Reading and Writing PDF

Reading and Writing ‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﺐ‬/ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ What do you do when you write? ‫ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ؟‬ Or What is composition all about in the end of the day? ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄ...

Reading and Writing ‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﺐ‬/ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ What do you do when you write? ‫ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ؟‬ Or What is composition all about in the end of the day? ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف؟‬ While you write, ‫اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬ you express your thoughts in a certain way..‫ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ أﻓﻜﺎرك ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ Whether you are writing a creative piece or an academic essay, it requires you to have the ability to express your thoughts and ideas..‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻚ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ أﻓﻜﺎرك وآراﺋﻚ‬،‫ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻤﻼً إﺑﺪاﻋﻴًﺎ أو ﻣﻘﺎﻻً أﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴًﺎ‬ English composition is all about how you feel and what you feel towards what you write on..‫ﺗﺪور اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ There are certain basic rules of English composition..‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ( ) Rules of composition ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬ Start with your subject and verb, i.e., English grammar aspect..‫ أي ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬،‫ اﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ Page | 1 Keeping subject and verb together helps in making sentence appear coherent and effective..‫اﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ One basic advantage of this structure is that it reads much better and is less prone (likely) to errors..‫ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻳُﻘﺮأ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ وأﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﻄﺎء‬ One should always keep the sentences short because long sentences might be having more errors in case you are not aware of sentence formation rules..‫ﻳﺠﺐ داﺋﻤًﺎ إﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻷن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋﺪم اﻹﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ Shorter sentences are less likely to be wrong..‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻷﻗﺼﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻷن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‬ Simple sentences make sentences appear crisp and attractive..‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﺪو واﺿﺤﺔ وﺟﺬاﺑﺔ‬ ( ) English Writing Skills ‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ Lesson 1 What kinds of writing did you have to do in university? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ؟‬ What kinds of writing do your students do for you? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻃﻼﺑﻚ ﻟﻚ؟‬ How is this writing different from other forms of writing - business writing, creative writing, or journalism? ‫ أو اﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ؟‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬- ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬ Academic writing is writing that is done by scholars for scholars..‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ It is used mostly in high school and universities..‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪارس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ Some examples of academic writing are: an essay about human rights, an essay comparing two artists, and a report about healthcare for the elderly. ‫ وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺒﺎر‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎل ﻳﻘﺎرن ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎل ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬:‫ﺑﻌﺾ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ How is this form of writing different than journalism? ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ؟‬ --- Shared Characteristics ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ Main idea - your piece should have one main idea..‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‬- ‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ Idea development through supporting sentences..‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ‬ All sentences should support your main idea. If they don't, then cut..‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺬﻓﻬﺎ‬،‫ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬.‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‬ All points should have good support - examples, details, statistics, anecdotes, quotations, etc..‫ إﻟﺦ‬،‫ اﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎت‬،‫ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺎت‬،‫ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬،‫ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬- ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﺟﻴﺪ‬ Unity - All good writing has unity, i.e., all the elements of the written work contribute to a central idea..‫ أي أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬- ‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ If all your sentences support the main idea, your piece will have unity..‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ وﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ Cohesion - One idea should flow logically and smoothly to the next idea..‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻜﺮة واﺣﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ وﺳﻠﺲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬- ‫ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ Sentence structure - Both academic writing and journalism follow basic rules for punctuation..‫ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻮ‬- ‫ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ Basic rules are the same, with some variations. You should consult the style guide for the publication you are writing for..‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﺳﺘﺸﺎرة دﻟﻴﻞ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ( ) The Paragraph ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ A paragraph is made of a group of related sentences that support one main idea..‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﻜﺮة رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ A good paragraph in academic writing has the following elements: :‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ Topic Sentence ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ This sentence contains the main idea that the author wants to express..‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ It is often located at the beginning of the paragraph but sometimes, especially in longer pieces, it can be found in the middle or even at the end of a paragraph. ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬،‫ وﻟﻜﻦ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ‬،‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ Supporting Sentences ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ‬ All sentences in a paragraph should support the topic sentence..‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ A combination of details, examples, statistics, anecdotes, and quotations can be used to illustrate your idea..‫ واﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻚ‬،‫ اﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺎت‬،‫ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬،‫ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ Logical Order ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ The sentences need to be in an order that makes sense..‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ This will depend on the type of paragraph you are writing..‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ‬ For example, if you are writing a paragraph outlining the steps to get a visa, you will likely organize the steps chronologically, using words like first, next, etc. ،‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ زﻣﻨﻲ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺷﻴﺮة‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ إﻟﺦ‬،”‫ “ﺛﻢ‬،”ً‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ “أوﻻ‬ If you are writing a paragraph that describes a place, you will probably choose a different kind of order..‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺨﺘﺎر ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬،‫إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﻜﺎﻧًﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ Concluding Sentence ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ If your writing comprises only one paragraph, it should have a concluding sentence..‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬،‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ‬ An essay should have a concluding paragraph..‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺮة ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ Unity ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ When all the sentences in a piece of writing relate to one main idea, it has unity..‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ ( ) Glossary of Terms ‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ Academic writing ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬ Writing done by scholars for scholars..‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ Topic sentence ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ Introductory sentence in a paragraph that states the topic of the paragraph..‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ Controlling idea ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ Part of a topic sentence that tells what specific aspect of a topic a paragraph will cover..‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ Supporting sentence ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ‬ Paragraph sentence that supports the topic sentence and develops your idea..‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ وﺗﻄﻮر ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻚ‬ Thesis statement ‫ﺑﻴﺎن اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ‬ Sentence in an academic essay that states what the essay is about..‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎل أﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬ Unity ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ If all sentences and ideas in a paragraph or essay are related to one main idea, then the writing has unity..‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬،‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ واﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة أو ﻣﻘﺎل ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ Anecdotal Lead ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﺼﺼﻴﺔ‬ A lead that tells a short true story about a person or incident related to your larger piece of writing..‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺮوي ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ أو ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﻚ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ Scenario lead ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ‬ This descriptive lead puts the reader at the scene of the story..‫ﺗﻀﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻘﺼﺔ‬ Transition words ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ Words that form a bridge from one idea to another idea..‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﺮًا ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة أﺧﺮى‬ Simple Sentence ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ A sentence that has only one subject-verb pair and is a complete thought..‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ زوج واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة‬ Compound Sentence ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ Two simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction..‫ﺟﻤﻠﺘﺎن ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎن ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒ ﻣﻨﺴﻖ‬ Coordinating Conjunctions Function ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ‬ Coordinating conjunctions join two independent sentences together..‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻦ‬ The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. ”so”.‫ و‬،“yet” ،“or” ،“but” ،“nor” ،“and” ،for”“ :‫ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ FANBOYS is a mnemonic device to help you remember the coordinating conjunctions..‫ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮي ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ‬ ( )