Heart Failure Past Paper PDF

The reason of left ventricular failure is{ =myocardial infarction ~chronic pneumonia ~pulmonary hypertension ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~emphysema} The sign of right-sided heart failure is { =hepatomegaly ~pulmonary edema ~hemoptysis ~cardiac asthma ~pulmonary hypertension} The cause of right-s...

The reason of left ventricular failure is{ =myocardial infarction ~chronic pneumonia ~pulmonary hypertension ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~emphysema} The sign of right-sided heart failure is { =hepatomegaly ~pulmonary edema ~hemoptysis ~cardiac asthma ~pulmonary hypertension} The cause of right-sided heart failure may be{ =ventricular septal defects ~hypertension in the systemic circulation ~myocardial infarction in the anterior wall of the left ventricle ~mitral valve incompetence ~myocarditis} Right-sided ventricular insufficiency may be caused by{ =pneumosclerosis ~hypertension in the systemic circulation ~myocardial infarction of left ventricle ~mitral valve incompetence ~myocarditis} The right-sided heart failure is manifested by{ =ascites ~pulmonary edema ~hemoptysis ~cardiac asthma ~pulmonary hypertension } The right-sided heart failure is characterized by { =pedal edema ~hemoptysis ~cardiac asthma ~pulmonary hypertension ~pulmonary edema} The sign of left-sided heart failure is{ =cardiac asthma ~venous congestion in the systemic circulation ~distended neck veins ~ascites ~splenomegaly} Left ventricular failure is most probably the result of { =myocardial infarction ~chronic pneumonia ~pulmonary hypertension ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~emphysema} Left ventricular heart failure is manifested by{ =pulmonary edema ~venous congestion in the systemic circulation ~distended neck veins ~ascites ~hepatomegaly} Overload form of heart failure occurs at{ =cardiac valve incompetence ~myocardial infarction ~myocarditis ~atherosclerosis of coronary arteries ~coronary thromboembolism} Heart volume overload may be the result of{ =cardiac valves incompetence ~aortic coarctation ~hypertension ~hypotension ~valvular stenosis} “Pressure” heart overload may be the result of{ =arterial hypertension ~aortic valve regurgitation ~hypovolemia ~physical activity ~hyperhydration} The reason of “Pressure” heart overload is{ =stenosis of the pulmonary artery ~hypervolemia ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~mitral regurgitation ~hyperhydration} Cardiac compensatory mechanism of heart failure is{ =tonogenous dilation of the heart ~myogenic dilation of the heart ~tachypnea ~decreased adrenoreactivity of the myocardium ~erythrocytosis} Urgent cardiac compensatory mechanism at heart failure is{ =Frank-Starling mechanism ~tachypnea ~myocardial hypertrophy ~activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system ~activation of the hematopoietic system} The extracardiac compensatory mechanism of heart failure is{ =erythrocytosis ~heterometric mechanism of increased heart contractions ~homeometric mechanism of increased heart contractions ~myocardial hypertrophy ~increased myocardial adrenoreactivity} A long term cardiac compensatory mechanism of heart failure is{ =myocardial hypertrophy ~heterometric mechanism of heart contractions ~homeometric mechanism of heart contractions ~increased myocardial adrenoreactivity ~erythrocytosis} It is characteristic for emergency phase of cardiac hyperfunction{ =hyperactivity of unhypertrophied myocardium ~hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes ~proliferation of connective tissue ~myogenic dilation ~the normalization of oxygen consumption, energy production, protein synthesis per myocardium unit} Congenital valvular heart disease associated with severe cyanosis is …{ =tetralogy of Fallot ~pulmonary artery stenosis ~ventricular septal defect ~patent ductus arteriosus ~coarctation of the aorta} On a routine physical examination for medical insurance, a midsystolic ejection murmur is detected in the pulmonic area of a 35-year-old female executive. The cardiac examination also reveals a prominent right ventricular cardiac impulse. An ECG shows right axis deviation, and a chest x-ray film shows enlargement of the right ventricle and atrium. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?{ =Atrial septal defect ~Aortic stenosis ~Mitral regurgitation ~Mitral stenosis ~Pulmonary valve stenosis} Myocardial form of cardiac insufficiency may be due to{ =streptococcal infection ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~hypertensive disease ~hypovolemia ~valvular stenosis } Non-coronarogenous myocardial insufficiency occurs at{ =primary metabolic disorders in cardiac muscle ~coronary vasospasm ~coronary thrombosis ~coronary atherosclerosis ~coronary embolism} Myocardial form of heart failure occurs at{ =deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) ~tricuspid valve incompetence ~essential hypertension ~hypervolemia ~stenosis of cardiac valves } Dilation cardiomyopathy is characterized by{ =systolic heart failure ~diastolic heart failure ~reduced pressure in the ventricles of the heart ~reduction of heart size ~increased rigidity (stiffness) of the ventricular wall} A 16-year-old boy who plays on his high-school football team has dyspnea, chest pain, and a syncopal episode. Examination reveals an S4, a sustained apical impulse, and a systolic ejection murmur. An electrocardiogram shows left ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiogram shows ventricular hypertrophy with asymmetric septal thickening. Most likely the patient has{ =hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ~myocarditis ~dilated cardiomyopathy ~restrictive cardiomyopathy ~electrolyte-steroid cardiomyopathy} The calcium accumulation in cardiomyocytes is associated with{ =relaxation and contraction disorders of myofibrils ~increased force of heart contractions ~increased adrenoreactivity of cardiomyocytes ~the stabilization of cell membranes ~activation of oxidative phosphorylation} Pathogenetic factor of tachycardia in cardiac insufficiency{ =Bainbridge reflex ~activation of parasympathetic nervous system ~Kitaev reflex ~decreased automaticity of sinus node ~decreased myocardial adrenoreactivity} Pathogenetic factor, promoting elevation of blood deoxyhemoglobin in case of heart failure{ =slow blood flow ~increase in blood oxygenation in the lungs ~decrease in tissue oxygen utilization ~increase in blood oxygen carrying capacity ~reduction of arteriovenous difference in oxygen} Pathogenetic factor, inducing elevation of blood deoxyhemoglobin at heart failure is{ =enhanced utilization of oxygen by tissues ~acceleration of blood flow ~increased blood oxygenation in the lungs ~increased blood oxygen carrying capacity ~decreased tissue oxygen utilization} The "foam cells" formation is associated with the accumulation of lipids in{ =macrophages ~neutrophils ~lymphocytes ~erythrocytes ~endothelial cells} The most atherogenic are{ =LDL ~VLDL ~IDL ~HDL ~Chylomicrons} Сoronarogenic heart damage leads to the development of{ =myocardial infarction ~myocarditis ~idiopathic cardiomyopathy ~endocarditis ~pericarditis} The reason of absolute coronary insufficiency may be{ =coronary thrombosis ~paroxysmal tachycardia ~hypercatecholaminemia ~metabolic disorders in the myocardium ~activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in coronary arteries} The reason of the relative coronary insufficiency may be{ =paroxysmal tachycardia ~stenotic cardiosclerosis ~coronary artery stenosis ~metabolic disorders in the myocardium ~coronary artery thrombosis} The myocardial ischemia leads to{ =rapid depletion of ATP ~activation of oxidative phosphorylation ~accumulation of glycogen in the myocardium ~increasing of intracellular K+ in the ischemic area ~increase in creatinine phosphate concentration in cardiomyocytes} The myocardial ischemia leads to{ =decrease in oxidative phosphorylation ~intensification of glycogenogenesis ~decrease in lactic acid ~increase in ATP stores ~increase in intracellular K+ concentration in the ischemic zone} The restoration of microcirculation after reperfusion is prevented by{ =the ROSs formation by leukocytes ~negatively charged endothelial cells ~increased collateral blood flow ~adenosine accumulation at the zone of ischemia ~arterial hyperemia} Cardiogenic shock may be the result of{ =left ventricular myocardial infarction ~Infection process ~Injury ~Blood loss ~Insect bites} The initial pathogenetic factor of cardiogenic shock { =rapid decline in stroke volume of the left ventricle ~reduced tone of resistive vessels ~pathologic deposit of blood in abdomen vessels ~decrease in blood pressure ~pathological vasoconstriction} The main pathogenetic factor of arterial hypotension in case of cardiogenic shock is…{ =decreased cardiac contractility ~decreased tone of resistive vessels ~pathologic blood deposition ~hypoxia and acidosis ~pathological vasoconstriction} The specific markers in myocardial infarction are…{ =TnT and TnI troponins ~myoglobin ~ALT, AST ~ratio of LDH-1 / LDH-2 ~alkaline phosphatase} The reason of the absolute coronary insufficiency is{ =coronary atherosclerosis ~paroxysmal tachycardia ~myocarditis ~metabolic disorders in the myocardium ~significant physical activity} A 65-year-old man was diagnosed Myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The thrombus was removed, blood circulation restored but the contractility of left ventricle was low. What is the cause of this phenomenon?{ =reperfusion injury ~no-reflow syndrome ~ischemic preconditioning ~myocardial hibernation ~re-entry mechanism} A 56-year-old male patient was brought to the intensive care unit. He complained of intense retrosternal pain which lasted approximately 3 hours, and was not relieved by repeated administration of nitroglycerine. ECG shows elevation of the S-T segment in leads II, III, V. Blood test shows leukocytes 9.0x109/L, ESR 15 mm/h. Which of the following is the most specific marker for this pathology?{ =Troponins CTnT and CTnI ~Creatine kinase M fraction ~Ratio LDH1/LDH2 ~Myoglobin ~CRP} A 65-year-old man was diagnosed Myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The thrombus was removed, blood circulation restored but the contractility of left ventricle was low. What changes in cardiomyocytes are most likely responsible for this phenomenon?{ =increased ROS and Ca++ ~increased SOD and Na+ ~accumulation of lactic acid ~decreased CPK in cytoplasm ~activation of lysosomal ensymes} The most frequent symptomatic arterial hypertension is{ =renal ~endocrine ~neurogenic- centrogenic ~neurogenic reflectory ~hemodynamic} A common sign of chronic renal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, Conn's syndrome, coarctation of aorta, acromegaly is{ =hypertension ~hypotension ~systemic vasculitis ~venous thrombosis ~endarteritis} Pathogenetic factor of secondary hypertension is{ =the excessive production of adrenal hormones ~chronic stimulation of emotional centers ~increased irritability of sympathetic nerve centers ~congenital defect of membrane ionic pumps of vascular myocytes ~reduction of inhibitory influence of the cortex on the vasomotor center} The method of renovascular hypertension simulation (Goldblatt model) is{ =narrowing of both renal arteries by rings ~bilateral transection of Ludwig-Zion’s and Goering’s "depressor" nerves ~removal of both adrenal glands ~ligation of the carotid arteries branches ~neurosis simulation} Arterial hypertension was simulated at a dog by narrowing the lumen of both renal arteries. What is the main pathogenetic factor of the dog’s hypertension?{ =Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ~Decreased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys ~Reduction of renal parenchyma ~Decreased production of depressor substances in the kidneys ~Increased secretion of renin} Arterial hypertension was simulated at a dog by removal of both kidneys and connecting the dog to the "artificial kidney" apparatus. What is the main pathogenetic factor of the dog’s hypertension?{ =Decreased secretion of renal kinins, prostaglandins ~Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ~Decreased erythropoietin secretion ~Increased reabsorption of water ~Increased reabsorption of sodium } The main pathogenetic factor of renovascular hypertension is…{ =renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation ~decrease in renal parenchyma ~decreased renal production of depressor agents ~increased secretion of renal kinins ~decreased renal sodium reabsorption} The main pathogenetic factor of renoparenchymal hypertension is…{ =decreased renal kinins and prostaglandins secretion ~renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation ~decreased erythropoietin secretion ~increased renal water reabsorption ~increased renal sodium reabsorption} Pathogenetic factor of arterial hypertension in case of congenital defects of membrane ionic pumps in renal tubular cells is { =retention of sodium and water ~increased production of natriuretic hormone ~increased level of magnesium and iron in the body ~increased sensitivity of vascular myocytes to bradykinin ~decreased blood volume} Hypertension in case of genetic defects of vascular myocytic membranes is due to{ =increased calcium level in the cytoplasm of vascular smooth muscle cells ~increased electric potential of the cellular membranes ~increased rate of mediator reuptake by nerve endings ~suppression of the myosin ATPase activity ~decreased the time of interaction between mediators and vascular wall cells} The increased peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension are caused by{ =angiotensin- II ~bradykinin ~adenosine ~nitric oxide ~prostacyclins} After some drug administration a patient has an increased blood pressure and decreased total peripheral resistance. Most probably the drug induced{ =vasodilation and increase in cardiac output ~vasoconstriction and decrease in cardiac output ~vasoconstriction and increase in cardiac output ~vasodilation and reduction of cardiac output ~vasoconstriction, unchanged cardiac output} Stress--> increase in corticosteroids --> increase in angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme synthesis -->? -->vasospasm-->increase in peripheral resistance--> hypertension. Insert the missing link{ =increased formation of angiotensin II ~increased renal water reabsorption ~increased vascular myocytes sensitivity to catecholamines ~increased total peripheral vascular resistance ~increased secretion of aldosterone} Risk factor for primary hypertension{ =psycho-emotional stress ~pheochromocytoma ~primary aldosteronism ~secondary aldosteronism ~hypercortisolism} A 40-year-old non obese patient has been admitted to hospital with arterial hypertension of unclear etiology. Blood pressure 175/115 mm Hg. The patient complains of muscle weakness and headaches. Laboratory testing shows polyuria, severe hypokalemia, hypernatriemia. The most likely mechanism for hypertension of the patient is hyperproduction of{ =aldosterone ~cortisol ~angiotensin II ~thyroid hormones ~endothelins} A 15-year-old teenager has persistent arterial blood pressure 150-160/ 95-98. Examination revealed a genetic membrane defect of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. Most likely the main pathogenetic factor of this pathology is due to{ =increase in calcium content in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells ~increase in the electric potential of cell membranes ~suppression of ATPase activity of myosin ~decreased sensitivity to endothelins ~increased blood concentration of adrenalin } The period of stabilization of primary hypertension is characterized by{ =increased renin secretion by the kidneys ~increased production of nitric oxide ~activation of kallikrein-kinin system ~increased production of natriuretic hormone ~increased production of prostaglandins E1 and E2 by kidneys} Pathogenetic treatment of essential hypertension includes the administration of{ =ACE inhibitors ~analgesics ~antibacterial drugs ~alpha-agonists ~antihistamines} Reduction of peripheral vascular resistance and hypotension may be caused by{ =nitric oxide ~catecholamines ~thromboxaneA2 ~angiotensin II ~endothelins} Severe hemodynamic disorders develop in case of{ =ventricular fibrillation ~sinus tachycardia ~sinus arrhythmia ~extrasystolia ~first-degree atrioventricular block} The pathogenetic therapy of ventricular fibrillation is { =defibrillation ~administration of cardiac glycosides ~administration of antihypertensives ~administration of sedatives ~administration of analeptics} Pathogenesis of sinus bradycardia{ =decreased rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization of sinus node ~increased sympathetic-adrenal effects on the heart ~appearance of alteration currents ~reduced rate of impulses sprouting ~block of impulse conduction within atrial conductive system} Pathogenesis of sinus (respiratory) arrhythmias{ =fluctuations in vagal tone ~formation of ectopic pacemakers ~impulses conductivity disorders from the atria to the ventricles ~mechanism of "re-entry" ~decrease in threshold potential in pacemaker cells} The mechanism of re-entry may lead to{ =atrial fibrillation ~sinus bradycardia ~sinus tachycardia ~atrioventricular block ~sinus arrhythmia} Complete AV block is characterized by{ =asynchronous contractions of the atria and ventricles ~paroxysms of tachycardia ~periods of tachycardia changed by bradycardia ~"interruption" in the heart work ~nomotopic heart rhythm} Complete AV block is characterized by{ =development of the Morgagni -Adams-Stokes syndrome ~increased cardiac output ~tachycardia ~increased blood pressure ~increased blood flow velocity} Extrasystoles occur at{ =formation of ectopic pacemakers ~inhibition of sinus node impulsations ~prolongation of absolute refractory period ~slow impulses conduction ~irregular impulsations from the sinus node} ECG changes at ventricular extrasystole{ =The QRS complex is usually prolonged and deformed ~incomplete compensatory pause ~P-wave can be negative or bifurcated ~P- wave is negative and after QRS complex ~appearance of Stokes – Adams syndrome} Hypersalivation occurs at{ =toxicosis (gestosis) of pregnancy ~tumors of the salivary glands ~sialolithiasis ~decreased vagal influence ~emotional stress} Hyposalivation occurs at{ =sialolithiasis ~stomatitis ~helminthiasis ~bulbar paralysis ~toxemia of pregnancy} Hypersalivation leads to{ =neutralization of gastric juice ~xerostomia ~multiple dental caries ~development of inflammatory processes in the oral cavity ~difficult swallowing} Hyposalivation is manifested by{ =xerostomia ~salivation ~ptyalism ~skin maceration ~neutralization of gastric juice} A 14-year-old teenager complains of excessive production of saliva, nausea, drooling, spitting, and excessive swallowing. What may be the consequences of this pathology?{ =neutralization of gastric juice ~xerostomia ~multiple caries ~atrophy of the oral mucosa ~gastric hyperacidity} A 4-year-old child eats chalk, soil. What is the appropriate medical term for this pathology?{ =parorexia ~dysphagia ~anorexia ~bulimia ~enteropathy} Swallowing disorders may be the result of{ =achalasia of the esophagus ~hypersalivation ~hyperchlorhydria ~duodeno-gastral reflux ~hypochlorhydria} The consequence of swallowing disorders may be{ =aspiration pneumonia ~hyperhydration ~hyperacidity ~increase in the secretion of pancreatic juice ~achalasia of the esophagus} A 32-year-old man noticed that it became difficult for him to swallow food, especially liquid. Which of the following can be the consequence of such a violation of swallowing?{ =aspiration pneumonia ~overhydration ~hyperchlorhydria ~increase in pancreatic juice secretion ~achalasia of the esophagus} The main pathogenetic factor of gastroesophageal reflux disease is{ =decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone ~decreased production of nitric oxide ~decreased secretion of VIP ~loss of fluids and electrolytes ~vagal stimulation} Which medical diagnosis is associated with the condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch?{ =Esophageal atresia ~Tracheoesophageal fistula ~Pyloric stenosis ~Malrotation ~Achalasia} Ulceration of the gastric mucosa may be caused by{ =NSAIDs therapy ~active secretion of prostaglandins ~adequate blood supply to the mucosa ~fast regeneration of the stomach lining ~secretion of mucus and bicarbonates} Protective factors of gastroduodenal mucous membrane{ =secretion of mucus and bicarbonates ~increased secretion of histamine, serotonin ~organic or functional ahiliya ~high acidity of gastric juice ~duodeno-gastric reflux} Uncontrolled vomiting is characterized by{ =non-respiratory alkalosis ~hyperkalemia ~hypernatremia ~hyperglycemia ~paresis, paralysis} The reason of decreased gastric juice secretion is{ =atrophic gastritis ~excessive parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach ~decreased secretion of secretin ~increased secretion of histamine ~primary gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)} Increased gastric acidity leads to{ =difficult evacuation of food from the stomach ~osmotic diarrhea ~rapid neutralization of gastroduodenal contents ~secretory diarrhea ~pylorus dehiscence (hiatus)} Hypochlorhydria is caused by{ =atrophic gastritis ~primary gastrinoma ~secondary gastrinoma ~vagal stimulation ~deficiency of somatostatin} Ulceration of the gastric mucosa can be caused by:{ =Helicobacter pylori infection ~active secretion of prostaglandins ~active secretion of somatostatin, cholecystokinin ~secretion of mucus and bicarbonates ~rapid regeneration of the stomach lining} Increase in gastric juice secretion may be the result of{ =gastrinoma ~excessive production of secretin ~decreased secretion of gastrin ~reduced secretion of histamine ~atrophy of the gastric mucosa} Hyperchlorhydria is caused by{ =increased production of gastrin ~decreased number of parietal cells in gastric mucosa ~decreased vagal tone ~atrophic gastritis ~ptialism} Hyperchlorhydria is accompanied by{ =spasm of pyloric sphincter ~rapid evacuation of food from the stomach ~diarrhea ~atrophy of the gastric mucosa ~pylorus dehiscence (hiatus)} Epigastric pain, beginning 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty or in the middle of the night, is consistent with which diagnosis?{ =Duodenal ulcer ~Acute gastritis ~Chronic gastritis ~Gastric ulcer ~Ulcerative colitis} 35-year-old man complaints of severe pains in epigastrium arising in 2-3 hours after meals and at night; recently pains began to be accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting. Vomiting brings relief. The patient is emotional, irritable, smokes much and abuses alcohol. The data of objective inspection and the laboratory researches support the diagnosis "peptic ulcer". Where is most probably the localization of ulcer?{ =duodenum ~antral region of the stomach ~cardia ~fundus ~body of the stomach} A male infant begins to have persistent, projectile, nonbilious vomiting at age 2-3 weeks. Which of the following conditions is likely responsible for these symptoms?{ =Pyloric stenosis ~Cystic dilatation of the bile ducts ~Cystic fibrosis ~Diaphragmatic hernia ~Gastric ulcer}  A 53-year-old woman presents with a 6-month history of dysphagia, substernal pain, and melena. Her substernal pain is exacerbated when she eats large meals or goes to bed for the evening. Her symptoms are due to dysfunction of which of the following sphincters?{ =Lower esophageal ~Ileocecal ~Pyloric ~Sphincter of Oddi ~Upper esophageal} A 74-year-old man with severe osteoarthritis presents to the emergency department reporting two episodes of melena without hematochezia or hematemesis. He takes 600 mg of ibuprofen three times a day to control his arthritis pain. His epigastrium is minimally tender to palpation. Endoscopy demonstrates foci of superficial ulceration. What is the main pathogenetic factor of gastric damage at the patient?{ =inhibition of cyclooxygenase -I ~inhibition of lipooxygenase ~decreased production of leukotrienes ~increased secretion of prostaglandins ~inhibition of DNA synthesis} A 52 year-old man, has recently noted pain in the left side of the epigastric region, radiating to the left side of the chest. The pain arised 30 minutes to 1 hour after meals. Palpation: pain in the epigastric area to the left of the midline. BP -140 / 80 mm Hg, heart rate – 70 b/min, respiratory rate - 16, HB - 115 g / L. Leukocytes- 8x109 / l. The basal and stimulated secretion of gastric juice are 5 and 10 ml. Urease-test in gastric juice is positive. X-ray revealed a symptom of "niche" in the stomach. What is the most likely cause of this pathology?{ =Helicobacter pylori ~hyperacidity of gastric juice ~Escherichia coli ~bicarbonates ~active secretion of prostaglandins} A 55 year-old man complains of the appearance of nausea, feeling hot, headache, increased sweating, increased heart rate, fatigue, weakness in 20-30 minutes after meals, especially sweet or milk. 2 months ago, the patient had resection of the stomach. This clinical picture is consistent with which diagnosis?{ =dumping syndrome ~pancreatitis ~Meckel's diverticulum ~duodenal ulcer ~ulcerative colitis} Malabsorption syndrome is{ =decreased absorption of nutrients in the small intestine ~increased flow of bile into the intestine ~pancreatic endocrine function disorder ~increased absorption of maltose ~increased absorption in the stomach} Secondary malabsorption develops at { =chronic pancreatitis ~inherited disorders of gluten digestion (celiac disease) ~hereditary lactase deficiency ~celiac disease ~hereditary deficiency of disaccharides} Primary malabsorption is caused by{ =hereditary lactase deficiency ~hypohiliya ~pancreatitis ~hypochlorhydria ~gastritis} Intestinal autointoxication is caused by{ =products of intestinal protein decay and biogenic amines ~indirect bilirubin ~ketone bodies ~bile acids ~direct bilirubin} Secretory diarrhea is caused by{ =increased production of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ~increased osmotic pressure of intestinal contents ~disorder of membrane digestion ~increased peristalsis of the intestines ~hyperthyroidism} Osmotic diarrhea occurs at{ =disorders of cavitary and membrane digestion ~hypersecretion of water and electrolytes into the lumen ~increased peristalsis of the bowel ~increased secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide ~increased secretion of somatostatin} The most common reason of acute pancreatitis{ =alcohol abuse ~abdominal injury ~infection ~autoimmune damage ~hypercalcemia} Steatorrhea is the result of failure of{ =pancreatic lipase ~lipoprotein lipase ~pancreatic amylase ~trypsin ~elastase} Diarrhea in case of chronic pancreatitis is{ =osmotic ~secretory ~exudative ~hyperkinetic ~neurogenic} The main pathogenetic factor of acute pancreatitis is{ =activation of trypsinogen within pancreas ~activation of kallikrein- kinin system ~pancreatic collapse ~formation of protein precipitates in the ducts of the pancreas ~hypovolemia and violation of systemic hemodynamics} Increased level of this enzyme has the main diagnostic value in acute pancreatitis{ =lipase ~AST ~LDH ~Alkaline phosphatase ~ALT} Elevation of which enzymes in the blood has the greatest diagnostic value in acute pancreatitis?{ =lipase, amylase ~AST, ALT ~LDH, alkaline phosphatase ~elastase, chymotrypsin ~creatine phosphokinase} A 47 year-old woman, complains of bloating, emaciation, frequent diarrhea, vomiting. In feces – a large number of muscle fibers and fat droplets, in duodenal juice - dramatically reduced enzyme content. This clinical picture is consistent with which diagnosis?{ =pancreatitis ~dumping syndrome ~Meckel's diverticulum ~duodenal ulcer ~ulcerative colitis} Which of the following is most likely to be observed at a 32 year-old alcoholic male with chronic pancreatitis in which more than 90% of pancreatic function is lost?{ =Steatorrhea ~Decreased serum secretin levels ~Depressed blood glucose levels ~Enhanced bile acid micelle formation ~Increased duodenal pH levels} A 50-year-old woman complained of severe, girdling pain in the upper abdomen after eating fatty foods. An increase in the activity of amylase and lipase was detected in the blood. What is the main pathogenetic factor of this disease?{ =activation of pancreatic enzymes within pancreas ~activation of kallikrein-kinin system ~pancreatic collapse ~formation of protein precipitates in the ducts of the pancreas ~hypovolemia and violation of systemic hemodynamics} Decreased gastric acidity leads to { =pyloric dehiscence (dilation) Translated from Russian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com ~delayed gastric emptying ~achalasia ~increase in the pepsin activity ~pyloric spasm} Hematuria of renal origin may develop due to{ =increasing the permeability of the filtering membraneе of the glomeruli of the kidneys ~ disorders of reabsorption processes in the distal parts of the renal tubules ~ disorders of reabsorption processes in the proximal parts of the renal tubules ~ disorders of secretion processes in the renal tubules ~ disorders of the concentration ability of the kidneys} Hematuria of extrarenal origin may develop due{ = blladder tumors ~ increasing the permeability of the filtering membrane of the glomeruli of the kidneys ~ disorders of reabsorption processes in the distal parts of the renal tubules ~ disorders of reabsorption processes in the proximal parts of the renal tubules ~ disorders of secretion processes in the renal tubules} The leading pathogenetic factor of nephrotic edema is{ = hypooproteinemia ~ increased vascular wall permeability ~ hyperproteinemia ~ obstruction of lymph outflow ~ reduction of hydrostatic blood pressure} A complication of nephrotic syndrome is{ =joiining a secondary infection ~ polycystic kidney disease ~ celiac disease ~ fanconi syndrome ~ phosphate renal diabetes} The most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis is{ = streptococcci ~ staphylococci ~ paramyxoviruses ~ fungi of the genus Candida ~ anaerobic flora} An early sign of CKD is{ = decrease in endogenous creatiniine clearance ~ proteinuria ~ hyperazotemia, uremia ~ hypoisostenuria ~ oliguria} Endogenous creatinine clearance is 40 ml/min. What kidney function is impaired?{ = glomerular fiiltration ~ reabsorption in distal tubules ~ tubular secretion ~ reabsorption in the loop of Henle ~ proximal tubular reabsorption} Urine examination revealed: leached erythrocytes 8-10 per field of view. What is the medical term for this change?{ = renal hematuriia ~ extrarenal hematuria ~ hemoglobinuria ~ tubular hematuria ~ gross hematuria} Protein (albumins and transferrin) was found during the examination of urine. What medical term best describes this change?{ =selective proteiinuria ~ nonselective proteinuria ~ physiological proteinuria ~ pathological proteinuria ~ tubular proteinuria} Proximal tubular dysfunction may indicate{ =aminaciduriia ~ hyperazotemia ~ hematuria ~ lipiduria ~ myoglobinuria} Examination of a 25-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus revealed: diuresis - 2420 ml per day, density - 1.035 g / ml3, residual nitrogen - 190 mmol / l. Describe the data presented in medical terms.{ = polyuriia, hyperstenuria, hyperazotemia ~ oliguria, hypostenuria, hyperazotemia ~ oliguria, hyperstenuria, hyperazotemia ~ nocturia, isosthenuria, hyperazotemia ~ polyuria, isosthenuria, hyperazotemia} A 65-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. BP - 195/105 mm Hg. Laboratory data: diuresis - 450 ml per day, protein - 2.2 g/l, hyaline, waxy, granular cylinders, single leached erythrocytes in the field of view. Describe the data presented in medical terms.{ =arterial hypertension, oliguria, proteinuria, microhematuria, cylindruriia ~ arterial hypotension, oliguria, proteinuria, microhematuria, cylindruria ~ arterial hypertension, oliguria, proteinuria, gross hematuria, cylindruria ~ arterial hypertension, polyuria, proteinuria, microhematuria, cylindruria ~ arterial hypertension, oliguria, microhematuria, cylindruria} In the pathogenesis of oliguria in hypovolemia matters{ =reduction of effective fiiltration pressure ~ reducing the negative charge of the glomerular filter ~ decreased synthesis of renin by the kidneys ~ increased secretion of prostaglandins and renin inhibitors ~ increase in glomerular filtration} The pathogenesis of proximal tubular acidosis is due to{ = impaiired bicarbonate reabsorption ~ decreased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions ~ excess reabsorption of sodium ions ~ decrease in ammoniogenesis ~ increased ammoniogenesis} Loss of negative charge in the glomerular filtrate basement membrane is likely to result in{ = selective proteinuriia ~ nonselective proteinuria ~ tubular proteinuria ~ leukocyturia ~ hematuria} A 30-year-old woman has impaired glomerular nephron function. What laboratory indicator will confirm this pathology?{ =decrease in creatiniine clearance ~ decrease in relative density of urine ~ isosthenuria ~ cylindruria ~ appearance of glucose in urine} The patient has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD), stage 1. The diagnostic criterion for this stage is{ =decrease in glomerular filtratiion up to 50% ~ oligoanuria ~ increase blood creatine content ~ increased blood urea level ~ increase in residual nitrogen in the blood} In the pathogenesis of uremia matters{ = violation of filtratiion and excretion of nitrogenous wastes from the body ~ hyperosmolal hyperhydration ~ development of alkalosis ~ body dehydration ~ hypercalcemia} The patient has a reduced glomerular filtration rate. This change may be the result{ =to increase the tone of the afferent glomerular arteriies ~ increasing the effective filtration pressure in the glomeruli ~ increased tone of the efferent glomerular arteries ~ increasing glomerular filter area ~ decrease in oncotic blood pressure} 30-year-old woman came to the doctor with complaints of pain in the lumbar region, shortness of breath, palpitations, headache. These symptoms appeared 2 weeks after suffering a severe form of angina. Objectively: the face is pale; the eyelids are edematous, the palpebral fissures are narrowed, the shins and feet are pasty, the borders of the heart are expanded, blood pressure is 140/95 mm Hg, diuresis is sharply reduced, in the urine there are a large number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, granular cylinders, high protein content. In the blood increased titers of antistreptolysin O and antihyaluronidase. Most likely the patient{ =acute glomerulonephriitis ~ acute pyelonephritis ~ acute cystitis ~ hydronephrosis ~ nephrolithiasis} A 32-year-old man developed pyelonephritis after a bladder catheterization. An ascending route of infection is assumed. What is the most likely cause of the patient's illness?{ =Escherichiia coli ~ Proteus vulgaris ~ Haemophilus influenzae ~ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ~ Neisseria gonorrhoeae} The patient has a systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. What change in diuresis will lead to such a change in blood pressure?{ = oliguriia ~ polyuria ~ nocturia ~ hypervolemia ~ pollakiuria} A urinalysis of a 40-year-old man revealed unaltered "fresh" red blood cells. The reason for this change may be{ =uriinary tract stones ~ glomerulonephritis ~ disease with minimal changes ~ hydronephrosis ~ pyelonephritis} Analysis of a sample from a 45-year-old Zimnitsky man suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis showed that the relative density of urine in all portions of the sample was 1.010-1.012 What do the test results indicate?{ =about the lack of concentrating abiliity of the tubules ~ about a decrease in the filtration function of the glomeruli ~ about a decrease in the concentrating ability of the tubules ~ about the loss of the negative charge of the filter membrane ~ about damage to the juxta-glomerular apparatus of the kidneys} Acidosis, glucosuria, aminaciduria, hypoproteinemia, osteoporosis can develop with{ = Fanconii syndrome ~ renal rickets ~ diabetes insipidus ~ saline diabetes ~ phosphate diabetes} A 5-year-old child developed edema, azotemia, oliguria, proteinuria, gross hematuria, arterial hypertension 10 days after streptococcal infection. These signs are typical for:{ =Acute glomerulonephritiis ~ Acute pyelonephritis ~ Acute renal failure ~ Acute nephrotic syndrome ~ Renovascular hypertension} Which of the following is most likely to lead to progression of chronic renal failure:{ = compensatory hyperfiltratiion in intact nephrons ~ reduced load on functioning nephrons ~ suppression of the activity of the kallikrein-kinin system ~ decreased production of cytokines and oxygen free radicals ~ production of autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane antigens} What is the missing link in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome: Increased permeability of the filtering membrane → non-selective proteinuria → ? → transition of the liquid part of the blood into tissues → edema{ =decrease in oncotiic blood pressure ~ increased oncotic blood pressure ~ increase in hydrostatic blood pressure ~ increased blood osmotic pressure ~ slowing blood flow} A 60-year-old man who has been suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis for 8 years, went to the doctor with complaints of drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, nausea, and diarrhea that have appeared in recent days; skin itching. On examination: BP 170/100 mm Hg, expansion of the borders of the heart to the left, pericardial rub. Blood test: erythrocytes = 2.8x1012/l, hemoglobin 85g/l, leukocytes 3.4x109/l; clearance of endogenous creatinine 20 ml/min., daily diuresis 360 ml. Most likely the patient{ =uremiia ~ nephrotic syndrome ~ chronic renal failure stage II-A ~ chronic renal failure stage II-B ~ nephritic syndrome} Examination of a 35-year-old woman revealed: body temperature 380C, dysuria, pain in the lumbar region. Numerous neutrophils and leukocyte casts were found in the urine. Bacteriological examination revealed more than 105 bacteria/ml of urine. Most likely the patient{ =pyelonephritiis ~nephrotic syndrome ~ chronic renal failure stage II-A ~ chronic renal failure stage II-B ~ uremia} A 30-year-old man complains of aching pains in his heart, palpitations, pronounced edema. These symptoms appeared a week ago. The patient has been suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis for 5 years. Urinalysis: daily diuresis 1000 ml, relative density 1.042, protein 3.3%. Microscopy of urine sediment: granular and waxy cylinders in large numbers. BP 170/95 mmHg These signs are typical for:{ = Nephrotiic Syndrome ~ Renovascular hypertension ~ Acute renal failure ~ Nephritic Syndrome ~ Uremia} A 7-year-old girl has an enlargement of the mammary glands, female-type hair growth. Menstruation appeared at the age of 6 years 11 months. Increased concentration of gonadoliberin, FSH and estradiol. Most likely a girl has { = true pubeerty ~ false puberty ~ primary hypogonadism ~ secondary hypogonadism ~ adrenogenital syndrome} Examination of an 18-year-old boy revealed: Testosterone - 4.6 nmol / l (norm 8.3-41.6), LH - 0.3 mIU / ml (norm 0.5-7.9) , FSH - 0.8 mIU / ml (normal 0.8-13.0). Most likely the patient has{ = secondary hypogonadiism ~ primary hypogonadism ~ adrenogenital syndrome ~ true puberty ~ false puberty} Examination of a 20-year-old woman revealed: Estradiol - 90.6 pmol / l (norm 110.0-440.0), LH - 78.5 mIU / ml (norm for the ovulatory peak 11.0-50, 0), FSH - 60.4 mIU / ml (the norm for the ovulatory peak is 6.0-25.0). Most likely the patient has{ = primary hypogonadiism ~ secondary hypogonadism ~ adrenogenital syndrome ~ adipose-genital dystrophy ~ false puberty} A 48-year-old man presented to the emergency room with persistent, severe pain in his right side. Body temperature is normal, there is no dysuria. BP 160/80 mmHg Art., pulse 110/min. On the gurney, he wriggles in pain, unable to find a comfortable position. In the analysis of urine, unchanged erythrocytes - 10-20 in p / sp. Most likely the patient has{ =urolithiasiis ~ glomerulonephritis ~ pyelonephritis ~ cystitis ~ urethritis} A urinalysis of a 35-year-old woman revealed: Protein - 2.5%, erythrocyte casts - 4-6 per field of view; erythrocytes changed - a significant amount in the field of view; leukocytes - 3-4 in the field of view, renal epithelium - 3-4 in the field of view, relative density of urine - 1.014. Most likely the patient{ = acute glomerulonephritiis ~ nephrotic syndrome ~ pyelonephritis ~ cystitis ~ urethritis} 30-year-old woman came to the doctor with complaints of pain in the lumbar region, shortness of breath, palpitations, headache. These symptoms appeared 2 weeks after suffering a severe form of angina. Objectively: the face is pale; the eyelids are edematous, the palpebral fissures are narrowed, the shins and feet are pasty, the borders of the heart are expanded, blood pressure is 140/95 mm Hg, diuresis is sharply reduced, in the urine there are a large number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, granular cylinders, high protein content. In the blood increased titers of antistreptolysin O and antihyaluronidase. Most likely the patient has{ =acute glomerulonephritiis ~ acute pyelonephritis ~ acute cystitis ~ hydronephrosis ~ nephrolithiasis} Protein found in urine. (beta 2-microglobulin, lysozyme, albumins). In the pathogenesis of this type of proteinuria,{ = impaired reabsorption of primary uriine proteins ~ increased permeability of nephron glomerular membranes ~ loss of negative charge of the filter membrane ~ increased glomerular capillary permeability ~ overexertion of reabsorption processes} A 2-year-old child has been admitted to the clinic. The examination revealed a delay in physical development, a decrease in muscle tone, and a slight deformation of the bones. Laboratory data: glucosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, increased bicarbonate excretion. The function of what part of the nephron is impaired in this syndrome?{ = Proxiimal tubules ~ Loops of Henle ~ Distal tubules ~ Collecting ducts ~ Ureters} Albumins and transferrin were found in the urine of a 6-year-old child. The disease was diagnosed with minimal changes. Damage to what structure of the nephron is most likely to lead to this type of proteinuria?{ = carsula podocytees ~ basement membrane ~ proximal renal tubule ~ loops of Henle ~ distal renal tubule} A 55-year-old man with chronic kidney disease (CKD) showed bone demineralization and osteoporosis on an x-ray. What is the underlying mechanism behind the observed changes in bone tissue in CKD?{ = development of secondary hyperparathyroiidism ~ intestinal malabsorption of vitamin D3 ~ increased intake of calcium into cells ~ vitamin D destruction ~ increased urinary excretion of calcium} A 35-year-old man, who has been suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis for a long time, went to the doctor with complaints of drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, difficulty breathing, nausea, and diarrhea that have appeared in recent days; skin itching, severe swelling. On examination: BP 170/100 mm Hg, expansion of the borders of the heart to the left, pericardial friction rub, hydrothorax. What disturbance of water metabolism is typical for this stage of CRF?{ = hypoosmolal hyperhydriia ~ isosmolal hypohydria ~ isosmolal hyperhydria ~ hypoosmolal hypohydria ~ hyperosmolal hyperhydria} A 30-year-old man complains of increased urination and thirst. A month ago, he suffered a traumatic brain injury. During the examination, the daily diuresis was 3.5 liters. Urine density 1.008. Which part of the nephron is associated with the development of the patient's polyuria?{ =Distal tubule and collectiing ducts ~ Glomeruli ~ Proximal tubule ~ Descending loop of Henle ~ Ascending loop of Henle} A 25-year-old man complains of a persistent increase in blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, swelling of the face under the eyes in the morning. On examination: BP 190/110 mm Hg; Heart rate 110 min. Blood test: erythrocytes = 2.9 x 1012 / l, hemoglobin = 95 g / l, residual nitrogen - 65 mmol / l. Urinalysis: protein 0.85 g/l, the reaction to sugar is negative. Microscopic examination of the sediment: erythrocytes 2-3 in the field of view, hyaline cylinders 7-9 in the field of view. What is the leading link in the pathogenesis of anemia in a patient?{ =decreased production of erythropoiietin ~ increased erythrocyte hemolysis due to uremic toxins ~ destruction of erythrocytes by antibodies ~ sequestration of erythrocytes in the spleen ~ decreased blood supply to the kidneys due to spasm of afferent arterioles} A 40-year-old man was brought to the surgical clinic after a car accident in a state of traumatic shock. The patient has multiple skeletal injuries and crushed muscle tissue. After emergency care, the patient's condition improved. However, by the end of 2 days there was a sharp deterioration in the patient's condition, the patient lost consciousness, and anuria developed. What is the most likely mechanism for the development of anuria?{ =obstruction of renal tubules by myoglobiin crystals ~ decreased blood supply to the kidneys due to hypovolemia ~ vasoconstriction of the kidneys ~ painful irritation ~ decreased blood supply to the kidneys due to hypotension} A 25-year-old man complains of a persistent increase in blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, swelling of the face under the eyes in the morning. On examination: BP 190/110 mm Hg; Heart rate 110 min. Blood test: erythrocytes = 2.9 x 1012 / l, hemoglobin = 95 g / l, residual nitrogen - 65 mmol / l. Urinalysis: protein 0.85 g/l, the reaction to sugar is negative. Microscopic examination of the sediment: erythrocytes 2-3 in the field of view, hyaline cylinders 7-9 in the field of view. What is the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure in the patient?{ = decreased secretion of prostaglandins, kinins, increased secretiion of renin ~ increased synthesis of renin inhibitors ~ decreased secretion of renin, increased secretion of prostaglandins ~ decrease in ACE activity ~ decrease in angiotensin II level} A 16-year-old girl was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology with complaints about the growth of mustaches, beards, and violations of the structure of the external genital organs. Objectively: masculine body structure, male-type hair growth, voice is low and rough. Amenorrhea. Clitoris - 4 cm. Laboratory studies: 46XX. A high concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, an increase in the level of 17-ketosteroids in the urine, and androstenedione and ACTH in the blood serum are increased. The activity of 21-hydroxylase is sharply reduced. What is the leading link in the pathogenesis of this syndrome?{ = decreased cortisol synthesis and increased ACTH productiion ~ decreased synthesis of sex hormones and increased production of HTH ~ primary damage to the adrenal reticular cortex ~ feedback mechanism violation ~ primary damage to the pituitary gland with increased production of ACTH and HTH} A 23-year-old man was delivered to the surgical clinic in serious condition with multiple skeletal injuries and crushed muscle tissue, and external bleeding. After emergency care, the patient's condition improved. However, after 2 days, there was a sharp deterioration in the patient's condition, the patient lost consciousness, diuresis 300 ml/day, serum creatinine 300 µmol/l. What is the most likely cause of the patient's deterioration?{ = development of acute renal faiilure ~ development of DIC ~ secondary infection ~ development of RDS syndrome ~ pulmonary artery fat embolism} A 48-year-old man has been suffering from chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis for 5 years. In recent weeks, aching pains in the heart, palpitations, pronounced edema have appeared. Urinalysis: daily diuresis 1100 ml, density 1.042, protein 3.3%. Microscopy of urine sediment: granular and waxy cylinders in large numbers. Blood test: residual nitrogen 70 mmol/l, total protein 48 g/l, albumins 15 g/l, globulins 28 g/l, hyperlipidemia. What is the pathogenesispatient's hyperlipidemia?{ =increased synthesis of lipoproteiins in the liver ~ activation of lipolysis ~ enhanced intestinal absorption of fat ~ impaired excretion of lipids in the urine ~ decrease in pancreatic lipase activity} A 40-year-old man was brought to the clinic after a traffic accident with multiple rib fractures, bruises of the soft tissues of the pelvis and lower extremities, and extensive hematomas. There was no diuresis during the first days. For the next three days, the condition continued to be severe. Diuresis did not exceed 150-250 ml per day. On the 5th–7th day, the patient registered a sharp increase in diuresis (up to 3000 ml/day), an improvement in his general condition. What complication can be expected in this stage of renal failure?{ = sudden cardiac arrest due to hypokalemiia ~ increased blood pressure due to hypervolemia ~ development of water intoxication of the body ~ hyperkalemia ~ autointoxication with uremic toxins} depression of the respiratory center causes { =Bradypnea ~ lowering blood pressure ~ lung atelectasis ~ hypoxemia ~ pneumonia} the alternation of periods of breathing with periods of apnea is{ =Periodic respiration  ~ rapid breathing ~ rapid breathing ~ variable amplitude breathing ~ respiratory arrest} pulmonary edema causes { =diffuse respiratory distress ~ obstructive respiratory failure ~ central respiratory distress ~ pulmonary hypotension ~ myocardial infarction } airway obstruction causes{ =obstructive hypoventilation ~ impaired respiratory muscle function ~ diffuse respiratory distress ~ central respiratory distress ~ depression of the respiratory center} thickening of the walls of the alveoli can cause { =diffuse respiratory distress ~ ascites ~ central respiratory distress ~ myositis of the intercostal muscles ~ reduction of upper airway lumen} laryngospasm causes { = obstructive hypoventilation ~ lung atelectasis ~ oppression of the respiratory center ~ dysfunctions of the respiratory muscles ~ reduction of the respiratory surface of the lungs} frequent shallow breathing is { =Tachypnea ~ bradypnea ~ hyperpnea ~ machine-like ~ curse of Ondine} rare breath is { =bradypnea ~ Tachypnea ~ hyperpnea ~ machine-like ~ curse of Ondine} Biota is { =intermittent breathing ~ stenotic breathing ~ difference between inhalation and exhalation ~ rapid, shallow breathing ~ breathing with difficulty exhaling} stenotic breathing develops when{ =Extrathoracic obstruction ~ Intrathoracic obstruction ~ Hydrothorax ~ Uniteneia Respiratory Center ~ Cheyne-Stokes breathing} difficulty in exhaling develops when { =intrathoracic obstruction ~ extrathoracic obstruction ~ hydrothorax ~ unitary respiratory center ~ Cheyne-Stokes breathing} a consequence of dysfunction of type II alveolocytes { =surfactant deficiency ~ histamine deficiency ~ Adrenaline deficit ~ Bradekinin deficiency ~ Aldosterone deficiency} hypoxemia, hypercapnia, gas acidosis develops when { = alveolar hypoventilation ~ alveolar hyperventilation ~ Cheyne-Stokes breathing ~ tachypnea ~ hyperpnea} delay of the Hering-Breuer reflex is a mechanism { = stenotic breathing ~ breath of Biota ~ Cheyne-Stokes breath ~ breath of Kusmaul ~ of the Euler-Liljestrand reflex} a decrease in the Tiffneau index develops when{ =Obstructions ~ restriction ~ pneumonia ~ hydrothorax ~ decreasing OOL} mixed type of respiratory failure occurs when{ =pulmonary emphysema ~ pneumonia ~ hydrothorax ~ bronchitis ~ bronchial asthma} with a decrease in the elasticity of the lung tissue will{ = expiratory dyspnea ~ inspiratory dyspnea ~ acceleration of the Goering-Breuer reflex ~ decreased sensitivity of the respiratory center ~ increased resistance to airflow in the upper airway} the mechanism of development of periodic respiration is{ =increasing the threshold for the sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2 ~ increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2 ~ overexcitation of the respiratory center ~ constant stimulation of the inspiratory neurons of the respiratory center ~ acceleration of the Goering-Breuer reflex} the leading link in the development of pulmonary emphysema is{ = alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency ~ excess alpha-1 antitrypsin ~ histamine deficiency ~ bradykinin deficiency ~ deicotrein deficiency} drug overdose results in{ =lack of excitatory afferentation of the respiratory apparatus ~ excessive excitatory afferentation of the respiratory apparatus ~ lack of excitatory efferentation of the breathing apparatus ~ diaphragm paralysis ~ excessive excitatory efferentation of the breathing apparatus} renal colic leads to{ =excessive excitatory afferentation of the respiratory apparatus ~ lack of excitatory afferentation of the respiratory apparatus ~ lack of excitatory efferentation of the breathing apparatus ~ diaphragm paralysis ~ excessive excitatory efferentation of the breathing apparatus} damage to alveolocytes and capillaries in ARDS is caused by{ =interleukins and TNF ~ superoxide dismutase ~ opioid peptidomy ~ antiproteases ~ catalase} ineffective oxygen therapy occurs when { = RDS syndrome ~ hyperpnea ~ increase VC ~ hyperoxemia, hypercapnia ~ Tiffno Index 70%} surfactant deficiency is the leading link in pathogenesis{ =RDS of newborns ~ hyaline deposition in the alveolar wall ~ bronchial dilatation ~ upper airway obstruction ~ small bronchial spasm} what type of respiratory failure can develop with depression of the respiratory center { =ventilation, restrictive ~ perfusion ~ ventilation, obstructive ~ diffusion ~ neuromuscular type} The main link in the pathogenesis of ARDS is{ =generalized damage to lung capillaries and alveolocytes ~ increase in hydrostatic pressure in microvessels of the alveolar wall ~ reduction of hydrostatic pressure in microvessels of the alveolar wall ~ significant increase in blood pressure levels ~ cardiogenic pulmonary edema} Disruption of communication of the respiratory center with the cerebral cortex is manifested{ =by the development of machine-like breathing ~ the appearance of the breath of Biot ~ loss of respiratory automatism, cessation of breathing during sleep ~ appearance of Cheyne-Stokes breath ~ decreased respiratory range and periodic apnea} a decrease in OBO, a decrease in VC is characteristic of { =restrictive form of hypoventilation ~ obstructive hypoventilation ~ mixed form of hypoventilation ~ tachypnea ~ bradypnea} delayed Hering-Breuer reflex plays a role in pathogenesis{ =inspiratory dyspnea ~ tachypnea ~ bradypnea ~ hyperpnea ~ Gasping breath} genetically determined hypertrophy of the muscle layer of the pulmonary vessels plays a role in the pathogenesis{ = primary pulmonary hypertension ~ left ventricular heart failure ~ tachypnea ~ bradypnea ~ Gasping breath} pain irritation can cause { = excess excitatory respiratory afferentation ~ Pickwick syndrome ~ stroke ~ excessive excitatory efferentation of respiration ~ lack of excitatory respiratory afferentation} hemodynamic factor plays a role in development{ =cardiogenic pulmonary edema ~ elephantiasis ~ allergic edema ~ lymphogenous edema ~ tissue edema} when diffusion is disturbed, it develops { =II type of respiratory failure ~ Tissue hypoxia ~ alveolar hyperventilation ~ I type of respiratory failure ~ alveolar hypoventilation} deficiency of excitatory afferentation is an example { =depression of the respiratory center in newborn asphyxia ~ excitation of the respiratory center with painful irritation ~ curse of undine ~ machine breathing ~ breathing biota} A 73-year-old man with myocardial infarction. Currently she complains of shortness of breath, cough with sputum production. Which of the following is a link in this pathology?{ =postcapillary pulmonary hypertension ~ precapillary pulmonary hypertension ~ pulmonary hypotension ~ primary pulmonary hypertension ~ pulmonary embolism}  increasing the threshold of chemoreceptor sensitivity plays a role in pathogenesis{ = of Pickwick's syndrome ~ tachypnea ~ bradypnea ~ breathing biota ~ gasping breath} when climbing to a height, precapillary pulmonary hypertension develops. it's because of{ =of the Euler-Liljestrand reflex ~ left ventricular failure ~ tricuspid stenosis ~ pulmonary vein compression ~ aortic stenosis} After an accident in a 40-year-old man, the connection of the respiratory center with the motor neurons of the spinal cord is disrupted. This will lead to{ =impaired involuntary breathing ~ impaired voluntary breathing control ~ breath of Biota ~ Cheyne-Stokes breathing ~ machine breathing} male, 40 years old, diagnosed with hypoventilation of the lungs. when examining the gas composition of the patient's blood, we find{ = decrease in pO2 and increase in pCO2 in arterial blood ~ increase (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in arterial blood ~ decrease in pO2 and pCO2 in arterial blood ~ decrease in pO2 and pCO2 in venous blood ~ increase in pO2 and normal pCO2 in blood} when pulmonary emphysema develops { = hypoventilation valve mechanism ~ central hypoventilation mechanism ~ central hyperventilation mechanism ~ hyperventilation ~ asfection} Laryngeal stenosis manifests itself { =stenotic breathing with shortness of breath ~ frequent shallow breathing (tachypnea) ~ rapid, deep breathing (hyperpnea) ~ occasional deep breathing with labored exhalation ~ Biota-type breath} AV / P> (more) 1 for{ =pulmonary arteriole spasm ~ bronchospasm ~ fluid accumulation in the alveoli ~ lung atelectasis ~ chronic bronchitis} Disruption of communication of the respiratory center with the diaphragm is accompanied by{ =development of "Curse of Ondine" syndrome ~ impaired voluntary breathing control ~ the appearance of the breath of Biot ~ appearance of Cheyne-Stokes breath ~ decreased respiratory range and periodic apnea} AV / P