, lorazepam is used à In this condition, heavy sedation is desirable. 7. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome  Diazepam, are effective in acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal and reduce the risk of withdrawal-related seizures 8. skeletal muscle spasm  Diazepam & clonazepam are effective for specific muscle spasticity states to Relax skeletal muscle & in treating spasticity from degenerative disorders, such as in cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis  Adverse effect of BZDs & Barbiturates: Page 8 of 10  Management of Benzodiazepine Toxicity ‫مهم‬  Patients severely intoxicated with BZDs only require respiratory assistance when they also have ingested another CNS depressant drug, most commonly ethanol  There is No specific antidote for BZDs is Flumazenil o Flumazenil is the specific antidote for acute BZDs poisoning. o Flumazenil is a Competitive antagonist with BZDs on GABA-A receptor that rapidly reverses the effects of BZDs o The drug is available for intravenous (IV) administration only, single bolus o Has rapid onset & short duration of action (1 hrs)  Clinical use: 1. The management of suspected benzodiazepine overdose 2. The reversal of sedative effects produced by benzodiazepines administered during general anesthesia and diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.  Management of Barbiturates Toxicity ‫مهم‬  There is No specific antidote for Barbiturates  Overdose management includes supportive care: 1. Mechanical Ventilation (artificial respiration) 2. IV Fluid 3. Gastric decontamination for recent ingestions. Page 9 of 10  Contraindications of BZDs & Barbiturates 1. Sever respiratory insufficiency 2. Breathing related sleep disorders, eg, sleep apnea. 3. Acute narrow angle glaucoma 4. During Pregnancy …. cause fetal malformations 5. Abuse by the pregnant mother can result in a withdrawal syndrome in the newborn. 6. Large doses taken just before or during labor may cause mild respiratory depression in the neonate. 7. lactating women … Nursing infants may also be exposed to the drugs in breast milk. 8. Administer with other CNS depressants agents (as alcoholic beverages, opioid, …. Additive CNS Depress  Why Barbiturates have been replaced by BZs. Because ‫… مهم‬.. The end Page 10 of 10

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