Disaster Resilience Handout PDF

Disaster Resilience Handout preserve their usual routines and mental states despite the 1. Definition of Resilience challenges they face....

Disaster Resilience Handout preserve their usual routines and mental states despite the 1. Definition of Resilience challenges they face. - It emphasizes stability and continuity. Resilience 2. Positive Psychology - rooted in the principles of - refers to the capacity of individuals positive psychology, which to maintain or regain psychological focuses on growth, optimism, well-being in the face of adversity, and positive emotion as such as disasters. pathways to resilience. - involves the ability to adapt to - In this approach, individuals significant stress and hardship. use strengths, such as - not a static trait but a dynamic optimism and hope, to not process that varies depending on just survive but thrive through the situation and individual adversity. circumstances. - It involves finding meaning - refers to the human ability to and purpose even in difficult maintain stable, healthy levels of situations psychological and physical 3. Maturity functioning following a potentially - adapting by letting go of disruptive event. previous certainties and - involves the capacity to experience adopting a more nuanced positive emotions and generative and flexible perspective on experiences despite exposure to life. significant stressors. - It often involves the - This concept contrasts with development of wisdom, recovery, which involves a acceptance, and an temporary increase in psychological appreciation for life’s symptoms before returning to complexities. pre-trauma levels - In the context of disasters, this model is particularly Key points about resilience: relevant as it encourages individuals to reassess their Adaptation Model priorities, embrace change, - frameworks used to understand how and focus on what is truly individuals respond to and cope with important, such as survival, adversity, such as disasters. connection, and long-term 3 modes of adaptation recovery. 1. Normality - focuses on maintaining Resilience can manifest in different phases baseline functioning in the of a disaster face of adversity 1. Pre-disaster - Individuals who adapt through normality strive to  - Ability to anticipate and long-term adjustment. prepare for predictable risks However, the use of both 2. During the disaster problem-focused and - adaptive behaviors such as emotion-focused coping is acceptance of danger and often more frequent in flexible appraisal of risk are individuals who develop critical symptoms after a disaster 3. Post-disaster 3. Personality Traits - involves using available - Certain personality traits, resources and maintaining a such as harm avoidance and sense of hope and optimism. flexibility in appraising risks, are associated with better Societal resilience resilience. Individuals who can adapt their behavior and - involves community support, social maintain optimism are more connectedness, and social capital, likely to have positive which contribute to the collective outcomes. ability to manage and bounce back 4. Cognitive Factors from mass events such as disasters - Positive cognitive appraisals, such as viewing stressful Positive Outcomes experiences as beneficial, - While trauma often leads to can reframe adverse events psychological distress, some positively and enhance individuals report positive outcomes, resilience such as a reorganization of life 5. Community Resources priorities and increased self-efficacy - Access to community after overcoming challenges resources, including social, physical, and institutional 2. Protective Factors and Risk Factors of support, strengthens societal Resilience resilience and promotes collective recovery Protective Factors of Resilience Risk Factors of Resilience 1. Social Support - The availability and 1. Prior Psychological Symptoms perception of social support - Individuals with pre-existing are crucial. Support from psychological symptoms are family, friends, and the at a higher risk of developing community can buffer the post-disaster disorders such negative effects of disasters. as PTSD 2. Coping Strategies 2. Demographic Factors - Effective coping strategies, - Age, gender, and especially problem-focused socioeconomic status can coping, can lead to better influence vulnerability. For example, middle-aged adults  may be more affected due to 3 prominent facets of social support: financial and familial responsibilities Received support: This refers to the actual - Racial and ethnic minority help received from others in times of need. status, often confounded with It can be measured by assessing specific low socioeconomic status, behaviors involved in expressing support, can also be a risk factor, such as providing transportation or 3. Personality and Genetic Factors emotional support. - Personality traits such as neuroticism and genetic Perceived support: This is the cognitive predispositions can increase appraisal of being reliably connected to vulnerability to PTSD and others. It can be measured by assessing an other trauma-related individual's confidence that adequate disorders support would be available if needed, or by 4. Intercurrent Adversity characterizing the primary social - Ongoing stressors, such as environment as helpful or cohesive. legal and financial difficulties Social embeddedness: This represents the post-disaster, can exacerbate structural aspects of social networks, the impact of the original referring to the number of connections traumatic event individuals have with significant others in - High levels of stress before their social environments. It can be and after the traumatic event, measured by assessing the existence of including previous losses, social ties based on marital status, numbers financial instability, or other of friends and neighbors, or frequency of stressors, can reduce participation in community activities. resilience and increase susceptibility to psychological B. Mobilization of Social Support in the difficulties Aftermath of Disasters 3. Role of Social Support a. The Rule of Relative Needs- The mobilization of social support after disasters Book Reference: Mental Health and follow the "rule of relative needs", where Disasters by Yuval Neria MD, Sandro those who are most affected by the disaster Galea MD, Fran H. Norris (z-lib.org) receive more help. This was observed in a [PAGE 176-194] study of Hurricane Hugo in 1990, where A. Social Support Defined survivors received more support than non-victims, and those who experienced -Social support is defined as social greater loss and trauma received more help interactions that provide individuals with than those who experienced less. actual assistance and embed them into a web of social relationships perceived to be b. Matching Help with Needs - means that loving, caring, and readily available in times responders and aid providers should focus of need. on providing tangible and informational help, as this is where differences between less exposed and more exposed victims lie. By 1. Sudden and Slowly Evolving doing so, they can maximize the Collective Traumas effectiveness of their support and address 2. Erosion of Perceived Social Support the specific needs of those affected by 3. Declines in Sense of disasters. Companionship and Sense of Community 4. Toxic Communities 5. Rhetoric of Disasters: Protecting the c.The Pyramid of Post-disaster Support Status Quo versus Instigating Social -The pyramid of post-disaster support Change describes the sequence of people's reliance on different sources of help after a disaster. D. The Impact of Received and Perceived Social Support on the Mental Health of d. The Rule of Relative Advantage and Disaster Survivors Help-Seeking Comfort -The rule of relative advantage suggests that certain individuals 1. A. Two Dominant Theoretical Models may have an advantage in receiving social - The impact of received and support after a disaster, regardless of their perceived social support on the needs. mental health of disaster survivors is a crucial aspect of disaster research. e. Patterns of Neglect and Concern - The Two dominant theoretical models, "pattern of neglect" refers to the the stress buffering (interactive) phenomenon where older adults, model and the main effect particularly those with lower socioeconomic (additive) model, have been used status, receive less social support after a to understand the role of social disaster. However, the impact of older age support in disasters. The stress on receiving social support in disasters is buffering model suggests that social complicated, and there may be a "pattern of support protects individuals from the concern" that mobilizes support networks to negative consequences of stressful provide more assistance to the elderly, conditions, whereas the main effect particularly in cases of physical harm or model proposes that social threat to life. support has a direct, positive impact on well-being regardless f. Qualifications Concerning Mobilization of of the level of stress. Post-disaster Social Support - Most 2. A. Received Social Support and research on post-disaster social support has Postdisaster Distress -Research on focused on natural disasters, but there is a the impact of received social support question about whether the same patterns on post-disaster distress is limited. of social support emerge in human-induced Some studies have found that disasters. received social support, such as C. Deterioration of Social Support in the primary group aid, facilitates Aftermath of Disasters emotional recovery and is associated with lower posttraumatic distress. However, other studies  have found no clear influence of Strong Social Support: Filipinos social support receipt on mental are known for their strong family and health outcomes. community bonds, which can 3. Perceived Social Support and provide essential emotional support Postdisaster Distress - Many studies during times of crisis. have found that perceived social Optimism and Hope: Filipinos often support is directly related to better maintain a positive outlook, even in psychological outcomes among the face of adversity. This optimism disaster victims. However, the can help to mitigate the negative stress-buffering model, which impacts of disasters on mental suggests that social support protects health. individuals from the negative Spirit of Bayanihan: The Filipino consequences of stressful spirit of bayanihan, or communal conditions, has been less cooperation, can foster a sense of consistently supported in disaster unity and purpose, helping research. individuals to cope with the 4. Social Support as a Mediator of challenges of disaster. Disaster Impact on Distress - The social support deterioration model Why Are Filipinos Resilient? proposes that disasters lead to declines in social support, which in The foundation of the resilience of turn contribute to the detrimental the Filipinos is strongly sourced from impact of stress on psychological our families. health. The family is the basic unit of the society. 4. Examining Filipino Resilience Hence, much love and attention is given to it. A true Filipinos is willing Reference: to sacrifice their lives to fulfill their family’s wants and needs. https://girlpowertalk.com/filipino-resilien Moreover, Filipino resilience may ce-as-a-form-of-systemic-burden [The also be rooted in its history and Filipino Resilience as a Form of Systemic natural disasters. From 1995-2015, Burden Author: Anjo Agbay] the United Nations reported that the Philippines recorded the fourth most The Philippines, a country frequently struck number of tragedies in the world. by natural disasters, has become a global 274 disasters were recorded, 90% of example of resilience. which were weather-related. Yet the This strength is not just physical, but also Filipino people have never ceased psychological. Filipinos have a remarkable rising above these natural ability to bounce back from adversity, even calamities. The Filipinos are proud of when faced with traumatic experiences. this resilience. They often However, this resilience comes at a cost, romanticize this trait in social media often manifesting in mental health challenges. and claim that it defines the Filipino identity. Filipino Resilience as a Protective Factor While resilience in the short-term is good, with 274 disasters in, we’re still relying on our resilience.  Economic Hardships: Mental health problems can affect an The Other Side of Resilience: A Deeper individual's ability to work and earn a Look living, leading to financial hardship. While Filipino resilience is a commendable trait, it is essential to acknowledge its References: potential downsides. The expectation of resilience can sometimes lead to the Paculanan neglect of mental health issues and the normalization of suffering. This can have López-Ibor, J. J., Christodoulou, G., Maj, serious consequences for individuals and M., Sartorius, N., & Okasha, A. communities. (2005). Disasters and mental health. John Wiley & Sons. The Pressure to Be Resilient Pages: 50-60 (pdf) Social Expectations: Filipinos often Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. face societal pressure to be resilient, to "tough it out" and not show (2009). Mental health and weakness. This can make it difficult disasters. Cambridge University for individuals to acknowledge and Press. address their mental health Pages: 161-171 (pdf) struggles. Fear of Stigma: The fear of stigma associated with mental health issues can further discourage individuals from seeking help. Cultural Values: Cultural values that emphasize stoicism and self-reliance can also contribute to the pressure to be resilient. The Consequences of Neglecting Mental Health Increased Suffering: Neglecting mental health issues can lead to increased suffering and a decline in overall well-being. Physical Health Problems: Mental health problems can have a negative impact on physical health, leading to chronic illnesses and reduced life expectancy. Social Isolation: Individuals struggling with mental health issues may withdraw from social interactions, leading to feelings of loneliness and isolation.