Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck - Chapter 2 PDF

Chapter Illustrated Anatomy of the 2: Head and Neck 5th Edition Surface Production Anatomy...

Chapter Illustrated Anatomy of the 2: Head and Neck 5th Edition Surface Production Anatomy Margaret J. Fehrenbach, RDH, MS 1 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.   The dental professional must be thoroughly familiar with the surface anatomy of the head and neck to examine patients Surface Anatomy  Surface Anatomy Overview  the study of the structural relationships of the external features of the body to the internal organs and parts  We will consider the head and neck 2 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  3 Surface Anatomy Overview The features of the surface anatomy provide essential landmarks for many of the deeper anatomic structures Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Overview  The study of anatomy of the head and neck begins with the division of the surface into regions of the :  Head  Neck Figure 2-1 4 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Head  Regions of the head include: 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Auricular 6. Orbital 7. Nasal 8. Infraorbital 9. Zygomatic 10. Buccal 11. Oral Figure 2-1 12. Mental 5 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Head: Frontal Region (1 of 3) Frontal Region includes: forehead area superior to the eyes Figure 2-1 6 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Frontal Region (2 of 3)  Supraorbital Ridge  Directly inferior to each eyebrow  Aka superciliary ridge. (Supra = above, orbit = pertains to eye Ridge = raised border on a bone)  Glabella  The smooth elevated area between the eyebrows Figure 2-2, A: Frontal View 7 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Frontal Region (3 of 3)  Frontal Eminence  The prominence of the forehead (Eminence = protuberance) Figure 2-2, A: Frontal View 8 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Parietal and Occipital Regions  Parietal region and occipital region covered by the scalp Figure 2-1 9 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Head: Temporal Region  Temporal Region  contains the temple  superficial side of the head  posterior to each eye (Posterior = behind) MJ Fehrenbach, Personal Collection 10 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  11 Auricular Region Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Auricular Region  Auricular Region  each side of the head  has the external ear (or outer ear) as a prominent feature. (Auricular = pertains to the ear) Figure 2-1 12 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  External Ear composed of:  auricle = oval flap of the ear  external acoustic meatus (EAM) Figure 2-4: Lateral View 13 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  Helix  The superior and posterior free margin of the auricle  Lobule  Fleshy protuberance of the earlobe. Figure 2-4: Lateral View 14 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Auricular Region  Tragus  smaller flap of tissue of the auricle  anterior to the external acoustic meatus.  Antitragus  The other flap of tissue opposite the Figure 2-4: Lateral View tragus is the. 15 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Auricular Regions  Intertragic Notch  Between the tragus and antitragus  a deep notch Figure 2-4: Lateral View 16 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  External Ear  gathers sound energy  focuses it on the Tympanic Membrane = Eardrum. Drake RL, et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, ed 2, Churchill Livingstone, London, 2010. 17 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  Tympanic Membrane  separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear. Drake RL, et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, ed 2, Churchill Livingstone, London, 2010. 18 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  Middle Ear  is an air-filled, mucous membrane–lined space in the temporal bone  basic function is to transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane across the Drake RL, et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, ed cavity of the middle 2, Churchill Livingstone, London, 2010. ear to the internal ear. 19 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Auricular Region  Internal Ear  inner ear  responsible for:  sound detection  balance.  Internal ear consists of two parts:  Cochlea dedicated to hearing Drake RL, et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, ed  Vestibular system 2, Churchill Livingstone, London , 2010. dedicated to balance. 20 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  21 Orbital Region Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Orbital Region  Orbital Region  each side of the head  Orbit  Contains the eyeball and all its supporting structures Figure 2-6, A: Frontal View  bony socket 22 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Orbital Region  Sclera  white area of eye  Iris  area of coloration of eye  Pupil  opening in the center of the iris Figure 2-6, A: Frontal View  appears black 23 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Orbital Region  Sclera  white area of eye  Iris  area of coloration of eye  Pupil  opening in the center of the iris Figure 2-6, A: Frontal View  appears black 24 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region  Pupil appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues Pupil inside the eye.  Size of the pupil is Applegate EJ. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, ed 4. Elsevier, 2010. controlled by involuntary constriction and dilation of the iris 25  Regulates the intensity of light entering the eye.  This is known as the pupillary reflex. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region  FYI  Room light:  pupil has a diameter of about 3 to 4 mm.  Bright light:  the pupil has a diameter of about 1.5 mm.  Dim light  the diameter is enlarged to about 8 mm.  The narrowing of the pupil From the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. results in a greater focal range. 26 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region Two movable eyelids, upper and lower cover and protect each eyeball. Figure 2-6, A: Frontal View 27 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region  Lacrimal Glands  Behind each upper eyelid and deep within the orbit  Produce lacrimal fluid or tears. Figure 2-6, A: Frontal View 28 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region  Conjunctiva  the delicate and thin membrane lining the inside of the eyelids Applegate EJ. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, ed 4. Elsevier, St. Louis, 2010. 29 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Orbital Region The outer corner(s) where the upper and lower eyelids meet is the lateral canthus (plural, canthi) or outer canthus. The inner angle(s) of the eye is the medial canthus or inner canthus. ***KNOW*** Figures 2-6, A, B: Frontal Views 30 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  31 Nasal Region Main feature = external nose Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  32  Nasion  Inferior to the glabella  Root of the nose  Located between the eyes Nasal Region  Bridge of the nose  Inferior to the nasion  Bony structure  Apex of the nose  Tip of the nose Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  33 Nasal Region Figure 2-7, L Frontal View Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  34 Nasal Region Nostril Aka Naris (plural – nares) Inferior to the apex on each side of the nose Nasal Septum Separate the nares Ala The nares are bounded laterally on each side by a winglike cartilaginous structure(s) Plural – alae ***KNOW*** Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Nasal Region Figure 2-7: Frontal View 35 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  36 Infraorbital, Zygomatic, Buccal Regions Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Infraorbital Region Infraorbital region located inferior (Infra = below) to the orbital region Figure 2-9 37 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Zygomatic Region Zygomatic Region overlies the cheekbone = Zygomatic Arch. Figure 2-9 38 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Zygomatic Region Temporomandibul ar joint (TMJ).  Where the upper skull forms a joint with the lower jaw. Figure 2-9 39 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Buccal Region Buccal Region  composed of the soft tissue of the cheek (buccal = relates to cheek)  cheek forms the side of the face Figure 2-9 40 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Buccal Region Masseter Muscle Felt when a patient clenches the teeth Found in the buccal region of the head Figure 2-9 41 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.   The face can be divided into thirds, and  This perspective is the vertical dimension of the face.  A discussion of vertical dimension allows a comparison of the three parts of the face for functional Divisions of and esthetic purposes using the Golden Proportions, a set of the Face guidelines.  Loss of height in lower third can occur with loss of bony jaw support from aging and periodontal disease. 42 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vertical Dimension of the Face The three divisions of the vertical dimension of the face are noted. From Fehrenbach MJ and Popowics T. Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, 2016. 43 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of the Head: Oral Region  Oral Region  lips  oral cavity  palate  tongue  floor of the mouth  parts of the throat or pharynx. Figure 2-1 44 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Region Lips the gateway of the oral region Vermilion Zone has a darker appearance than Figure 2-10, A: Frontal View the surrounding skin. 45 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lips and Face  Mucocutaneous Junction  Outlines lips from the surrounding tissue Figure 2-10, A: Frontal View 46 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Region Philtrum Vertical groove Superior to the midline of the upper lip Extends Figure 2-10, A: Frontal View downward from the nasal septum 47 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lips and Face  Tubercle of the Upper Lip  Inferior to the philtrum  Midline of the upper lip terminates in a thicker area Figure 2-10, A: Frontal View 48 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lips and Face  Labial Commissure  corners of the mouth Figure 2-10, A: Frontal View  upper and lower lips meet 49 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lips and Face  Nasolabial Sulcus  groove running upward between each labial commissure and each ala of the nose  AKA Nasolabial Groove (naso = nose, Labial=lip, sulcus = depression/groove) Figure 2-7: Frontal View 50 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lips and Face  Nasolabial Folds  On each side of each nasolabial sulcus  Folds of skin  With aging, these folds become accentuated. Figure 2-7: Frontal View 51 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Buccal Region  Angle of the Mandible  The sharp angle of the lower jaw  Inferior (below) to the ear’s lobue Figure 2-9 52 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mental Region  Labiomental Groove  Separates the lower lip from the chin  In the mental region (mental = related to chin) (labio = lip, mental = Figure 2-22 pertaining to chin, groove = furrow, sulcus) 53 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  54 Oral Cavity The inside of the mouth The jaws are within the oral cavity and deep to the lips Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Upper Jaw = Maxilla. Lower Jaw = Mandible. Figure 3-4 55 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Cavity: Orientational Terms  Specific areas in the oral cavity are identified with orientational terms based on their relationship to other orofacial structures such as the facial surface, lips, cheeks, Figure 2-11 tongue, and palate. 56 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.   Facial - Structures closest to the facial surface  Labial - Those facial structures that are also closer to the Lips  Buccal - Facial structures Oral Cavity: closest to the inner Cheek Orientational  Lingual - Structures closest to Terms the Tongue  Palatal - Those lingual structures closest to the Palate ****Know**** 57 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Oral Cavity: Orientational Terms Figure 2-11 58 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Cavity Oral Mucosa  Lines oral cavity  Mucous membrane Figure 2-12 59 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Cavity: Oral Mucosa  Labial Mucosa  Lines the inner parts of the lips  Continuous with the Buccal mucosa - lines the inner cheek. (Labial = lip, mucosa = mucous membrane) (Buccal = pertains to cheek, Figure 2-12 mucosa = pertains to mucous membrane ) 60 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Cavity - Buccal Mucosa  Buccal Fat Pad  Dense pad of inner tissue  Covered by buccal mucosa Figure 2-12 61 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Cavity - Buccal Mucosa Parotid Papilla  On the inner part of the buccal mucosa  Opposite the maxillary second molar  Small elevation of tissue  Protects the duct Figure 2-12 opening from the parotid salivary gland. 62 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Jaws, Alveolar Processes, and Teeth  Maxilla  Upper jaw  Mandible  Lower jaw ***KNOW*** The jaws are deep to the lips and within the oral cavity. Question: What does “deep’ to the lips mean? Figures 3-47, B and 3-52, A: Lateral Views 63 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Maxillae  Maxillary Tuberosity  A tissue-covered elevation  On the posterior (back) aspects of the maxilla  Posterior to the most distal maxillary molar.  Recall: what does posterior and distal Figure 2-21 mean? 64 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mandible  Retromolar Pad  A similar feature as max tuberosity but on the mandible  Posterior to the most distal mandibular molar  A dense pad of tissue Figure 2-21 65 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Vestibules  Vestibules  The upper and lower horseshoe‑shaped spaces in the oral cavity  between the lips/cheeks and the teeth and their soft tissue  maxillary and mandibular Figure 2-12 66 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Vestibules  Vestibular Fornix  Deepest point within each vestibule  Mucobuccal Fold  Where the pink and thick labial or buccal mucosa meets the redder and thinner Figure 2-12 alveolar mucosa (membrane that covers the jaw bone) 67 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oral Vestibules  Labial Frenum  Plural=frena or frenulum  a fold(s) of tissue located at the midline between the labial mucosa and the alveolar mucosa  Present on both the Figure 2-13 maxilla and mandible. 68 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws Alveolus Plural = alveoli Tooth Socket Holds teeth within the jaws Figure 2-13 69 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws  Maxillary Teeth  The teeth of the maxilla (top jaw)  Mandibular Teeth  Teeth of the mandible (lower jaw) Figure 2-13 70 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws Anterior Teeth Teeth in the front of the mouth Includes the incisors and canines Posterior Teeth teeth located toward the back of the mouth From Fehrenbach MJ and Popowics T. Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, 2016. Includes the molars and premolars 71 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws  Both dental arches in the adult have permanent teeth that include the:  Anterior teeth incisors and canines  Posterior teeth: premolars and molars. From Fehrenbach MJ and Popowics T. Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, 2016. 72 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws  Gingiva  Tissue that surrounds the teeth are  plural Gingivae.  Aka gums Figure 2-13 73 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws  Attached Gingiva  The gingiva that tightly adheres to the bone around the roots of the teeth Figure 2-14 74 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teeth and Jaws  Mucogingival Junction  The line of demarcation between the firmer and pinker attached gingiva and the movable and redder alveolar mucosa  Scallop-shaped Figure 2-14 75 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  76 Gingiva Marginal Gingival Interdental Gingiva Sulcus Gingiva At the The inner gingival gingival surface of the tissue margin of marginal between each tooth gingiva faces adjacent Aka a space(s) teeth nonattached Between the adjoins or free tooth and the attached gingiva. gingiva gingiva each individual extension = Interdental Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. papilla. Review Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Review Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Review Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate  Palate  Roof of the mouth  Two parts:  Hard palate  Soft palate.  Hard palate **KNOW**  Firmer, whiter  Anterior part Figure 2-15 80 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate  Incisive Papilla  A small bulge of tissue at the most anterior part of the hard palate  Lingual to the anterior teeth Figure 2-15 81 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate  Palatine Rugae  Firm, irregular ridges of tissue on hard palate.  Directly posterior to incisive papilla Figure 2-15 82 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate  Soft palate  Posterior part of the palate  The yellower and looser than hard palate Figure 2-15 83 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate  Uvula of the palate  midline  muscular structure  hangs from the posterior margin of the soft palate.  Median palatine raphe  Midline ridge of tissue  On the hard palate  Runs from the incisive Figure 2-21 papilla to the uvula. 84 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Palate and Mandible  Pterygomandibular Fold  Fold of tissue  extends from the junction of the hard and soft palates on each side down to the mandible  Just posterior to the most distal mandibular molar  Stretches when the patient Figure 2-21 opens the mouth wider 85 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Tongue  prominent feature of the oral region.  From posterior to anterior the tongue has three surfaces:  Base (posterior)  Body  Apex Figure 2-16 86 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Base of the Tongue  posterior third  pharyngeal part  attaches to the floor of the mouth.  The base of the tongue does not lie within the oral cavity but within the oral part of the throat or pharynx.  not very mobile  Terminal V-shaped sulcus, or groove, Figure 2-16 separates the body from the base of the tongue. 87 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Body of the Tongue  Anterior two-thirds of the tongue  Lies within the oral cavity  Has 2 surfaces:  dorsal (superior)  ventral (inferior) Figure 2-16 88 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Apex of the Tongue  The tip of the tongue  The apex is the highly mobile  Pointed anterior part of the tongue Figure 2-16 89 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Certain surfaces of the tongue have elevated small structures of specialized mucosa = lingual papillae  Some associated with taste buds. Figure 2-16 90 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue Lateral Surface of the Tongue  Side of the tongue  Noted for its vertical ridges, the foliate lingual papillae = contain taste buds.  These lingual papillae are more prominent Figure 2-16 in children. 91 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue Dorsal Surface of the Tongue  The top surface  Has a midline depression=median lingual sulcus  Corresponds with tendinous band deep within the tongue Figure 2-17, A 92 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  93 Tongue The dorsal surface of the tongue also has varying forms of lingual papillae:  Filiform Lingual Papillae  Slender, threadlike  Give the dorsal surface its velvety texture.  Fungiform Lingual Papillae  Red mushroom-shaped dots Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue Figure 2-17, B 94 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Sulcus Terminalis  Farther posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the tongue  V”-shaped groove Figure 2-17, A 95 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Foramen Cecum  Where the sulcus terminalis points backward toward the throat  small, pitlike depression Figure 2-17, A 96 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  97 Circumvallate Lingual Papillae 10 to 14 in number line up along the anterior side of the sulcus terminalis on the body. These large mushroom-shaped Tongue lingual papillae have taste buds at their bases. Lingual Tonsil farther posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the tongue base on each side irregular mass of lymphoid tissue Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue Figure 2-17, A, B 98 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue Ventral Surface Underside of tongue Noted for its visibly large blood vessels lingual veins, running close to the surface. Figure 2-18 99 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue  Plica Fimbriata  Lateral to the deep lingual veins on each side  Fold(s) with fringelike projections. Figure 2-18 100 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Tongue From Fehrenbach MJ and Popowics T. Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, 2016. 101 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Floor of the Mouth  Lingual Frenum  Aka frenulum is  Midline fold of tissue between the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Question: Where is the floor of the mouth relative to the ventral Figure 2-19 surface of the tongue? 102 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Floor of the Mouth Sublingual Fold Ridge of tissue on each side of the floor of the mouth Figure 2-19 103 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Floor of the Mouth  Sublingual Caruncle  Small papilla  At the anterior end of each sublingual fold  Contains the duct openings from both the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Figure 2-19 104 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Pharynx  Pharynx  Throat  The oral cavity provides the entrance into the throat  The pharynx consists of three parts:  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx Figure 2-20 105 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Pharynx  Laryngopharynx  located more inferior  Close to the laryngeal opening  Not visible in intraoral exam Figure 2-20 106 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Pharynx  Nasopharynx  The part of the pharynx that is superior to the level of the soft palate Figure 2-20 107 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Pharynx  Oropharynx  The part of the pharynx that is between the soft palate and the opening of the larynx Figure 2-21 108 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Pharynx  Epiglottis  Behind the base of the tongue and in front of the oropharynx  Flap of cartilage Figure 2-21 109 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.   Fauces  The opening from the oral region into the oropharynx  The fauces are formed laterally on each side by folds of tissue created by underlying muscle Oropharynx  anterior faucial pillar and  posterior faucial pillar  also called tonsillar pillars 110 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Oropharynx Figure 2-21 111 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Oropharyx  Palatine Tonsils  Tonsillar tissue  Located between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars  What patients call their tonsils Figure 2-21 112 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mental Region Mental Region  Chin region  Major feature of the of the head. Figure 2-1 113 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mental Region Mental Protuberance  The prominence of the chin Figure 2-22, A 114 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mental Region  Labiomental Groove  Between the lower lip and the chin Figure 2-22, A 115 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Neck  Regions of the neck  Can be divided into different cervical triangles  Divided based on the large bones and muscles in the area  Each triangle contains structures that are palpated during an extraoral examination. Figure 2-23 116 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Neck  Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle  The large strap muscle  divides each side of the neck diagonally into an:  Anterior cervical triangle  Posterior Figure 2-23 cervical triangle. 117 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Neck Thyroid Cartilage  At the anterior midline  Largest of the larynx’s cartilages  Visible as the laryngeal prominence or “Adam’s Apple” especially in adult males. Figure 2-24 118 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Neck  Larynx  The vocal cords  Ligaments of the “voice box” Figure 2-20 119 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Regions of Neck  Hyoid bone  Located in the anterior midline  Suspended in the neck without any bony articulation  Superior to the thyroid cartilage.  Muscles are attached to the hyoid bone that control the tongue and pharynx, assist the muscles of mastication, as well as those muscles involved in swallowing. Figure 2-24 120 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  121 Regions of Head and Neck Practice, Practice, Practice Yourself, Peers, Patients Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy ID 1 Review Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Review ID 2 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Review ID 3 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Review ID 4 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy ID 6 Review Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Review ID 7 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Surface Anatomy Review ID 8 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Questions? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.