Finals Lesson 1: Idiomatic Expression PDF

Oct. 16, 2024 Finals Lesson 1: Idiomatic Expression ❖ INPUT 1: WHAT ARE IDIOMS? - An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. It is an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of...

Oct. 16, 2024 Finals Lesson 1: Idiomatic Expression ❖ INPUT 1: WHAT ARE IDIOMS? - An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. It is an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that comprise it. However, idioms and idiomatic expressions seem to have become widely used because they convey clear and meaningful messages in very few words that would otherwise be lengthy to explain in non-idiomatic manner. - Idioms are previously considered informal expressions, but because of their widespread use, idiomatic expressions seem to have found acceptance in formal communications as well.  Idiom (Idiomatic Expression) is a phrase where the combined meaning is different from the literal meanings of individual words.  Idioms are widely used because they express clear and meaningful messages concisely.  Without idioms, the same ideas would take longer to explain in a non-idiomatic way.  Idioms were once considered informal, but their widespread use has led to acceptance in formal communication.  Figurative language ❖ INPUT 2: Idiomatic Expression in English Dictionary 1. A ok  If things are A ok, they are absolutely fine. 2. Bag of bones  If someone is a bag of bones, he is very underweight. 3. Call the dogs off  If someone call off his dogs, he stops attacking or criticizing someone. 4. Daylight robbery  If you are overcharged or underpaid. 5. Call it a day  If you call it a day, you stop doing something for a while, normally at least until the following day.  This means that we should not spend or waste money but 6. A penny saved is a penny earned try to save it. 7. A picture is worth a thousand  A picture can often get a message across much better than words the best verbal description. 8. A poor man's something  Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone else, but is not as good is a poor man's version. 9. A pretty penny  If something costs a pretty penny. it is very expensive. ❖ INPUT 3: Individual Test 1. She really hit the nail on the head with her analysis of the problem. B. make an accurate point 2. After working on this project for months, we’re finally in the same boat. G. have the same problem or be in the same situation 3. I can’t believe you spilled the beans about the surprise party! You really let the cat out of the bag. C. reveal a secret 4. He thought he could finish the assignment in one night, but he was barking up the wrong tree. L. misunderstand or pursue the wrong idea 5. They always get along well, but during meetings, they don’t see eye to eye. J. disagree 6. I’m a bit nervous about this presentation, so I hope to break the ice with a joke. I. start a conversation or reduce tension 7. I was in a difficult situation, but my friend came to my rescue jut in the nick of time. H. arrive at the last possible moment 8. My boss told me that learning new skills would help me get ahead of the curve in the company. N. get ahead of the competition 9. He’s been working so hard that he’s finally starting to burn out. P. exhausted from overwork or stress 10. My parents are always giving me advice, but I tend to turn a blind eye to it. K. ignore 11. He was feeling down, so his friends planned a trip to cheer him up. M. help improve someone’s mood 12. When the manager said he had good news, everyone was on the edge of their seats. S. be very excited or anxious 13. Even though she had never worked in marketing before, she decided to take the plunge and accept the job offer. F. take a big risk 14. The new policy didn’t sit well with the employees, and they started to raise a red flag. D. complain or protest 15. They promised they’d help, but in the end, they just left me high and dry. O. leave someone in a difficult situation without help 16. She was upset when she heard that her promotion had been put on the back burner. Q. stop paying attention to or delay something important 17. After that long hike, I was completely beat and just wanted to sleep. E. very tired 18. He tried to bend over backwards to please his customers, but some were never satisfied. R. try very hard to please 19. Whenever I visit my hometown, I love to catch up with old friends. T. catch up on news or updates with friends 20. The actor decided to call it a day after 40 years in the industry. A. relax and stop working HILBD – BNGBT – COTRL – PBBCC 1. Hit the nail — B. make an accurate point 2. In the same boat — G. have the same problem or be in the same situation 3. Let the cat out of the bag — C. reveal a secret 4. Barking up the wrong tree — L. misunderstand or pursue the wrong idea 5. Don’t see eye to eye — J. disagree 6. Break the ice — I. start a conversation or reduce tension 7. Nick of time — H. arrive at the last possible moment 8. Get ahead of the curve — N. get ahead of the competition 9. Burn out — P. exhausted from overwork or stress 10. Turn a blind eye — K. ignore 11. Cheer him up — M. help improve someone’s mood 12. On the edge of their seats — S. be very excited or anxious 13. Take the plunge — F. take a big risk 14. Red flag — D. complain or protest 15. Left me high and dry — O. leave someone in a difficult situation without help 16. Put on the back burner — Q. stop paying attention to or delay something important 17. Beat — E. very tired 18. Bend over backwards — R. try very hard to please 19. Catch up — T. catch up on news or updates with friends 20. Call it a day — A. relax and stop working ❖ INPUT 4: Group Activity 1. Feeling blue — feeling sad 2. Red handed — be discovered in or just after the act of doing something wrong or illegal 3. Out of the blue — something which is totally unexpected 4. Be a chicken — be a coward 5. Drink like a fish — to drink alcohol excessively 6. Ripe old age — very old age 7. Black out — to lose consciousness 8. Safe and sound — safe and without injury or damage 9. Cool as cucumber — very calm 10.Get out of a jam — get out of a bad situation  Oct. 21, 2024 Finals Lesson 2: Main Ideas & Supporting Details ❖ What is Main Idea? - The main idea is the key concept being expressed by the text or paragraph. It is the most central piece of information the author wants you to know. It also tells the topic of the paragraph. ❖ What is Supporting Details? - Supporting details explain or give more information about the main idea. These details can include facts, examples, statistics, and reasons that answer questions like how, why, or what. Topic #1: Identifying Main Ideas and Supporting Details 1. Pre-read to Determine the Overall Topics - Examine the title and then skim the text to determine who or what the reading is about. If you see the same word repeated you know that it is likely the topic or at least an important element of the topic. 2. Read - Ask yourself questions about the text as you read in-depth. Pay close attention to the introduction, the first sentence of body paragraphs, and the conclusion. 3. Reflect - Reflect on what you have read. If the main idea is not immediately apparent to you, review the introduction and conclusion. Topic #2: Techniques for Identifying and Organizing Key Information 1. Graphic Organizer - Uses visual symbols that expresses thoughts, ideas, knowledge and the relationship between them.  3 Types of Graphic Organizer 1. Flowchart 2. Venn Diagram 3. Topical Organizer 2. Topic Outline - Arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which are sub points), in the sequence you want, and shows what you will talk about. 3. Sentence Outline - Provides more in-depth information than the topic outline. 4. Brainstorming - An invention and discovery strategy in which collaborates with others to explore topic, develop ideas, and propose solution to a problem. Topic #3: Tips for Understanding What You are Reading Tip #1: As soon as you can define the topic, ask yourself, "What general point does the author want to make about this topic?"; "What is this paragraph about?" Tip #2: Most main ideas are stated or suggested early on in a reading; pay more attention to the first three of any passage, article, or chapter. That is where you are likely to get the best statement or clearest expression of the main idea. Tip #3: Pay attention to any idea that is repeated in different ways. If an author returns to the same thought in several different sentences or paragraphs, that idea is the main or central thought under discussion. Tip #4: Once you feel sure you have found the main idea, test it. Ask yourself if the examples, reasons, statistics, studies, and facts included in the reading lend themselves as evidence or explanation in support of the main idea you have in mind. Tip #5: The main idea of a passage can be expressed in a number of ways. When you are asked to find the topic sentence, you are being asked to find the statement that expresses the main idea in the author's words. Tip #6: If you are taking a test that asks you to find the thesis or theme of a reading, don't let the terms confuse you, you are still looking for the main idea.  Oct. 21, 2024 Finals Lesson 3: Making Inferences Pre-Lecture Activity: - Think about what is happening and what it suggests. What can you infer about the situation or the characters from the details provided? 1. “The teacher raised her eyebrows, and the students quickly quieted down.” The students understood that the teacher was signaling them to be quiet. 2. “The child’s eyes widened as he stared at the ice cream truck, reaching for his pocket.” The child wants an ice cream. 3. “The fish swam rapidly at the sight of the fisherman approaching, holding his fishing rod.” The fish understood it might get caught. 4. “The sky darkened as the clouds gathered, and the people on the beach hurriedly packed their belongings.” It’s about to rain. Topic #1: Information About Making Inferences ❖ What is Making Inferences? - Making an inference (also known as reading between the lines) involves using what you know to make a guess about what you don't know. You as the reader must combine the information the author provides and the information that you already know to come up with the answer. - Writers often hide meanings between the lines. To understand these hidden meanings, you need to infer. Inferring means using clues in the text to guess what the writer is really trying to say. ❖ What Do We Infer? - You infer why things happen, why characters behave the way they do, and how characters are feeling. You enter the world created by the author, and you create images and inferences based on what the author tells you and your knowledge and beliefs about that world. ❖ Why Making Inferences Important? - Making inferences is important in reading because it enhances comprehension by revealing deeper meanings and themes not explicitly stated. It promotes critical thinking, requiring readers to analyze information and draw conclusions. This skill also encourages active reading, making the experience more engaging as readers connect ideas and ask questions. Topic #2: Techniques for Drawing Inferences from Text 1. Use Context Clues - Look for words or phrases around unknown terms or situations that can provide hints about their meaning. Understanding the surrounding text can help you infer the underlying message. 2. Observe the Character’s Actions and Reactions - Pay attention to how characters behave and respond to situations. Their actions, facial expressions, and dialogue can reveal their feelings and motivations, allowing you to infer deeper meanings. 3. Observe Setting Details - Analyze descriptions of the setting, including time, place, and atmosphere. The environment can provide important clues about the mood and tone of the story, which can inform your inferences. 4. Analyze Tone and Mood - Pay attention to the tone of the writing (e.g., serious, humorous, sarcastic) and the overall mood. These elements can help you infer the author's feelings and the emotions of characters. Post-Lecture Activity: Quiz 1: Match the Situation to the Inference (2points each) Instruction: Match each situation with the correct inference from the answer box. 1. Jenny walked into the room, her eyes red and puffy. She wiped her nose with a tissue and sat down quietly at her desk. Answer: Sad 2. John checked his watch repeatedly while tapping his foot. When Sarah finally arrived, he crossed his arms and frowned. Answer: Frustrated and impatient 3. The garden was filled with wilted flowers, and the ground was dry and cracked. Answer: Neglected or uncared For 4. The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in hues of orange and pink. Answer: Sunset 5. The streets were covered in leaves, and children were bundled up in coats, scarves, and hats. Answer: Cold 6. After hearing the news, Mike clenched his fists and turned away from the group. Answer: Angry and upset 7. During the meeting, Lisa sat back in her chair with her arms crossed and didn’t make eye contact. Answer: Defensive and disengaged 8. The dog barked excitedly as its owner walked through the door Answer: Wants attention 9. The teacher looked at the clock, sighed, and said, ‘I guess we won’t have time for recess today. Answer: Running late 10. The children laughed and played in the park while the sun shone brightly Answer: Happy or excited  Oct. 23, 2024 Finals Lesson 4: Fiction ❖ What is Fiction? - Describes something imaginary or invented, the term is generally used regarding creative works written in prose or ordinary language which does not follow a meter, as in poetry. Topic #1: Elements of Fiction 1. CHARACTER - the players within a story. They can be human beings, animals, aliens, or even sentient objects. As long as they make decisions within the story, they’re characters. Most stories have main character, antagonists, and side characters. 2. PLOT - refers to the events that happen within the story. It includes every major turning point that the characters experience.  Elements of Plot 1. Exposition—gives the reader the background info they need to jump right into your story’s world. This is often found towards the beginning of your story. Even if you choose to jump right into the action, somewhere along the way your reader needs to get a crash course on your characters’ or settings’ history. 2. Rising Action—is the moments in your story that lead up to the climax—choices your main characters have made and the events happening that are at odds with your characters’ goals. This is where your story builds and your reader begins to invest in your characters. 3. Climax—This is it — the primary turning point and what your story has been building towards. What are your main characters going to do? Will they succeed or fail? —Typical climaxes include victories or defeats. 4. Falling Action—Now that the main conflict is resolved, it’s time to begin wrapping everything up. The falling action is a great time to tie up any loose ends while also giving your characters a chance to deal with the aftermath of the climax. 5. Resolution—It’s time to end your tale! The resolution is the time to show the next step in your characters’ lives. —Do they live happily ever after? Is a new era dawning? Or do they just continue on with their ordinary existence with a new experience under their belt? 3. SETTING - The location where the events took place in the story. - macro level, setting might include the country the characters live in and the climate of that country. - micro level, setting can include the room the characters are standing in, the time of day a scene takes place. 4. THEME - Central idea or meaning that unifies story’s elements and is inferred from story details. - Is revealed in the lesson the protagonist needs to learn. - Also be revealed through the core conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist. 5. POINT OF VIEW - is the perspective from which a story is told.  First Person – “I”.  Second Person – “You”.  Omniscient Third Person – “he, she, they, from an all-seeing perspective”. 6. CONFLICT - Conflict is what prevents the protagonist from achieving their goals. All fiction writing requires conflict because otherwise there would be no story, just a happy ending. 7. TONE - Helps the author evoke emotion. - Tone is closely related to genre. If you’re writing a thriller, you might want to go for a scary and suspenseful tone. Topic #2: Techniques Used in Fiction 1. ALLUSION - An allusion is a reference, typically brief, to a person, place, thing, event, or other literary work with which the reader is presumably familiar.  Example: With a deep frown on his face as he stormed through the Christmas market, Johnny looked like a real Scrooge. 2. ALLITERATION - Alliteration is when words with the same sound or letter appear in a sentence, often consecutively.  Example: 1. Pride and Prejudice 2. The Great Gatsby 3. Of Mice and Men 3. ANAPHORA - Anaphora is similar to alliteration in the sense that it relies on repetition. The difference is that an anaphora repeats the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences.  Example: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 4. DICTION - Diction is the literary element that’s all about word choice. The specific choice of words used helps determine the style in which the person is speaking or writing. - Diction comes in handy when you’re trying to show the reader a particular situation or encounter between characters.  Example: 1. Good day to you. (formal) 2. See ya later! (informal) 3. Cheerio. (colloquial) 4. Peace out! (slang) 5. EUPHEMISM - A euphemism is used to refer to something indirectly, or to describe something in a more pleasant or polite way.  Example: Doctors use the euphemism, “negative patient outcome.” This is a more polite or “pleasant” way of saying that a patient has died. 6. EPISTROPHE - The opposite of anaphora is an epistrophe. It is defined as the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a sentence.  Examples: Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” in the lines: “…government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” 7. FLASHBACKS - A flashback is exactly what it sounds like; in writing, it’s when a narrator is mentally transported to an event that happened in the past. 8. FORESHADOWING - Foreshadowing is a literary element used by writers to hint at what will happen next, or at some point, in the story.  Example: “Life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogue, wanting of thy love” – Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare — In this scene, Romeo is basically saying that he’d rather die than live without Juliet. This foreshadows her death—the reader can then suspect that should Juliet die in the future; Romeo would also follow suit. 9. HYPERBOLE - Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration of a real event or situation.  Example: 1. I’m so hungry, I can eat a whole cow. 2. It had been forever since they saw each other. 10. IMAGERY - A common term for imagery is figurative language, which is how writers show the story, as opposed to telling it. - One of the best places to use imagery is in the setting of a story.  Example: 1. The bright green grass, dusted lightly with morning dew, swayed gently to the wind’s rhythm. (visual) 2. Body-wracking sobs from the prison cell echoed throughout the corridors of the Tower of London. (auditory) 11. JUXTAPOSITION - Juxtaposition is when a writer places two contrasting concepts, people, or events directly side-by-side in a sentence or paragraph.  Example: In the classic movie The Godfather, when baptism scenes were juxtaposed with murder scenes. 12. MOTIF - A motif in any work of film or literature is when a recurrent element (such as an image, sound, or concept) is found throughout a story to help develop the theme or central message. - A motif is a recurring element in a story that holds some symbolic or conceptual meaning. It’s closely related to theme, but motifs are specific objects or events, while themes are abstract ideas.  Example: 1. In Cinderella and Snow White, there is the presence of the wicked stepmother. 2. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lady Macbeth’s obsession with washing her hands is a motif that symbolizes her guilt. 13. METAPHOR - Implicit comparison between two or more things. The key to using metaphors is to not include the words “like” or “as” in your comparison.  Example: “That woman is a devil in disguise.” 14. SIMILE - Simile is an explicit comparison. A simile directly compares two or more things. - A simile almost always includes the words “like” and “as.”  Example: His face was as red as a tomato.” 15. PERSONIFICATION - Personification is a technique used when a writer gives inanimate objects or inhuman beings (like animals) human characteristics or attributes.  Example: 1. The trees whispered to one another in the night. 2. Time waits for no one. 16. AMPLIFICATION - Allows for more emphasis by adding more details. - Amplification is the technique of embellishing a simple sentence with more details to increase its significance.  Example: “A person who has good thoughts cannot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose and a crooked mouth and a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts, it will shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will always look lovely.” —Roald Dahl, The Twits 17. ANACOLUTHON - A sentence or construction in which the expected grammatical sequence is absent. - Involves unexpected change in a sentence’s structure, which can result in a logical incoherence. - Dramatic or emotional effect by imitating how people naturally speak when excited or distracted.  Example: 1. “While in the garden, the door banged shut.” 2. “The good stuff – think about it.” 3. “Cleopatra’s nose, had it been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed.” 18. ANADIPLOSIS - Is the repetition of the last word of the preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence.  Example: “Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task.” 19. ANTANAGOGE - Is a rhetorical device that combines a negative and positive statement to redirect attention away from the negative. - It can be used to present a problem and its solution, or to counter an opponent’s proposal.  Example: 1. “When life gives you a lemon, make lemonade.” 2. “I got in a car accident, but I was planning on getting a new car anyway.” 20. IRONY - Is a situation or word where there is a contrast between reality and expectations. - Occurs when the actual meaning of a word is the opposite of what is stated thereby showing incongruity, that is, a situation at odds with what is true or real.  Example: “The Titanic was touted as an ‘unsinkable’ ship, yet it sank on its first voyage.” 21. CHIASMUS - The literary technique of chiasmus takes two parallel clauses and inverts the word order of one to create a greater meaning. - Rhetorical strategy where the speaker changes the order of the words to evolve the sense of power for emotion.  Example: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” — John F. Kennedy (adapted from Khalil Gibran) 22. HYPOPHORA - A rhetorical term for a strategy in which a speaker or writer raises a question and then immediately answers it.  Example: 1. “What’s the benefits of completing the optional exercises? They will help you study.” 2. “What’s one way to unwind after finals? The beach!” 23. APOPHASIS - The device works in similar ways as irony when humans say something while denying. - Is a way for speaker or writer to sneak an issue into a discussion while still being able to plausibly deny it.  Example: “We don’t make excuses, but three of our starting defensive linemen were watching the game today.”  Nov. 4, 2024 Finals Lesson 5: Non-Fiction: Understanding Expository Text ❖ What is Non-Fiction? - Are writings base on facts, real-time events or situation and real people rather than stories that have been invented. - The branch of literature comprising works of narrative prose dealing with or offering opinions or conjectures upon facts and reality. ❖❖: Examples of Non-Fiction :❖❖ 1. SPEECHES - a spoken expression of ideas, opinions, etc., that is made by someone who is speaking in front of a group of people. Types of writing that leave a lasting impact on the world, look no further than speeches. 2. BIOGRAPHY - an account of someone's life written by someone else. 3. AUTOBIOGRAPHY - the biography of a person narrated by that person: a usually written account of a person's life in their own words 4. MEMOIR - A memoir is a narrative, written from the perspective of the author, about an important part of their life. It’s often conflated with autobiography, but there are a few important differences. 5. DIARY - a book in which one keeps a daily record of events and experiences. 6. TRAVEL WRITING - If you’ve ever read a great travel article or book, you’ll almost feel as if you’ve been on the journey yourself. There’s something special about travel writing that conveys not only the literal journey, but the personal journey that takes place. - Writers with a passion for exploring the world should consider travel writing as their form of creative nonfiction. ❖ Understanding Expository Text - Is a type of non-fiction writing that is designed to explain, inform, or describe. The main purpose of this type of text is to present facts, clarify ideas, and provide explanations or instructions about a specific topic in a clear and organized manner. - Think of it as an informational guide that helps readers understand concepts, processes, or situations in a straightforward way. ❖❖: #1Examples of Expository Text :❖❖ 1. Textbooks — Science, History, and Math Textbooks. Explains concepts in a structured way. 2. How-To Guides — instruction manuals or recipe books show readers how to complete a task, step by step. 3. News Articles — informational pieces in newspapers that provide factual reporting without opinions. 4. Encyclopedias and Wikipedia — these sources offer straightforward explanations of topics, events, and figures. ❖❖: #2Structure of an Expository Text :❖❖ 1. Introduction — presents the topic and often includes a thesis statement (what the text is going to explain or describe). 2. Body Paragraphs — each paragraph presents a main idea, supported by evidence or examples. Transitional phrases help move from one idea to the next. 3. Conclusion — summarizes the main points and reinforces the importance of the topic.  Example: ❖❖: #3Characteristics of Expository Text :❖❖ 1. Purpose — expository text is written to provide information about a topic, including a historical or scientific topic. 2. Language — precise, focused on the subjects, uses domain specific vocabulary, rather than figurative language. 3. Format — expository text is often written in paragraphs.  Example of expository text may include: trade books, articles, report, textbooks, interviews, and essays. ❖❖: #4When to use Expository Text :❖❖ - Expository text is best used in situations where the goal is to inform, explain, or clarify a concept in a clear and objective manner. It’s especially useful when the audience needs factual information or instructions without the writer’s personal opinions or emotions.  Here are some common contexts for using expository text: 1. Academic writing 2. Instructional writing 3. Textbooks and education 4. Technical writing 5. Journalism and news reporting 6. Business reports and presentations 7. Explanatory websites or blogs ❖❖: #5Techniques Used in Expository Text :❖❖ 1. Definition - This technique involves defining key terms or concepts to ensure readers understand the subject being discussed.  Example: “Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane.” 2. Classification - The writer categorizes information into groups or types to make it easier for readers to understand similarities and differences.  Example: “Energy can be classified into two main types: renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and non-renewable sources like coal and natural gas.” 3. Cause and Effect - This technique explores the relationship between events or situations, showing how one leads to another.  Example: “Increased car emissions have led to a sharp rise in air pollution in major cities, contributing to global warming.” 4. Comparison and Contrast - The writer examines similarities and differences between two or more subjects to highlight key points.  Example: “While traditional classrooms provide face-to-face interaction, online learning offers flexibility for students to study at their own pace.” 5. Example or Illustration - The writer uses specific examples to support or clarify a point. This helps readers better understand abstract concepts or broad statements.  Example: “For instance, when ice melts in a glass of water, the water level stays the same, illustrating the concept of displacement.” 6. Process Analysis - This technique breaks down a process step by step, explaining how something works or how to complete a task.  Example: “First, preheat the oven to 350°F. Next, mix the flour and sugar in a bowl before adding the eggs." 7. Problem and Solution - The writer presents a problem and then discusses one or more solutions to address it.  Example: “One solution to reduce traffic congestion is to implement more carpool lanes, encouraging people to share rides.” 8. Description - The writer describes something in detail, using vivid language to paint a picture of an object, place, or situation.  Example: “The Amazon rainforest is home to towering trees, vibrant birds, and a wide variety of plants that form a lush, green canopy.” 9. Fact and Statistic Presentation - Facts and statistics are presented to support the information and provide evidence.  Example: “According to the World Health Organization, 39% of adults worldwide are overweight, and 13% are obese.” ❖ Post-Lecture Group Activity Instruction: Read each of the following sentences and identify which expository technique is being used. 1. “One solution to reduce plastic waste is to encourage the use of biodegradable materials in packaging.” Answer: Problem and Solution 2. “Mammals are warm-blooded animals that give birth to live young and typically nurse them with milk.” Answer: Classification 3. “The increase in urbanization has led to higher levels of air pollution, particularly in densely populated cities.” Answer: Cause and Effect 4. “First, wash the vegetables thoroughly. Next, chop them into small pieces before boiling them for 10 minutes.” Answer: Process Analysis 5. “Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity, making them a sustainable energy source.” Answer: Definition 6. “While both email and traditional mail deliver messages, email is instantaneous, whereas traditional mail can take days.” Answer: Comparison and Contrast 7. “For example, if you exercise regularly, you are more likely to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of diseases.” Answer: Example or Illustration 8. “According to the United Nations, over 2 billion people around the world lack access to clean drinking water.” Answer: Fact and Statistic 9. “Tropical rainforests are lush and filled with a wide variety of plants, animals, and trees, creating a vibrant ecosystem.” Answer: Description 10. “Water is classified into three main types: fresh water, salt water, and brackish water, based on its salt content.” Answer: Classification 11. “Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to climate change.” Answer: Cause and Effect 12. “One method to improve study habits is to use a planner, which helps students organize their time effectively.” Answer: Problem and Solution 13. “For instance, if you place a cup of cold water in the sun, the water will gradually heat up as it absorbs solar energy.” Answer: Example or Illustration 14. “A mountain is a large landform that rises significantly above its surroundings, typically having steep sides.” Answer: Definition 15. “Research shows that 80% of students perform better academically when they get at least 8 hours of sleep each night.” Answer: Fact and Statistic  Nov. 11, 2024 Finals Lesson 6: Techniques for Improving Reading Speed ❖ What is Speed Reading? - Is a method of reading that involves increasing the speed at which an individual reads while maintaining or improving comprehension. ❖❖: #1Excerpts from "Speed Reading for Dummies" By Richard Sutz :❖❖ - The art of speed reading can be learned by anyone with the right techniques and practice. Key obstacles to reading speed include subvocalization (mentally pronouncing words) and backtracking (re-reading lines). - To overcome these, readers can minimize subvocalization by recognizing words as visual patterns, avoid backtracking through focus training (using a finger or pointer), and expand peripheral vision to process multiple words at once. With practice, reading becomes more fluid and efficient without sacrificing comprehension. ---------------Activity----------------------------- - The average reader can read 238 words per minute (WPM) while reading silently. When reading aloud, the average reader can read 183 words per minute (WPM). Previously, it had been thought that the average adult reads at a rate of 300 words per minute. ------------------------------------------------------ ❖❖: #2Techniques in Improving Reading Speed :❖❖ Overview — Speed reading aims to increase reading speed while maintaining or improving comprehension. It involves training your brain to process information more efficiently and effectively. Here are the following techniques: 1. Skimming - Is a speed-reading technique that involves quickly scanning the text to get a general overview and identify key points. This can be done by focusing on headings, subheadings, and bold or italicized words. 2. Previewing - Involves quickly reviewing the material before reading it in full, including looking at headings, subheadings, and any visual aids such as charts or graphs. 3. Chunking - Is a technique that involves breaking the text into smaller, more manageable sections and focusing on one section at a time. 4. Pacing - Involves setting a specific reading speed and maintaining that speed throughout the material. 5. Eliminating - Is a technique that involves actively ignoring or skipping over certain parts of the text, such as unnecessary details or redundant information. 6. Reading in Reverse - Is a technique that involves starting at the end of the material and working backwards towards the beginning. 7. Using a Finger or Pen as a Guide - Is a technique that involves moving the finger or pen along the text as it is being read, which can help the reader maintain focus and increase reading speed 8. Using Online Speed Reading Tool - There are various online tools and software programs available that can help individuals improve their reading speed. These tools often use techniques such as highlighting, chunking, and pacing to help the reader process the information more efficiently.  Example: Spreeder, SwiftRead, Accelareader 9. Visualizing - Is a technique that involves creating mental images or diagrams while reading, which can help the reader better understand and retain the information. 10. Eye Resting - Taking regular breaks to rest the eyes is an important technique for improving reading speed and comprehension. 11. Reducing Subvocalization - This means minimizing the tendency to silently "say" the words in your head as you read. It's like turning off the inner voice that's reading along with you. 12. Eliminating Backtracking - This refers to the habit of going back and rereading words or sentences you've already read. 13. Expanding Your Peripheral Vision - This involves using your peripheral vision to take in more words at a glance. SUCCESSES IN APPLYING THE TECHNIQUES CHALLENGES IN APPLYING THE TECHNIQUES 1. Faster Reading: Complete books and articles 1. Lower Comprehension: Important details may quickly. be missed. 2. Better Retention: Stay engaged, improving 2. Poor Retention: Information may not stick long- memory of material. term. 3. Enhanced Focus: Boost concentration and 3. Mental Fatigue: Can be exhausting over time. mental agility. 4. Hard for Complex Texts: Difficult material needs 4. Saves Time: Free up time for other activities. slower reading. 5. More Knowledge: Learn more, supporting 5. Risk of Skimming: Quick reading might reduce academic or career growth. understanding  Nov. 11, 2024 Finals Lesson 7: Arguments and Persuasion ❖ What is an Argument? - An argument is a structured set of ideas aimed at convincing someone of a specific point. An argument typically involves a claim (the main idea or stance) supported by reasons and evidence. The goal is to present logical, clear reasoning that leads the audience to agree with the point being made. Arguments rely on logic and facts, and while they can appeal to emotions, they’re often grounded in reason. ❖❖: #1The Components of Arguments :❖❖ 1. Claim (or Thesis) — This is the main point or stance that the argument is trying to prove. It’s essentially what the author wants the reader to accept or believe. 2. Reasons — Reasons support the claim and explain why the claim is valid. They provide the justification behind the main point and often come in the form of logical explanations, interpretations, or supporting statements. 3. Evidence — Evidence is the factual support for the reasons. It includes data, examples, quotes, statistics, or any information that helps prove the argument’s validity. Good evidence is both relevant to the claim and credible.  Example of an Argument #1: We should switch to a healthier diet. A diet high in vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins improves energy and reduces the risk of disease. Studies show that individuals following a balanced diet are 30% less likely to suffer from chronic illnesses. Claim: “We should switch to a healthier diet.” Reason: “A diet high in vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins improves energy and reduces the risk of disease.” Evidence: “Studies show that individuals following a balanced diet are 30% less likely to suffer from chronic illnesses.”  Example of an Argument #2: School uniforms should be mandatory in high schools because they improve students' focus. When students wear uniforms, they are less distracted by their peers' clothing choices, allowing them to concentrate better on their studies. A study conducted by the Education Research Journal found that students in schools with uniform policies demonstrated a 12% increase in attention and engagement in class compared to students in schools without uniforms. This evidence shows that uniforms help create a more focused learning environment by reducing social pressures related to fashion, supporting the claim that uniforms benefit students academically. Claim Reason Evidence ❖ What is Persuasion? - Persuasion is a broader approach to influencing someone’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions. While an argument is a key tool for persuasion, persuasion can also use emotional appeals, storytelling, personal anecdotes, and other techniques to sway an audience. Persuasion is more about appealing to both the heart and mind, often with the goal of motivating the audience to take action or change their perspective. ❖❖: #1The Techniques of Persuasion :❖❖ 1. Appeal to Credibility (Ethos) — 1st in sequence, brain, critical thinking - Ethos builds trust by highlighting the author’s or speaker’s authority, expertise, or good character. It might involve citing reputable sources, mentioning relevant experience, or showing respect for the audience’s values.  Example: A toothpaste commercial featuring a dentist who says, “As a practicing dentist for 20 years, I recommend this toothpaste for its cavity-fighting formula.”  Goal: The ad aims to build trust by leveraging the dentist’s authority, making viewers feel more confident in the product. 2. Appeal to Emotion (Pathos) — 2nd in sequence, heart, emotion - This technique uses emotional language, stories, or imagery to make the audience feel something— like empathy, anger, or excitement—related to the argument. The goal is to create an emotional connection that supports the claim.  Example: A charity ad showing images of animals affected by forest fires to encourage donations. “These innocent creatures have lost their homes. Your support can help rebuild their habitats and ensure their survival.”  Goal: This aims to evoke empathy and compassion, persuading people to donate by making them feel emotionally connected to the animals' plight. 3. Appeal to Logic (Logos) — 3rd in sequence, everyone - Using logic, facts, statistics, and rational reasoning helps build credibility and convince the audience based on hard evidence. Logical appeals help make the argument seem well-founded and reasonable.  Example: A health article arguing for regular exercise. “Studies indicate that people who exercise three times a week are 20% less likely to develop heart disease and live, on average, five years longer.”  Goal: The use of statistics and factual information strengthens the argument, making it persuasive by appealing to reason. 4. Repetition - Repeating key words, phrases, or ideas reinforces the message, making it stick in the audience’s mind. Repetition can make an argument more memorable and emphasize the importance of a particular point. 5. Rhetorical Question - These are questions asked for effect, not requiring an answer, to encourage the audience to think deeply about an issue and come to a particular conclusion on their own.  Example: A public service announcement about smoking asking, “Do you want to put your health at risk for a cigarette?”  Goal: The use of statistics and factual information strengthens the argument, making it persuasive by appealing to reason. 6. Bandwagon Appeal - This technique suggests that “everyone else is doing it” or “everyone agrees,” appealing to the audience's desire to fit in or follow popular trends. It implies that the majority’s opinion or action is correct.  Example: A clothing store ad stating, “Join thousands of customers who have switched to eco- friendly fashion!”  Goal: This suggests that many people are already making this choice, which may influence others to follow suit and not feel left out. 7. Analogy and Comparison - By comparing one thing to another familiar concept, analogy helps clarify a point and make it more relatable. Comparisons often simplify complex ideas by putting them in familiar terms. 8. Storytelling (Narrative Technique) - Telling a compelling story or anecdote related to the argument can draw the audience in, making the point feel real and relatable. Stories can create a powerful emotional response. 9. Flattery - Complimenting the audience or making them feel good about themselves can make them more receptive to the message. It’s a subtle way to win their favor and build rapport. 10. Hyperbole (Exaggeration) - Exaggeration can emphasize a point dramatically, making the argument more memorable or impactful. However, it needs to be used carefully to avoid seeming unrealistic or manipulative.  Example: An energy drink ad saying, “This drink will give you the power to conquer anything!”  Goal: The exaggeration makes the product seem incredibly powerful and desirable, even if it’s not literally true. 11. Appeal to Fear or Concern - This approach highlights negative consequences or risks of not agreeing with the argument. It’s often used to stress the urgency of taking action or adopting a viewpoint. 12. Call to Action - This is a direct request to the audience to take a specific action, like buying a product, signing a petition, or changing a behavior. It helps translate persuasion into action by giving the audience clear steps to follow.  Example: A social media post about reducing plastic waste, ending with, “Start today by switching to reusable bags and containers!”  Goal: This gives the audience a specific action they can take right away, motivating them to act on the message. ❖ Quiz: Understanding Arguments and Persuasive Techniques 1. What is the main point or stance that an argument is trying to prove? 2. Which component of an argument provides factual support for the reasons? 3. In persuasive writing, what technique uses emotional language to make the audience feel something? 4. What term describes an opposing viewpoint to the main claim in an argument? 5. Which technique builds trust by highlighting the speaker’s or author’s credibility? 6. What technique involves repeating key words or phrases to reinforce a message? 7. When a writer uses a question that doesn’t need an answer to make the audience think, what is this called? 8. Which type of appeal relies on facts and evidence to support an argument? 9. What is a direct request to the audience to take a specific action, often seen at the end of a persuasive text? 10. Which technique might make the audience feel part of a trend by suggesting “everyone else is doing it”?