Databases: Concepts and Applications PDF

DATABASES: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS UNDERSTANDING DATA MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW  Introduction to Databases  Database Models  Database Management Systems (DBMS)  SQL and Queries Database Design and Normalization  Transactions and Concurrency Control  Backup and Recovery  Case Studies ...

DATABASES: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS UNDERSTANDING DATA MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW  Introduction to Databases  Database Models  Database Management Systems (DBMS)  SQL and Queries Database Design and Normalization  Transactions and Concurrency Control  Backup and Recovery  Case Studies  Future Trends  Summary and Q&A INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE  database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. IMPORTANCE  Centralized data storage and management.  Efficient data retrieval and manipulation.  Supports data integrity and security.  Enables data sharing and collaboration DATABASE MODELS Hierarchical Model  Data is organized into a tree like structure.  Each record has a single parent and can have multiple children.  Example: XML. Network Model  More complex relationships, allowing many to many relationships.  Data is organized using graph structures with nodes and edges.  Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS). Relational Model ►Data is organized into tables (relations) consisting of rows and columns. ►Uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for data manipulation. ►Example: MySQL, PostgreSQL. Object Oriented Model ► Data is represented as objects, similar to object oriented programming. ► Supports complex data types and inheritance. ► Example: ObjectDB.  DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)  Software that interacts with end users, applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. Functions  Data storage, retrieval, and update.  User administration.  Data integrity and security management.  Backup and recovery. Types of DBMS  Relational DBMS (RDBMS): MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server.  NoSQL DBMS: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.  NewSQL DBMS: Google Spanner, CockroachDB.  SQL AND QUERIES  A standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. Basic SQL Commands  SELECT: Retrieves data from the database.  SELECT FROM table_name;`  INSERT: Adds new data into the database.  INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);`  UPDATE: Modifies existing data.  UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;`  DELETE: Removes data from the database.  DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition. ADVANCED QUERIES ► JOIN: Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. SELECT columns FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column; Subqueries ► A query nested inside another query. SELECT FROM table WHERE column IN (SELECT column FROM table WHERE condition); Indexes ► Improves the speed of data retrieval. CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column);  DATABASE DESIGN & NORMALIZATION  The process of defining the structure of a database, including tables, columns, and relationships.  Steps: Requirements Analysis, Conceptual Design, Logical Design, Physical Design.  Normalization: The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy. Normal Forms:  1NF (First Normal Form):No repeating groups or arrays.  2NF (Second Normal Form): 1NF + No partial dependencies.  3NF (Third Normal Form):2NF + No transitive dependencies.  BCNF (Boyce Codd Normal Form):3NF + Every determinant is a candidate key.  Denormalization: Combining tables to improve read performance. TRASACTIONS & CONCURRENCY CONTROL  A sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work. Properties (ACID)  Atomicity: All operations are completed, or none are.  Consistency: Database remains in a valid state.  Isolation: Transactions do not interfere with each other.  Durability: Changes are permanent once committed.  Concurrency Control: Mechanisms to ensure transactions are executed concurrently without conflicts. METHODS ► Locking: Prevents access to data being used by another transaction. ► Timestamp Ordering: Ensures transactions are executed in a serial order. ► Optimistic Concurrency Control: Assumes no conflicts and checks at commit time. BACKUP AND RECOVERY Backup: Creating a copy of the database to prevent data loss. TYPES  Full Backup: Complete copy of the database.  Incremental Backup: Copies changes since the last backup.  Differential Backup: Copies changes since the last full backup. Recovery: Restoring the database to a previous state in case of failure. METHODS ► Restoring from Backup: Using backup files to restore data. ► Point in Time Recovery: Restoring to a specific point in time using transaction logs. ► Log Shipping: Continuous backup of transaction logs to a secondary server.  CASE STUDIES Case Study 1: Banking System  Requirements: High availability, security, and transaction processing.  Solution: Using an RDBMS like Oracle with ACID transactions, replication, and disaster recovery.  Outcome: Improved reliability and customer satisfaction. Case Study 2: E Commerce Platform  Requirements: Scalability, fast read/write operations, and data integrity.  Solution: Using NoSQL databases like MongoDB for product catalogs and RDBMS for transactional data.  Outcome: Enhanced performance and scalability.  FUTURE TRENDS IN DATABASE  Big Data: Managing and analyzing large volumes of data using distributed databases.  Cloud Databases: Database services hosted in the cloud, providing scalability and flexibility.  AI and Machine Learning: Integrating AI to automate database management tasks and improve query performance.  Graph Databases: Storing and querying data in graph structures for complex relationships.  Blockchain Databases: Decentralized databases providing transparency and security.  SUMMARY  Importance of Databases: Centralized data storage, efficient retrieval, and data integrity.  Database Models: Hierarchical, Network, Relational, and Object Oriented.  DBMS: Functions and types (RDBMS, NoSQL, NewSQL).  SQL: Basic and advanced queries.  Design and Normalization: Steps and normal forms.  Transactions and Concurrency: ACID properties and concurrency control methods.  Backup and Recovery: Types of backups and recovery methods.  Case Studies: Real world applications of database solutions.  Future Trends: Big Data, Cloud Databases, AI, Graph Databases, Blockchain.  QUESTIONS & ANSWERS  Invite the audience to ask questions or share their experiences with databases.  Encourage discussion on the impact and future potential of database technology. REFERENCES  Books: "Database System Concepts" by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan.  Articles: Scholarly articles on database technology from journals such as ACM Transactions on Database Systems.  Websites: Official websites of key technologies and platforms mentioned (e.g., MySQL, MongoDB).