Alexandra's Notes CH 5 LECT 3 PDF

GENTLE REMINDER This is not to be posted online, or distributed, in any shape or form. Not now and not ever. Thanks :) VI\. Other Senses: A To D: A. Skin Senses: A.1 A.2 Chapter 5 Sensation & Perception Lecture 3 A.1 Introduction: Our skin is our largest organ in our bodies, It is protective...

GENTLE REMINDER This is not to be posted online, or distributed, in any shape or form. Not now and not ever. Thanks :) VI\. Other Senses: A To D: A. Skin Senses: A.1 A.2 Chapter 5 Sensation & Perception Lecture 3 A.1 Introduction: Our skin is our largest organ in our bodies, It is protective of our Organs, and it connects our bodies to the external world. Cutaneous senses: Touch is one of the sensations experienced with skin. We detect a variety of different sensations with our skin(e.g. hot/cold temperature can be felt with our skin) Receptors: In our skin, we have a variety of receptors helping us pick up a variety of sensations that we can experience. (e.g. the Mechanoreceptors) Mechanoreceptors The following info is based on the book. Explore and discover what are mechanoreceptors?\ Top layer of the skin page1image45341184page1image45340768 Merkel receptor: Pressure (touch)\ Example: Your friend holds your hand. As soon as she/he holds your hand, they will start firing and they will continue to do so for as long as your friend continues to hold your hand, They will stop when she/he lets go of your hand. This allows for fine details to be transmitted to the brain Meissner receptor: Pressure (touch) Deeper layers of the skin\ Ruffini cylinder: Example: Your friend holds your hand. As soon as her/his hand makes contact with yours, they fire. As long as he/she is holding your hand they will not fire. They will fire again when your friend removes her/his hand. Stretching of the skin Pacinian corpuscle: Vibration Texture\ Importance of touch: Touch is essential for our physical and mental well-being. A.2 Pain:\ A.2.1 Introduction: Nociceptors: All over our bodies we have Nociceptors. These are the sensory receptors for our sense of pain. Basically, they're the ones that are going to detect, transduce and transmit. Survival: Experiencing pain is essential for survival. Pain alerts us that something is wrong, and with that we can take action. Complexity: The experience of pain is highly complex. The amount of pain we feel does not only depend on the type of tissue damage. There is a number of factors that can influence and affect our experience of pain (e.g. emotions, motivation, culture) A.2.1 Gate-Control Theory: A theory attempting to explain the complexity of pain. According to this theory there is a neurological gate in the nervous system. Neurological gate: The state of that gate would influence and affect if we feel pain and how much pain we experience. If the gate is open, we're likely to experience pain, if the gate is closed then we're likely to feel little to no pain. We also have small nerve fibers, and large nerve fibers in our system. Small nerve fibres (S-fibers): When the S-fibers are active, they tend to open the neurological gate because they mostly carry pain information, so they tend to open the door and we're likely to feel pain. page2image45432256page2image45428512 Large nerve fibres (L-fibers): Large nerve fibers on the other hand, tend to carry mostly information that isn't related to pain. (e.g, if it's cold or hot) and because of this they're likely to close the neurological gate and we're likely to feel little to no pain. T -- cells (middle men): T-cells mediate between the fibers and the gate. The T-cells have to be activated for the neurological gate to open. When small fibers are activated, they activate T-cells. When large fibers are activated, they de-activate the T-cells. Must be activated for the gate to open. Stimulation: We have a number of factors that could affect the brain. (i.e, stimulation of a certain brain area can close the gate and we can feel little to no pain.). Stimulation of a certain brain area, it doesn't matter which one, could close the gate, and we could feel little to no pain. Beliefs: Our beliefs could influence and affect the gate, thereby influencing and affecting our pain. (e.g, placebo affect) Placebo effect: Stress: Stress can open or close the gate. (e.g, If one day, a bear is running after us, and we fracture our ankle, the body's priority is to escape the bear and survive. Even if our ankle is fractured, we're not likely to feel the pain in the moment. Once the bear is gone, then we're going to feel all the pain.) Other factors: Our emotions could make a difference: Emotions: page3image45540496page3image45546112page3image45546736 Self-confidence: When we're confident, even if we have the same type and same amount of injury, we're going to feel less pain than on the days we're not as confident. Culture: Even with the same type of injury, same amount of injury, people from different cultures will have different levels of pain. (i.e. faith) B- Smell (Olfaction): Chemical sense: The stimulus for our sense of smell are odor molecules released by objects. In order for us to smell something, those odor molecules must enter our cavity. To smell something, we have to inhale. They must come into contact with our olfactory receptors (ORN) Olfactory receptors (ORN): The olfactory receptors are the sensory receptors for our sense of smell. They detect, transduce, and transmit. Olfactory epithelium: The olfactory receptors (ORN) are embedded in our olfactory epithelium. It's inside our nose, and it's a membrane filled with mucus. Glomeruli (inside the olfactory bulb): Information from the Olfactory receptors is going to go to the G's (Glomeruli) and the G's are located inside the olfactory bulb. Ex: Temporal lobes; Limbic system: The information from the olfactory bulb is going to be sent to various parts in the brain. (i.e, the limbic system.) Millions: We have millions of olfactory receptors (ORN) and they can be organized into 300 million different types. \> 300 \# types : Our millions of ORN can be organized into over 300 different types. 10 000 odours: For the longest time, researchers thought that humans could only detect 10,000 odors. page4image45522864page4image45519328page4image45526816 Over 1 trillion odors: Modern research suggests that we can detect over 1 trillion odors.\ How do we detect trillions of odors with only \>300 types? Researchers believe different odor molecules will activate a different combination of receptor types. Fictional examples:\ Odour A = 1 +250 + 319 Odour B = 2 + 16 + 29 + 105 Regeneration: Every six weeks, ORNs regenerate. Ageing: They regenerate, but that doesn't mean we keep the same numbers. Things like smoking, pollution can hurt them and affect their numbers. By the time we're 65 25% of us will have problems with out sense of smell. So even though they regenerate, we don't keep the same number of ORNs. 65 ◊ 25% 80 ◊75% Emotions & memories: There is a strong link between our sense of smell, emotions and memories. There is that link because smell information is sent to the limbic system, and the limbic system is linked and associated with emotions and memories. C. Taste or Gustation Essential: For our ancestors their sense of taste was essential for their survival. Chemical sense: Our sense of taste is a chemical sense. Molecules from the food we eat, beverages we consume. In order for us to taste: To be able to taste, those molecules must dissolve in our saliva, and they must come in contact with our gustatory cell. page5image45246000page5image45247040page5image45245584page5image45583824 Gustatory cells: Gustatory cells detect, transduce, and transmit. They are the sensory receptors of our sense of taste. They are found: Gustatory cells are found in our taste buds.\ Papillae: Our taste buds are found in the papier, the bumps on the tongue. Explore and discover (book): 1. List the different types of papillae named in your book 2. Make sure to know where they are located 3. Name the one type of papillae that does not contain taste buds 4 basic \...: SSSB For the longest time, researchers believed that we had 4 basic taste functions. Sour, Salty, Sweet, and Bitter. (SSSB) 5th Umami: Japanese researchers discovered a 5th taste sensation, and that's the taste of umami (or yummy) and it's the taste of savory foods (meat, fish, cheese, mushrooms, tomatoes) 6th Fat?????? Some researchers believe that we may have a sixth taste sensation, and that's fat. This is partially because healthy fat is an essential part of a healthy diet. Regeneration: Our gustatory cells are very fragile. You can easily kill them (e.g. if you drink hot coffee, or hot soup). If you smoke or drink alcohol, you can hurt them. Every 10 days they regenerate, however we do not keep the same numbers. By the time you are 20, you would have lost half of your gustatory cells. Sensory interaction: Sensory interaction -- our different senses may interact and influence one- another. Our sense of taste and smell definitely do interact and influence each other. Explore and discover (book):\ 1. What are bimodal neuron and where are they located? D. Body Position & Movement page6image45562496page6image45561872page6image45554800page6image45553344 Kinesthesis: The K-sense, a sense where we can know where our bodies are, where they're located in space, what position they're in, if they're moving or not, how fast they're moving, if they're relaxed or contracted. In our muscles, in our tendons, in our ligaments, in our joints, we have proprioceptorr. These are sensory receptors of our k-sense. Vestibular sense: The vestibular sense helps with balance and orientation, and motion. It works closely with our sensory systems. It works with our vision and proprioceptors to help us navigate and move smoothly. Explore and Discover (book) 1. Our vestibular sense is also known as our sense of \...\...\...\.....? 2. List the 2 organs linked and associated with our sense of balance. 3. They are located in your inner ear 4. For each organ, make sure to know what they sense or respond to 5. How do we know that our vestibular sense is integrated with our sense of vision? 6. The sensory receptors for our vestibular sense are \...\...\...\...? page7image45310496page7image45308000