Zoology 102 Past Paper PDF

‫مراجعة الفاينال‬ ‫‪Zoology 102‬‬ ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬ ‫الجزء الول‬ ‫جزء دكتور عزه‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Dr: E.Y‬‬ ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  1. Classification of animals according to body cavity: Acoelomate animals (flatworms): Pseudoc...

‫مراجعة الفاينال‬ ‫‪Zoology 102‬‬ ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬ ‫الجزء الول‬ ‫جزء دكتور عزه‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Dr: E.Y‬‬ ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  1. Classification of animals according to body cavity: Acoelomate animals (flatworms): Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate — animals annelids animals (round arthropods mollusks echinoderms worms‫) السطوانيه‬: chordates): They have no body cavity: They have a body They have body cavity called their space between the body cavity called a coelom(present between the wall and the gut (digestive pseudocoelom, body wall and the gut wall). tract) is filled with tissues which is not which is_ is a body cavity completely lined lined by mesoderm. by mesoderm 2. There are two types of eucoelom Schizocoelom Enterocoelom: arises through the splitting of the arises as an out pocketing of the mesodermal mass into a pocket-like developing gut (enteron ‫تجويف القناه‬ cavity during embryonic development ‫) الهضميه‬ It is found in many animals including: It is found in echinoderms and annelids worms, arthropoda and chordates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, molluscs birds, mammals). Phylum3 Platyhelminthes General Features and embryology Triploplastica bilateral cephalization acoelomate mostly organ flat body Symmetry parasites system dorso Pair of cerebral level of ventrally Ganglia (NS) Excretion Organization not By protonephridia segmented Reproduction (flame cell ) except Asexually : fragmentation (planaria Dugesia sp ) cestoda Hermaphrodite classification Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda Some no larva indirect some endoparasitic with larva 2 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Digestive System Incomplete no anus with intra and extracellular digestion (very branched intestine). mouth and alimentary canal are absent like cestoda Circulatory System Absent, Respiratory System gas exchange is accomplished by simple diffusion across the body surface‫مهمممم‬ Class 1- Turbellaria (eddy worms) General features : Habit & habitat 1. Aquatic &terrestrial mostly Free living 2. simplest bilateral symmetric animals 3. about 16% of all flatworm species are turbellarians 4. They are the first animals to be triploblastic Body structure 1. The mouth is on the ventral side‫مهمم‬ 2. Hooks‫ ممصات‬and suckers‫ خطاف‬are not present‫مهممم‬ 3. Incomplete digestive system (with only one opening) 4. Turbellaria includes ciliated flatworms‫ مهممم جدا‬help in movement in the free living only Life cycle Simple response The body surface of many species bears numerous aggregations of small, cylindrical rhabdites and related rhabdoids.‫مهمممم جدا‬ These structures are uniquely turbellarian they release thick mucous that coats the body of the animal in response to attempted predation or to desiccation habeas eouorsaed Classification Order 1 : Tricladida (with 3 branches of intestine ). 3 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Order 1 : Tricladida ex : planaria Dugesia sp classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Rhabditophora Order: Tricladida Family: Planariidae Genus: Dugesia Features 1. The typical structure of Platyhelminthes 2. Cephalization: The development of anterior end. ‫مهمممم‬ 3. The head region is triangle with 2 lateral lobes known as auricles‫ فصوص‬which are not ears but olfactory organs‫للشم‬ 4. No respiratory system Habitat Aquatic , terrestrial Digestive tract 1. Incomplete no anus 2. The mouth serves both for ingestion and egestion Mid ventral 3. Pharynx is enclosed in pharyngeal sheath, opens posteriorly inside the mouth and leads into the intestine 4. Intestine with 3 branches each with diverticula Eyes Present ( eye spot ) They are pigment cups into which retinal cells sensitive to light can not form image Reproductive 1. Male system ❖ Consist of 2 or more numerous testis& sperm duct, the vas deferens & seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and male genopore then penis papelle 2. Female ❖ Pair of ovaries & oviduct & yolk gland & copulatory bursa and single gonophore 3. Types : A. Asexual reproduction: By binary fission& Regeneration B. Sexual reproduction: is hermaphrodite with cross fertilization 4. Development: ❖ hermaphrodite & cross-fertilization ❖ Embryos finally emerge as little planarians Nervous 1. 2 cerebral ganglia system 2. Two longitudinal ventral nerve cords, extending from the brain, are connected by transverse nerves to form 3. a -ladder type- of nervous system ‫مهممممم‬ 4 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Excretion 1. 2 longitudinal excretory canals with a complex network of excretory tubules that branch to all parts of the body and end in a large number of excretory cells called flame cells or protonephridia‫ مهمهههه‬Each longitudinal excretory canal opens to the dorsal surface by several minute pores called nephridiopores 2. The flame cell is the excretory unit Order 2 : digenea ex : Fashiola Mostly parasites 2hosts incomplete with oral suckers indirect facultative Digestive & ventral life cycle parasite system suckers leaf-like body& non-ciliated parasitic classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Sub- Class: Digenea Order: Echinostomida Genus: Fasciola Species: hepatica Body wall: 1. lacks a cellular layer of epidermis‫مهمههه‬ 2. It consists of a thick layer of cuticle followed by a thin basement membrane and underlying muscle layer surrounding the mesenchyma 3. The cuticle: a tough resistant cuticle covers the fluke and protects it from the juice of the host. ‫ مهممممم‬It bears spicules 4. The cuticle is secreted by special mesenchymal cells situated below muscle layer‫مهمممم‬ 5 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Muscle layer: Mesenchyme: 1. Found under the basement 1. Found below the muscle layer membrane 2. Consist of numerous, loosely 2. It consists of outer circular arranged uninucleated and muscle fibers, Middle binucleated cells longitudinal muscle fibers and 3. It helps in the transport of inner diagonal muscle fibers nutrients and waste substances 3. All muscles are smooth Digestive 1. The mouth leads to the pharynx system 2. From the pharynx, the oesophagus opens into the intestine 3. The intestine divides into 2 main limbs, right and left 4. From each limb arises a number of blind‫ مقفول من االخر‬branches called intestinal caeca Excretory 1. It consists of a large number of Flame cells connected with a system: system of excretory duct arising from main longitudinal excretory canal‫مهمه قناه واحده‬ 2. that opens by the excretory pore at the posterior end of the animal The nervous 1. A nerve ring surrounds the oesophagus, it has a pair of cerebral system ganglia dorso-laterally and a ventral ganglia below the oesophagus ❖ Small nerves are given out anteriorly from the ganglia ❖ Posteriorlly, three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords arise from the ganglia, a dorsal, a lateral, and a ventral pair of nerve cords. The ❖ They are hermaphrodite reproductive system: 6 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  The male part The female part ❖ There are 2 testes runs forwards ❖ A. Consists of one ovary, the vas deferens seminal vesicle & 2oviduct, uterus ‫رحم بس بسيط‬ the ejaculatory duct, leads to the ‫خالث‬, vitelline glands, Mehlis male genital aperture gland‫ غدد قشريه‬and Laurer ❖ Prostate glands: surround the canal ejaculatory duct and open in it and ❖ The ootype: the junction of their secretion (alkaline) helps in oviduct and median vitelline free movement of sperm during duct is swollen to form copulation ootype‫مهمممم‬ ❖ Genital atrium: is a common ❖ Acanal termed the Laurer chamber for male and female canal‫ مهمممم‬, arises from the genital apertures, it open junction of the oviduct and externally by gonopore median vitelline duct to open externally on the dorsal surface Life cycle: 1. Site of localization: hepatic biliary ducts 2. Infective stage: metacercariae 3. Route of infection: oral 4. Intermediate host: snail 5. definitive host: sheep or man 6. Diagnostic stage: unembryonated egg 7. Mechanism : Disease Fascioliasis: 1. It cause hepatitis and inflammation in bile ducts 2. Due to this, the bile ducts become thickened which is followed by calcification and finally resulting into the formation of gall stones 7 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  e.g. 2: blood fluke - Schistosoma sp General characters: Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Order: Diplostomida Family: Schistosomatidae Subfamily: Schistosomatinae Genus: Schistosoma Features 1. Differ from most other flukes in being dioceous (are of two sexes) 2. They live in the blood 3. body is cylindrical and elongated 4. The male is broader and has a large ventral groove, the gynecophoric canal, posterior to the ventral sucker‫مهمممم‬ 5. The gynecophoric canal embraces‫ تعتنقها‬the long slender ‫النحيله‬ ‫ الرفيعه‬female Three species S. mansoni S. japonicum S. haematobium ❖ lives in the ❖ lives in the ❖ lives in the venules venules draining venules draining of the urinary the large the small bladder intestine intestine ❖ Biomphalaria ❖ Oncomelania ❖ Bulinus snail is the snail is the snail is the intermediate host‫مهم‬ intermediate ‫مهم‬ intermediate host‫مهمم‬ ❖ ovum has lateral ❖ ovum has curved ❖ ovum has terminal spine spine or lateral spine knob Life cycle: 1. Site of localization: blood vessels 2. Infective stage: The cercariae 3. Route of infection: penetration of the skin of human 4. Intermediate host: snail 5. definitive host: man 6. Diagnostic stage: eggs 8 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬ Disease Schistosomiasis: 1. With S. mansoni and S. japonicum, eggs in the intestinal wall cause ultration abscesses and bloody diarrhea with abdominal pain‫مهمممم‬ 2. With S. haematobium, eggs in the wall of the urinary bladder cause ultheration‫ تقطير‬and bloody urine and pain on urination‫مهمممم‬ 3. Eggs swept‫ تجتاح‬to the liver cause cirrhosis‫ تليف كبدي‬, a fibrotic reaction that interferes with the liver function 4. S. haematobium is considered the least serious and S. japonicum the most severe‫مهممم‬ Class: Cestoda (Tape worms) Body consists 1. head (scolex) of is a small anterior hocked attachment organ attachment of the worm to the small intestine of the host 2. The strobila (collection of proglottids) : neck (immature proglottids), mature proglottids and gravid proglottids ✓ Gravid proglottid: consists of a uterus, with eggs, as a central longitudinal stem branching on each side ✓ become essentially sacs filled with eggs from the end of the body and pass out of the host in its feces The digestive no mouth or digestive system. system Food digested by the host intestine is absorbed through the surface of the parasite body Reproduction: hermaphrodite, self-fertilization ‫مهممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممم‬ The male part The female parts ❖ Testes,Vas deferens , ❖ The ovary, Oviduct , Ootype , Cirrus sac Cirrus or pines 9 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Vitelline gland , Vagina, Uterus ❖ Mehlis_ glands:‫ مهممم‬are a large number of unicellular glands that surrounded the ootype ❖ seminal receptacle: stores the sperms temporarily and continues as narrow short duct to join the oviduct species which 1. Taenia saginata: Beef‫ الماشيه‬tapeworm parasite on The cattle is the intermediate host and human is the man : definitive host 2. Taenia solium: Pork‫ الخنزير‬tapeworm The pig is the intermediate host and human is the definitive The pork tape-worm Body wall The cuticle Subcuticular Subcuticular Parenchyma or muscles cells mesenchyma ❖ outermost, thick, ❖ consists ❖ These ❖ is a fluid-filled waxy and enzyme of outer cells spongy network resistant covering circular secrete of branching of the body muscle cuticle mesenchyme ❖ composed of layer and ‫مهمممم‬ cells forming protein inner mesenchyme impregnated with longitudin ❖ contains some calcium carbonate al muscle calcareous lime ❖ consists of three layer. cells whose layers, an outer secretion comidial layer, a probably thick middle neutralizes the homogeneous acid of the layer, and the digestive juice innermost thin of the host basement membrane 10 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬ Nutrition: 1. The alimentary canal is absent 2. it absorbs digested liquid food from the intestine of the host by diffusion through its general body surface 3. The reserved food is stored as glycogen and lipoids in the parenchyma Nervous 1. Consists of 2 small cerebral ganglia in the scolex connected together by a system thick transverse nerve band and by the dorsal and ventral commissures 2. All these structures together are reffered to as the brain complex 3. The brain complex is connected with another — rostellar nerve ring having a pair of rostellar ganglia in the rostellum by 8 nerves 4. five pairs of longitudinal nerve cords arise and travel in the strobila 5. No sense organs‫مهمممم جدا‬ Excretory 1. 4 lateral longitudinal excretory vessels, 2 on each side system 2. The 4 excretory vessels are joined in the scolex by the nephridial plexus‫الضفيره‬ 3. The last proglottid has caudal vesicle opening out by an excretory pore‫مهممم‬ Life 1) Site of localization: small intestine cycle: 2) Infective stage: cysticercus in undercooked pork 3) Route of infection: oral 4) Intermediate host: pig 5) definitive host: man The beef tape worm Life 1. Site of localization: small intestine cycle: 2. Infective stage: cysticercus in undercooked beef 3. Route of infection:oral 4. Intermediate host:cattle 5. definitive host:man 11 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  6. Disease A. Taeniasis : 1. a disease caused in human by Taenia infection 2. It is characterized by abdominal discomforts like pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation,....... 3. It may causes obstruction in the passage of alimentary canal B. Cysticercosis: 1. is a disease caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium 2. (cysticerci) when they enter through the intestinal circulation in different parts of the body like liver, eyes and brain and encysted causing serious diseases 3. Encystment in eyes may cause blindness Echinococcus granulosus (dog tape) Morphology 1. Adults range from 1.2 to 7 mm in length (depending on species) of adult 2. The body consists of: scolex, short neck and strobila worm 3. The strobila consists of 3 types of proglottids: Immature, mature and gravid 4. The scolex bears 4 suckers and rostellum with 2 rows of hooks‫مهمممم‬ 5. Defentive host is the dog and intermediate host sheep ‫مهمممممم‬ 6. There is no digestive system Life cycle: In intermediate host (man and In definite host (dog): sheep) 1. Acquires infection by ingestion 1. Dog acquired infection by of food contaminated with the consumption of contaminated feces of dog containing eggs viscera of sheep (intermediate 2. Hexacanth embryo hatches and host) containing hydatid cyst penetrate the intestinal wall, (infective stage) ‫مهممم‬ enters the portal circulation and be carried to liver or lung 2. The hydatid cyst (larva) 3. The hexacanth embryo develops transfer into adult stage in into fluid filled hydatid cyst in small intestine of dog viscera of sheep 3. The adult worm produces eggs which passed with feces 12 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  Phylum: Nematoda General characters 1. Nematoda = Thread like worm 2. Parasitic or free living 3. They are bilaterally symmetrical, elongated, cylindrical and unsegmented worms 4. They are pseudocoelomate where the body cavity is false coelom because it is bounded by muscles outside and the cuticle of the intestine inside 5. They are diecious (bisexual), sexes are different (male and female) 6. They complete their life cycle in one host Digestive systema) The digestive tract is differentiated into pharynx, intestine and rectum that leads to anus at the posterior end. b) In some species, the mouth bears teeth (e.g. hook worm) Examples Among parasitic nematodes in small intestine a) e.g. 1: Trichinella spiralis. b) e.g.2: Ascaris lumbricoides c) e.g. 3: Ancylostoma duodenale Trichinella spiralis Classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Enoplea Order: Trichocephalida Genus: Trichinella Species: spiralis General 1. the smallest nematode parasite of humans features 2. The small adult worms mature in the small intestine of a definitive host, such as a pig. 3. Each adult female produces batches of live larvae, which bore through the intestinal wall, enters the blood (to feed on it) and lymphatic system, and are carried to striated muscle. 4. Once in the muscle, they encyst, or become enclosed in a capsule. 13 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  5. Humans can become infected by eating infected pork, horsemeat, or wild carnivores such as fox, cat, hyena‫ الضبع‬or bear ‫الدب‬ Morphology: 1. Males : measure between 1.4 and 1.6 mm long, and are mote flat anteriorly than posteriorly‫مهمممم‬ The anus can be found in the terminal end, and they have a large copulatory pseudobursa on each side 2. The females : are about twice the size of the males‫ مهممم‬, and have an anus found terminally. The vulva‫ الصمامات‬is located near the esophagus‫ المرئ‬. The single uterus of the female is filled with developing eggs in the posterior portion, while the anterior portion contains the fully developed juveniles. Trichinella spiralis is a viviparous‫ بتولد‬nematode parasite,‫ مهمممم جداا‬occurring in rodents, pigs, bears, hyenas‫ الضباع‬and humans, is responsible for the disease trichinosis.‫مهمم‬ It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm"‫ مهممم‬due to it being typically encountered in undercooked pork products. Life cycle: ‫تابع ورق المايند ماب الجزء الثاني‬ Symptoms: between 12 hours Five to seven Ten days following ingestion and two days after days after ingestion of infected the meat. appearance of these symptoms The first facial intense muscular pain, symptoms may edema ‫تورم‬ difficulty breathing, appear ‫الوجه‬ The migration of ‫واالطراف‬ weakening of pulse‫النبض‬ adult worms in the and fever and blood pressure, heart intestinal may occur. 14 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  epithelium can damage, and various cause traumatic nervous disorders may damage‫اضرار مؤلمه‬ to the host tissue, occur, eventually leading to and the waste death due to heart failure, products they excrete can respiratory complications, provoke‫ تحفز‬an or kidney malfunction, all immunological reaction. due to larval migration The resulting inflammation can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea Ascaris lumbricoides Classification: Phylum: Nematoda Class: Phasmida Order: Ascaridida Family: Ascaridoidea Genus: Ascaris Species: lumbricoides General 1. Intestinal roundworm characters: 2. Adult is elongated tapering to both end 3. Anterior being thinner than posterior 4. The worm is sexually dimorphic 5. Adult male has curved tail‫مهممم‬ 6. Adult female has straight tail 7. At the anterior end of the body is the mouth, bounded by 3 lips: 1 dorsal and 2 ventrolateral ‫مهممم‬ 8. The smooth cylindrical body is marked with 4 longitudinal lines, dorsal, ventral and 2 laterals 9. Near the posterior end on the ventral side is the anus 10.10.In the female the genital opening lies on the ventral midline about one-third the length of the body from anterior end, whereas in the male this opening is just within the posterior end of the digestive tract. Body wall: The cuticle: Epidermis: Muscle layer: Is thick, lamellar I syncytial Consists a single and made of epidermis longitudinal fibers protein, not with many running along the length 15 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬  chitin‫ مهممم‬, nuclei but no of the body which is cell walls striated contractile part resistant to the It secretes the and lies towards the digestive juices cuticle‫مهمممم‬ epidermis, non- of the host but it contractile cytoplasmic is permeable to part with nucleus and water process and directed towards the nerve Digestive 1. The mouth: situated at the anterior tip surrounded by 3 lips system 2. The pharynx: is lined by thin layer of cuticle which is continued with the cuticle of the body wall 3. The intestine: It extends almost the entire length of the body and is lined by thin layer of cuticle 4. The rectum: is lined by thin layer of cuticle 5. In male the rectum opens out by the cloaca‫المزرق فتحه مزدوجه‬ because it receives the ejaculatory duct but in female it open out by the anus‫مهمم‬ The excretory 1. It is composed of 2 excretory tubes, one lying in each lateral line system: and the 2 uniting anteriorly to open by a single excretory pore, located on the ventral midline a short distance posterior to the mouth 2. These tubes do not have flame cells‫مهممممممممم‬ The nervous consists of a circumpharyngeal ring ‫ مهمم‬and 2 longitudinal dorsal system and ventral nerve cords life cycle 1. completes in single host 2. Site of localization: small intestine 3. Infective stage:embryonated eggs 4. Route of infection:oral 5. NOTE: Only one host i.e. only definitive host. No intermediate and reservoir hosts disease Ascariasis 16 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬ Symptoms 1. Few worms in intestine produce abdominal pain 2. The wandering‫ الجواله‬adult worms may block the small intestine 3. Large number of adult worm cause malnutrion and growth retardation‫ تخلف‬in children 4. The metabolites of living and dead worm are toxic and immunogenic 5. The worm also produces various allergic toxin which manifests‫ تظهر‬fever Ancylostoma dudenale: Classification Phylum Nematoda Class Chromadorea Order Rhabitida Family Ancylostomaidae Genus Ancylostoma Species duodenale Features 1. They are Intestinal hookworm 2. There are teeth in buccal capsule 3. Male has copulatory bursa: The posterior end expanded in umbrella like fashion, named Copulatory bursa 4. Female with no bursa Copulatory 1. Present in male bursa: 2. For attachment with female during copulation 3. Consists of 3 lobes, one dorsal and two lateral lobes 4. Each lobe: supported by chitinous rays‫مهممم‬13 = ‫شعاع‬ 3 at dorsal lobe and 10 at the two lateral lobes Dorsal ray is partially divided at tip Each division is tripartite‫ثالثيه مهممممممممممم‬ Life cycle 1. Infective form :3rd stage filariform larva 2. Mode of infection :Penetration into skin 3. Site of localization : Small intestine Pathogenesis 1. Migration of preadult cause temporary pulmonary inflammation 2. Abdominal pain, diarrhea and loss of appetite 3. Anemia: especially in children 17 Dr: E.Y ‫دكتور الحسيني يعقوب‬