Diagnostic Tests and Procedures PDF

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS and PROCEDURE Types of Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive: The body is not entered with any type of instrument. Invasive: The body’s tissues, organs, or cavities are accessed through some type of procedure making use of instruments. Most invasive procedures require informed co...

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS and PROCEDURE Types of Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive: The body is not entered with any type of instrument. Invasive: The body’s tissues, organs, or cavities are accessed through some type of procedure making use of instruments. Most invasive procedures require informed consent of the What is Informed Consent? Process of communication between you and your health care provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care, treatment, or services. information about your condition along with testing and treatment options before you decide what to do. Every patient has the right to get information and ask questions before procedures and treatments. If adult patients are mentally able to make their own decisions, medical care cannot begin unless they give informed consent. Preparing the Client for Diagnostic Testing Ensuring client understanding and compliance with preprocedural requirements. Clients, families, and significant others must be involved in the testing process and should be advised as to the estimated time required to perform the test. Health Care Professional Role in Diagnostic Testing To facilitate the scheduling of tests. To perform client teaching. To perform or assist with procedures. To assess clients for adverse responses to procedures. Further Responsibilities During Diagnostic Testing Preparing the procedure room (e.g. ensuring adequate lighting). Gathering supplies to be used during the procedure. Testing the equipment to ensure it is functional and safe. Securing proper containers for specimen collection. Pain or Anxiety Provoking Procedures: Sedation Sedation - referred to as monitored anesthesia care. It helps patient be more comfortable and relaxed. ○ Minimal ○ Moderate ○ Deep General anesthesia - used for major surgery/operations Local Anesthesia* Sedation vs. General Anesthesia Minimal sedation: The patient feels drowsy and relaxed, with minimal effects on bodily sensations. Moderate sedation: Moderate sedation is also known as conscious sedation and/or procedural sedation. The patient is semi-conscious, can breathe on their own and respond to stimulation. Deep sedation: The patient is nearly unconscious and only has purposeful response to repeated and painful stimulation. The patient may need assistance with breathing, but cardiovascular function is usually unimpaired. General anesthesia: The patient is completely unconscious and does not respond to any level of pain. The patient will require breathing assistance and cardiovascular function may be impaired. Care of the Client After Diagnostic Testing Directed toward restoring the client’s prediagnostic level of functioning. Client is monitored for signs of respiratory distress and bleeding. With some diagnostic tests, the client’s intake and output (I & O) is monitored for 24 hours. Clients received written Brainstorm Brainstorm a list of diagnostic procedures with your small group Estimate the level(s) of sedation patients are likely to require - and justify your answers Common Diagnostic Tests/Procedures Radiography The study of film exposed to x-rays or gamma rays through the action of ionizing radiation. Used by the practitioner to study internal organ structure. Medical radiography includes imaging technologies such as: ○ X-ray ○ CT scan ○ Mammography ○ Fluoroscopy ○ Interventional procedures X-Ray The most common radiological study. Non-invasive, non-contrasted, Density Mammogram X-Ray Computed Tomography The radiological scanning of the body. X-ray beams and radiation detectors transmit data to a computer that transcribes the data into quantitative measurement and multidimensional images of the internal structures. Computed Tomography Fluoroscopy Immediate, serial images of the body’s structure and function. Reveals the motion of organs. Video X-ray Often with contrast  Fluoroscopy *Follow the link to watch on Youtube Barium Studies The use of barium, a chalky white contrast medium, in a preparation that permits visualizations of the internal structures of the digestive tract. Used as an aid to Fluoroscopy Barium swallow Barium meal Barium enema Barium Studies (Meal) Angiogram/Arteriogram An X-ray of the arteries and veins, used to detect blockage or narrowing of the vessels. Involves inserting a thin, flexible tube into an artery (often femoral) and injecting a contrast dye.  Angiogram/ Arteriogram *Follow link to watch on YouTube Angiogram/Arteriogram (start at 10:20) Magnetic Resonance Imaging The MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to make continuous cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound A noninvasive procedure that uses high- frequency sound waves to visualize deep body structures. When this is of the heart it is an echo Ultrasound Endoscopy and Colonoscopy The visualizatio n of a body organ or cavity through a scope. Endoscopy Papanicolaou Test A smear method of examining stained exfoliative cells, commonly called a Pap smear.  Papanicolaou Test *Follow link to watch on Electrocardiogram A graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity. Electrocardiogram Stress Test A measure of the client’s cardiovascular fitness. It demonstrates the ability of the myocardium to respond to increased oxygen requirements by increasing the blood flow to the coronary arteries. Stress Test Thallium Test Thallium is a radioactive isotope that emits gamma rays and closely resembles potassium. Also known as nuclear stress test Often performed in conjunction with ECG. Thallium Test Electroencephologram (EEG) The graphic recording of the brain’s electrical activity. Electroencephologram (EEG) Skin Biopsy The excision of a small amount of tissue, sometimes obtained during aspiration or in conjunction with other diagnostic Skin Biopsy Aspiration A procedure that is performed to withdraw fluid that has abnormally collected or to obtain a specimen. Amniocentesis The withdrawal of amniotic fluid to obtain a sample for examination. Indicated when client is: Over 35. Has had a spontaneous abortion with a previous pregnancy. Has a family history of genetic, chromosomal, or Amniocentesis Paracentesis The aspiration of fluid from the abdominal cavity. Paracentesis (Start at 2:20) Thoracentesis The aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity. Thoracentesis Lumbar Puncture The aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. Also called spinal tap. Lumbar Puncture Lesson 3 Intro to Laboratory Diagnostic Tests - Urinalysis Reasons for Laboratory Tests To detect and To guide the quantify the risk of selection of future disease. interventions. To establish or To monitor the exclude diagnoses. progress of the To assess the disorder. severity of the disease process and To monitor the formulate a effectiveness of the prognosis. treatment. Accuracy in Laboratory Testing The following are required The practitioner’s order must be transcribed onto the correct requisition form. All information must be written on form. Pertinent data that could influence the test’s results must be included. Collection of the specimen from the correct client must be confirmed by checking the identification band. Laboratory results must be placed in the correct medical record. Ontario Lab Requisition Types of Specimen Collection Stool collection Urine collection Venipuncture: the use of a needle to puncture a vein to aspirate blood. Arterial puncture Capillary puncture Central Lines: refers to a venous catheter inserted into the superior vena cava through the subclavian or internal or external jugular vein. Implanted port: a port that has been implanted under the skin. Stool Tests Results Occult blood (blood in the stool detected only with a microscope or by chemical means). Parasites. Types of Urine Collection Random (routine analysis) Timed (24-hour urine) Collection from a closed urinary drainage system. Sterile specimen (catheterized) Clean-voided specimen. Venipunctur e Arterial puncture for Blood Gas Analysis Capillary puncture Central Line Type and Crossmatch Identifies the client’s blood type and determines the compatibility to blood between a potential donor and recipient (client). Culture and Sensitivity Tests Culture refers to the growing of microorganisms to identify the pathogen. Sensitivity tests are performed to identify both the nature of the invading organism and its susceptibility to Types of Culture and Sensitivity Tests Blood Culture Throat (Swab) Culture Sputum Culture Urine Culture Stool Culture Aspirated fluid Culture