Waves Definitions (Integrated Science) PDF

definitions on waves (1,2,3) 1. what are waves vibration= a back and forth and up and down movement of an object oscillations= are vibrations which repeat themselves in the same time period, the motion is periodic and the body moves back and forth from equilibrium pos...

definitions on waves (1,2,3) 1. what are waves vibration= a back and forth and up and down movement of an object oscillations= are vibrations which repeat themselves in the same time period, the motion is periodic and the body moves back and forth from equilibrium position cycle= complete oscillation starting and finishing at the same point amplitude in pm= maximum displacement of an oscillator from its equilibrium position displacement of oscillator= distance from the equilibrium position in a specified direction time period(t)= time taken for one complete cycle frequency in periodic motion= number of complete cycles per second f=1/t restoring force= force that brings the system back towards its equilibrium position wave= a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter transverse waves= occur when the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction the wave travels crests= highest points on a transverse wave troughs= lowest points on a transverse wave longitudinal waves= particles in a medium move parallel to the direction that the wave travels compressions= the regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles in the medium are closest together rarefactions= the regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are farthest apart are rarefactions mechanical waves= waves that must be transferred through a medium whether solid gas or liquid - can be both transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic wave= a wave that can travel through vacuum and through matter non ionizing radiation= longer wavelength/lower frequency lower energy ionizing radiation= short wavelength/high frequency higher energy radiant energy= the energy electromagnetic waves carry 2. properties of waves amplitude of a transverse wave= distance from the resting position to a crest or a trough - larger amplitude the more the energy carries amplitude of a longitudinal wave= depends on distance between particles in the compressions and rarefactions- when amplitude increases particles get together in the compressions and farther apart in rarefactions wavelength(λ)= distance from one point on a wave to the nearest point just like it-measured in meters wavelength of a transverse wave= distance from one creat to the next crest or one through to the next trough wavelength of a longitudinal wave= distance from one compression to the next compression and one rarefaction to the next rarefaction frequency= number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second - frequency is the same as the number as the number of vibrations that vibrating object make each second - as frequency increases the wavelength decreases f=n/t ( n= number of cycles, t= time in seconds, f= frequency in hz)  wave speed depends on= different types of waves travel at different speeds, same types of waves travel at different speeds in different materials, temperature also affects the speed at which waves travel v=fλ (v=velocity m/s, f=frequency hz, λ=wavelength) 3. wave interactions absorption= occurs when energy carried by a wave transfers to the material in which it is traveling- amount of energy absorbed depends on the type of wave and material in which it moves transmission= occurs when waves pass through a material reflection= occurs when waves bounce off the surface of a material law of reflection= angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection normal= line that is perpendicular to a surface angle of incidence= angle between the direction of the incoming wave and the normal angle of reflection= angle between the direction of reflected wave and the normal refraction= occurs when a wave changes direction because of its speed changes- greater the change in speed, the more the wave changes direction diffraction= change in direction of a wave when it travels by the edge of an object or through an opening -causes waves to travel around the edges of an object- amount of diffraction depends on wavelength and size of the object(blocks it or not)(diffraction causes waves to spread out after they travel though an opening- wider opening smaller diffraction) interference= occurs when waves that overlap combine to form a new wave with a different amplitude than the original wave constructive interference= waves travel though each other, sometimes the crests of both waves overlap forming a new wave with greater amplitude that either of the original waves destructive interference= occurs when a crest of one wave overlaps the through of another wave and creates an amplitude smaller than the sum of the two original waves standing wave= result of two waves of the same frequency and amplitude traveling opposite directions - crests and throughs of the standing waves do not move through space  question= if the wavelength increases and the frequency stays the same what happens to velocity (same,decreases,increases) and why? If the wavelength increases and the frequency stays the same, then the velocity increases. Here's why: The relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength is given by the equation: v=f⋅λv=f⋅λ where: vv is the velocity of the wave, ff is the frequency, and λλ (lambda) is the wavelength. In this scenario: The frequency f is constant. The wavelength λ is increasing. Since velocity is the product of frequency and wavelength, if frequency remains unchanged but the wavelength increases, the velocity vv must also increase to maintain the equality in the equation.