NCM 314: Care of Older Adult PDF

NCM 314: CARE OF OLDER ADULT Prepared by: Mylin Castillano-Rendoque  OBJECTIVES The learners will be able to:  Differentiate the various theories about aging.  Define and compare what is geriatrics and gerontology.  Understand the importance of the different...

NCM 314: CARE OF OLDER ADULT Prepared by: Mylin Castillano-Rendoque  OBJECTIVES The learners will be able to:  Differentiate the various theories about aging.  Define and compare what is geriatrics and gerontology.  Understand the importance of the different theories that involve the aging process.  AGING AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS  Growing older or chronological aging  A relentless and unstoppable process that happens to all human.  A natural development process for human beings (Meilaender, 2011).  A normal stage of life in which our bodies begin to function less effectively, making us more vulnerable to disease (Meilaender, 2011).  AGING AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS  SENESCENCE  The passage of biological time as opposed to chronological time.  Refers to the time-dependent accumulation of damage at the molecular level that begins at fertilization and is eventually expressed nonspecific vulnerability, impaired function, disease and ultimately death (Carnes & Olshansky, 1993).  SENESCENCE  Causes disease of aging.  Even if a person ages well, because of senescence that person will still ultimately die of some cause (Gems, 2011). DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY OF GERIATRIC NURSING  (ANA, 1966) It is concerned with the assessment of nursing needs of older people; planning and implementing nursing care to meet needs and evaluating the effectiveness of such care.  1960-1970- the beginning of the development of the care of older adults.  (ANA, 1976)- The division of geriatric nursing was changed to the division of Gerontologic nursing practice to reflect the nursing roles of providing care to healthy, ill, and frail older persons. GERONTOLOGY NURSING The specialty of nursing involves assessing the health and functional status of older adults, planning and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs, and evaluating the effectiveness of such care.  GERIATRICS Derived from the Greek word ―geras‖, meaning ―old age‖. The branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and problems old age.  GERONTOLOGY Derived from the Greek word, ―geron‖, meaning ―old man‖. The specific study of the process of aged person; it includes biologic, sociologic, psychologic and economic aspects. GERONTOLOGIC NURSES Nurses who work in collaboration with older adults, their families, and communities to support healthy aging, maximum functioning and quality of life.  GERONTOPHOBIA The fear of aging and the refusal to accept older adults into the mainstream of society. Aging Myth Versus Fact  Demography of Aging and Implications for Health and Nursing Care GLOBAL AGING AGING IN THE PHILIPPINES TASK: Write your answers in a 1 whole sheet yellow pad paper. Research about Global aging and Aging in the Philippines. Research on the demographic profile of old population in the Philippines and compare it to the number of hospice for the aged in the country. TASK: Make a reaction paper by answering the ff. questions: 1. What are the implications of these data to health care delivery? 2. What is the present situation of the elderly in your place. Cite situations and names. Make comments on what you have observe. 3. List all your references. IMPACT OF AGING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY Human aging is influenced by a composite of biologic, psychologic, social, functional and spiritual factors. IMPACT OF AGING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY IMPACT OF AGING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY IMPACT OF AGING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY  THEORIES OF AGING No one theory exists that can explain the entire phenomenon/aspects of aging since aging is a complex process. Human aging is influenced by a composite of biologic, psychologic, social, functional and spiritual factors.  THEORIES OF AGING Objectives: 1. Discuss how a theory is different from a fact. 2. Describe the most common biologic theories of aging. 3. Describe the most common psychosocial theories of aging. 4. Discuss the relevance of these theories to nursing practice.  THEORIES OF AGING BIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING View aging as occurring from a molecular, cellular, or a systems point of view. It is concerned with answering basic questions regarding physiologic processes that occur in all living organisms overtime.  BIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING STOCHASTIC THEORIES ERROR THEORY  As cell ages various changes occur naturally in its DNA and RNA. It hypothesized that errors can happen in the transcription in any step of protein synthesis of DNA that eventually leads to either the aging or the actual death of a cell.  The error would cause the reproduction of an enzyme or protein that was not an exact copy of the original that continues through several generations STOCHASTIC THEORIES  FREE RADICAL THEORY Free radicals are by product of fundamental metabolic activities within the body. Its production can increase as a result of environmental pollutants (ozone, radiation) which can damage the cells of the body and can cause mutation of the original protein. STOCHASTIC THEORIES CROSS-LINKAGE THEORY  Hypothesized that with age some proteins become increasingly cross—linked or enmeshed and may impede metabolic process by obstructing the passage of nutrients and wastes between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.  The increase in blood glucose cause increased amounts of cross-linking. STOCHASTIC THEORIES CROSS-LINKAGE THEORY  Proposes that as a person ages & the immune system becomes less efficient, the body cannot remove the cross- linking agent causing arteriosclerosis, decrease skin elasticity and immune system functions.  Inhibits the cross-linkage process:  Exercise  Vit. C STOCHASTIC THEORIES  WEAR AND TEAR THEORY (Weisman)  Proposed that cells wear out over time because of continued use.  Aging is view as a process though to be vulnerable to stress, or an accumulation of injuries or trauma, which may accelerate and death occurs because a worn out tissue cannot forever renew.  NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES  PROGRAMMED THEORY OR HAYFLICK LIMIT THEORY A cumulative effects of improper functioning of cells and eventually loss cells in the organs and tissues are responsible for the aging phenomenon.  NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES IMMUNITY THEORY  As a person ages; the immune functions less effectively.  Changes in the T & B lymphocytes – decrease in defense against foreign pathogens & increase in the production of auto-antibodies w/c lead to a propensity to develop auto- immune-related disease.  Decrease in hormonal immune response predisposing to decrease resistance to tumor cell challenge and development of CA.  NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES EMERGING THEORIES  Neuroendocrine control or pacemaker theory The neuroendocrine system controls many essential activities (metabolic activities) with regard to growth and development. The hypothalamus and hormones DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and melatonin play in the aging process.  NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING/ CALORIC RESTRICTION  Proposes that all organisms have a finite metabolic lifetime and that organisms with a higher metabolic rate have a shorter lifespan.  Caloric restrictions increases lifespan.  NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES DNA- RELATED RESEARCH  Scientist map the human genome, identifying certain genes that play a role in the aging process.  The discovery of telomeres, located at the ends of the chromosomes that may function as biologic clocks. It’s parts is lost.  Implication for Nursing Practice  Nurses must relate the key concepts of the biologic theories in caring an elderly.  Providing assistance on activities  Recognize that life stress, both physical and psychological has an impact on the aging process.  In planning intervention, nurses should pay attention to the various stress factors in an older person’s life.  Activities to minimize stress and promote a healthy coping mechanism must be included in the client teaching plan for older adults. ,  Sociologic Theories of Aging  Relate to various social adaptations in the lives of older adult.  Focus on structural factors that influence in the lives of aging persons. ,  Sociologic Theories of Aging Activity Theory/ Developmental Task Theory ,  Sociologic Theories of Aging Person- Environment Fit Theory ,  Sociologic Theories of Aging Implications for Nursing Practice , Psychologic Theories of Aging , Theories of Aging , Theories of Aging , Theories of Aging , Implications for Nursing Practice , Theories of Aging ,  Physiologic Objectives: Changes 1. Describe the most common structural changes observed in the normal aging process. 2. Discuss the impact of normal structural changes on the older adult’s self-image and lifestyle. 3. Describe the most commonly observed functional changes that are part of the normal aging process. 4. Discuss the impact of normal functional changes on the older adult’s self-image and lifestyle. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THE HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  Special Senses(Vision) 1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor. 2. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor.  Special Senses(Auditory) 1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor. 2. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor. Special Senses(TASTE AND SMELL) The Endocrine System Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor. Phasellus a rutrum diam. In mauris dolor, aliquet vel est a, convallis faucibus urna. Nunc vel sagittis ante, vel rhoncus turpis. Duis posuere tortor in ex elementum pretium. Donec sit amet est dui. The Reproductive System Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed tincidunt lorem faucibus ipsum blandit, et rutrum odio rutrum. Nullam erat ante, auctor id rutrum eget, bibendum finibus dolor. Phasellus a rutrum diam. In mauris dolor, aliquet vel est a, convallis faucibus urna. Nunc vel sagittis ante, vel rhoncus turpis. Duis posuere tortor in ex elementum pretium. Donec sit amet est dui. THANK YOU